Acids, Bases and Salts

Unit 09
What are these? Acids
What is the taste of these things?
They are acids and sour in taste.
Acid:
The chemical substances that give hydrogen ions
(H+), when dissolved in water are called acids.
Example:
Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Hydrochloric acid HCl HCl H+ + Cl-
Nitric acid HNO3
HNO3 H+ + NO3-
Carbonic acid H2CO3
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 H2SO4 2H+ + SO4--
Formic acid HCOOH H2CO3 2H+ + CO3--
Acetic acid CH3COOH
HCOOH HCOO- + H+
Citric acid C6H8O7
Types of acids: Acids
On basis of strength: Strong acid and weak acid
On basis of source: Organic acid and Inorganic acid
Strong Acids Weak Acids
The chemical substances that give high The chemical substances that give low
concentration of hydrogen ions when dissolved in concentration of hydrogen ions when
water are called strong acids. dissolved in water are called weak acids.
They are highly soluble in water. They are less soluble in water.
Examples: Examples:
Hydrochloric acid HCl Carbonic acid H2CO3
Nitric acid HNO3 Formic acid HCOOH
Sulphuric acid H2SO4 Acetic acid CH3COOH

Organic Acids Inorganic Acids

The acids obtained from organic substances are The acids obtained from inorganic
called organic acids. substances are called inorganic acids.
They are generally weak acids. They may be strong or weak weak acids.
Examples: Formic acid, acetic acid, citric acid Examples: Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid,
Acids
Characteristics of acids Acids
a) They are sour in taste and corrosive in nature.
b) Acids convert Blue litmus paper into red, methyl orange into red and no change
with Phenolphthalein
c) They give hydrogen ion (H+), when dissolved in water
HNO3 H+ + NO3- HCl H+ + Cl-
H2SO4 2H+ + SO4-- H+ + H2O H3O+
d) They produce hydrogen gas when treated with metals. Hydronium Ion(H3O+) is formed when
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 acid dissolved in water. And it ion is
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 responsible for all characters of acids
e) When acids reacts with base, they produce salt and water.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O
f) Acids reacts with carbonate compounds to produce carbon dioxide gas.
2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
H2SO4 + MgCO3 MgSO4 + H2O + CO2
Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4) Acids
It is used in most of the industries like Nitric Acid (HNO3)
fertilizers, soaps, detergents, plastics etc. It is used in the manufacture of
fertilizers, gun powders and explosives.
Carbolic acid (C6H6O)
It is used as antiseptic. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
(Phenol) It is used as bleaching agent in
textile industries.
Uses of
Boric acid (H3BO3) acids
It is used for washing Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
eyes and wounds. It is used in the soft drinks.

Citric acid (C6H8O7)

It is used to source of Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Vitamin C. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) It is used to add flavor in food.
It is used to add flavor in (vinegar)
food. (vinegar)
What are these? Bases
What is the taste of these things?
They are bases, soapy in touch and bitter in taste.
bases:
The chemical substances that give hydroxide ions
(OH-), when dissolved in water are called bases.
Or All the metal oxides and hydroxide are called
bases.
Example:
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
NaOH Na+ + OH-
Potassium hydroxide KOH
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 KOH K+ + OH-
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Mg(OH)2 Mg++ + 2OH-
Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3 NH4OH NH4+ + OH--
Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 Fe(OH)
2 Fe-- + 2OH-
Types of Bases: Bases
On bass of strength: Strong base (Alkali) and weak Base
Strong Bases (Alkali) Weak Bases
The chemical substances that give high The chemical substances that give low
concentration of hydroxide ions when dissolved concentration of hydroxide ions when
in water are called strong bases (Alkali). dissolved in water are called weak bases.
They are highly soluble in water. They are less soluble in water.
All the alkalis are bases. All the bases are not alkalis.
They are oxides and hydroxides of group IA and They are oxides and hydroxides of
IIA transition elements and group IIIA.
Examples: Examples:
Lithium hydroxide LiOH Ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2
Sodium hydroxide NaOH Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2
Potassium hydroxide KOH Copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2
 All the alkalis are bases but all the bases are not alkalis, why?
 All the alkalis give hydroxide ion when dissolve in water so they are bases but all the bases are not
highly soluble in water so all of them are not alkalis. Therefore, all the alkalis are bases but all the
alkalis are bases but all the bases are not alkalis.
Characteristics of bases: Bases
a) They are bitter in taste and soapy in touch.
b) Base convert Red litmus paper into Blue, methyl orange into light yellow and
Phenolphthalein into pink.
c) They give hydroxide ion (OH-), when dissolved in water
NaOH Na+ + OH-
Mg(OH)2 Mg+2 + 2OH-
d) They react with carbon dioxide to produce carbonate salts.
2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
e) When acids reacts with base, they produce salt and water.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O
f) Alkalis reacts with ammonium salts on heating to produce ammonia gas.
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3
(NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3
Caustic Soda (NaOH) Bases
It is used in the manufacture of soap, Caustic potash (KOH)
paper and rayon. It is used in the manufacture of soft
soaps.

Milk of magnesia {Mg(OH)2}

It is used to reduce the Slaked lime {lime water}
hyperacidity of stomach. Uses of {Ca(OH)2}
Bases It is used in white washing
of buildings and as a
laboratory reagent

Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)

It is used to in the manufacture of Quick Lime (CaO)
chemical fertilizers and also used as It is used in manufacture of cement.
laboratory reagent.
 WHAT IS SALT?
A chemical substance formed by partial or complete replacement of hydrogen from an acid by
metal or electropositive radical is called salt.
NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O (partial replacement)
Sodium bisulphate
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O (Complete replacement)
Sodium Sulphate
A chemical substance formed by the neutralization of acid with base is called salt.
Acid + Base Salt + Water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O +ve radical
of Base +
-ve radical
of acid Salt
A chemical substance formed by combination of Na+ + Cl- Nacl
electro negative radical of acid with electropositive
radical of base is called salt. K+ + No3- KNO3
How are salts Prepared? Salts
1. By direct combination of elements (metals and non-metals)
Metal + Nonmetal Salt
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
2. Action of acids with the metals
Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen gas
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 4. By action of acids with metallic carbonates
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 Acid + Carbonates Salt + Water + CO
2

2HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

H2SO4 + MgCO3 MgSO4 + H2O + CO2
3. By neutralization of acids with the base.
Acid + Base Salt + Water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O
 Types of salts Salts
There are three types of salts: Normal Salts: The salts formed by action of strong
 Normal salts acid with strong base are called normal salts.
 Acidic salts
Strong acid + strong base Normal salts
 Basic Salts
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O
Acidic Salts: The salts formed by action of strong
acid with Weak base are called acidic salts.
Strong acid + Weak base Acidic salts Basic Salts: The salts formed by action
2HCl + Fe(OH)2 FeCl2 + 2H2O of weak acid with Strongk base are called
H2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 CuSO4 + 2H2O basic salts.

Weak acid + Strong base Basic salts

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
H2CO3 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + 2H2O
Common salt (NaCl)
 It is used to add flavor on foods.
 It is used as nutrients.
 It is used as preservatives.
Anhydrous ferrous Sulphate
(FeSO4)
It is used as medicine for
deficiency of iron (anaemia)
Plaster of Paris (CaSO4)
It is used to make support for the facture
of bones.
It is used in manufacture of Cement.
(gypsum salt)
Calamine lotion (NaHCO3) Salts
 It is used to reduce the hyperacidity of
stomach.
 It is used as baking soda.
Washing Soda {Na2CO3}
 It is used in manufacture of
soap, detergents and glasses.
Uses of  It is used in softening the
Salts hardness of water
Blue Vitrol (CuSO4)
It is used in electroplating.
It is also used as fugnicides.
Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
It is used as electrolyte of cell.
 Salts
 What type of salt is CuSO4? Why?
 CuSO4 is the acidic salt as it is formed by  What type of salt is NaHSO4? Why?
the reaction of strong acid (H2SO4) with  NaHSO4 is the acidic salt as it is formed by
weak base {Cu(OH)2} the partial replacement of hydrogen from the
acid (H2SO4) and still gives hydrogen ion
 What type of salt is CH3COONa? Why? when dissolves in water
 CH COONa is the basic salt as it is formed NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O
3
by the reaction of weak acid (CH3COOH)
with Strong (NaOH).  What type of salt is NaHCO3? Why?
 NaHCO3 is the basic salt as it is formed
reaction of weak acid (H2CO3) with strong
 Why acids are called proton donors?
base (NaOH).
 Acids are called proton donors because they
NaOH + H2CO3 NaHCO3 + H2O
give hydrogen ion when dissolve in water
and hydrogen ion (H+) is a proton.
HNO3 H+ + NO3-
Neutralization reaction
When an acid reacts with base it neutralizes the characters of eachother and
forms salt and water then such reaction is called neutralization reaction.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
HNO3 + KOH KNO3 + H2O
Application of Neutralization reaction in our daily life:
 Neutralization is used for manufacture of antacid. (to reduce hyperacidity of stomach)
 It is used to control the pH of the soil(CaO is used to reduce acidity of soil).
 It is used for the treatment of ant bite (acidic – calamine lotion) or wasp bites (basic –
vinegar).
Indicators Acid Base
Red litmus paper Blue No Change
Blue litmus paper No Change Red
Methyl Orange Red Light Yellow
Phenolphthalein No Change Pink