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Drainage Systems of

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India

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Drainage

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Systems of India

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TOP 10 LENGTHWISE RIVERS (*undisputed territory)

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 Drainage Systems Based on Origin
• The Himalayan Rivers: Perennial rivers:
Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and
their tributaries.

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• The Peninsular Rivers: Non-Perennial

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rivers: Mahanadi, the Godavari, the
Krishna, the Cauvery, the Narmada and
the Tapti and their tributaries.

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 Drainage Systems Based on the Type

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of Drainage

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• Himalayan rivers, Deccan rivers and
Coastal rivers that drain into the sea.

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• Rivers of the inland drainage basin
(endorheic basin). Streams like the
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Sambhar in western Rajasthan are
mainly seasonal in character, draining into
the inland basins and salt lakes. In the
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Rann of Kutch, the only river that flows

through the salt desert is the Luni.
  Himalayan Rivers
1. Indus River System
2. Brahmaputra River System

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Major River 3. Ganga River System

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• The major Himalayan Rivers existed even before the
System or formation of Himalayas, i.e. before the collision of Indian
Plate with the Eurasian plate. (Antecedent Drainage)

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Drainage • They were flowing into the Tethys Sea. These rivers had their

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source in the now Tibetan region.
• The deep gorges of the Indus, the Sutlej, the Brahmaputra

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Systems in etc. indicate that these rivers are older than the Himalayas.
• They continued to flow throughout the building phase of the
India e: Himalayas; their banks were rising steeply while the beds
went lower and lower due to vertical erosion (Vertical
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downcutting was significant and was occurring at a rate faster
than the rising of Himalayas), thus cutting deep gorges.
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• Thus, many of the Himalayan Rivers are typical examples of

antecedent drainage.
 Peninsular River Systems
• Godavari River System

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• Krishna River System

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• Cauvery River System

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• Mahanadi River System

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 West Flowing Peninsular River Systems

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• Narmada River System
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• Tapti River System
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• Rivers flowing down the Western Ghats into the Arabian Sea
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Dendritic Drainage

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• It is the most common form and resembles the branching
pattern of tree roots.
• The dendritic pattern develops where the river channel follows

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the slope of the terrain.

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• The pattern develops in areas where the rock beneath the

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stream has no particular structure and can be eroded equally
easily in all directions.
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• Tributaries join larger streams at acute angles (less than 90°).
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• E.g. The rivers of the northern
plains; Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.
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Parallel drainage pattern

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• It develops in regions of parallel, elongated landforms where
there is a pronounced slope to the surface.

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• Tributary streams tend to stretch out in a parallel-like fashion

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following the slope of the surface.

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• E.g. The rivers originating in the Western Ghats; Godavari,
Kaveri, Krishna, and Tungabhadra.

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Trellis

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• Trellis drainage develops in folded topography where hard and
soft rocks exist parallel to each other.

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• Down-turned folds called synclines form valleys in which reside

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the main channel of the stream.

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• Such a pattern is formed when the primary tributaries of main
rivers flow parallel to each other and secondary tributaries join

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them at right angles.
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• E.g. The rivers in the upper part of the Himalayan region; Indus,
Ganga and Brahmaputra.
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Radial Drainage Pattern

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• The radial drainage pattern develops around a central elevated
point and is common to conically shaped features such as
volcanoes.

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• When the rivers originate from a hill and flow in all directions,
the drainage pattern is known as ‘radial’.

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• E.g. The rivers originating from the Amarkantak range;

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Narmada and Son (tributary of Ganga).
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Centripetal Drainage Pattern

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• It is just the opposite of the radial as streams flow toward a
central depression.

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• During wetter portions of the year, these streams feed

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ephemeral lakes, which evaporate away during dry periods.

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• Sometimes, salt flats are also created in these dry lake beds as salt
dissolved in the lake water precipitates out of solution and is left
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behind when the water evaporates away.
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• E.g. Loktak lake in Manipur.
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