HUMAN FIGURE DRAWING TEST

MUHAMMAD ASAD 1308

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

Government College University Faisalabad

Psychological Testing and Measurement II

Dr. Qaisar Abbas

April 26, 2023

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Table of contents

Topic: Page No:

Introduction …………………………………………………………... 3
History ……………………………………………………… 4
General modifications in HFD test …………………………………….. 6
Modified tests from HFD test ………………………………………….. 7
Required material ………………………………………………………. 11
Instructions …………………………………………………………….. 12
General rules …………………………………………………………. 13
Theme of conduct ……………………………………………………... 13
Test Administration …….…………………………………………… 14
Test Interpretation ………………………………………………… 17
Test Scoring …………………………………………………… 17
Indicators of HFD test ………………………………………………… 19
Detail of indicators ……………………………………………………... 21
No emotional indicator …………………………………………………. 38
Scoring sheet ….…………………………………………………….. 41
References ...……..………………………………………………… 43
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INTRODUCTION
The Human Figure Drawing test has been used to assess personality and emotional functioning
for over a century. The test was first developed in the late 1800s as a way to assess children's
developmental stages, but it wasn't until the mid-20th century that it gained popularity as a
projective test for assessing personality and emotional functioning.
Human Figure Drawing Test (HFDT) is a projective psychological assessment tool used to
evaluate an individual's emotional and personality functioning. It is a widely used test in the
fields of psychology, counseling, and psychiatry. The test involves asking the subject to draw
a human figure and then interpreting the drawing based on various factors such as the size,
shape, placement, and detail of the figure, as well as the emotional content expressed in the
drawing. The HFDT is based on the concept that how an individual represents themselves and
others in a drawing can provide insights into their subconscious thoughts, emotions, and
personality traits. The test commonly assesses emotional and behavioral problems in children,
adolescents, and adults. It is also used in the assessment of personality disorders, such as
borderline personality disorder, and in the evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Interpretation of character description tests is based on the assumption that the person's inner
thoughts, feelings, and personality traits are reflected, which can be unconscious or difficult to
express verbally. The test is based on the principles of projection psychology, which suggests
that a person's perceptions, attitudes, and emotions can be projected onto external stimuli such
as pictures and other ambiguous stimuli. There are different approaches and scoring systems
used in interpreting human figure drawing, including the Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD)
technique, the best-known and best-studied system developed by Burns and Kaufman.
The HFDT was developed in the 1940s by psychiatrist Florence Goodenough, who believed
that human figure drawing could reveal a person's intellectual and emotional maturity. Since
then, the test has been widely used in psychological research and clinical practice. There are
several different versions of the HFDT, including the Kinetic Family Drawing Test, which
focuses on family dynamics, and the Draw-A-Person Test, which involves drawing a person of
a specific age and gender. Despite its popularity, the HFDT has some limitations. It is a
subjective assessment tool that relies heavily on the interpretation of the evaluator. The test is
also vulnerable to cultural bias, as different cultures may have different expectations for the
representation of human figures. Additionally, it is important to note that the test is not a stand-
alone diagnostic tool, and should be used in conjunction with other assessment methods and
clinical observations. In conclusion, the Human Figure Drawing Test is a valuable
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psychological assessment tool that can provide insights into an individual's emotional and
personality functioning. While it has some limitations, it remains a widely used and valuable
tool in the field of psychology and mental health. It is important to note that the interpretation
of figure paintings is subjective and must be considered the person's background, culture, and
other relevant factors. It is also important to use the character drawing test as part of a
comprehensive psychological assessment, along with other assessment tools, clinical
interviews, and observations, to fully understand an individual's psychological functioning.
Only qualified and trained professionals should administer and interpret the human drawing
test and use the results in conjunction with other relevant information for clinical decision-
making.
Today, the human figure drawing test continues to be used as a tool for assessing personality
and emotional functioning, particularly in children and adolescents. While there is still debate
among psychologists about the usefulness and reliability of the test, many researchers continue
to develop new techniques and refine existing ones to improve its validity and usefulness as a
tool for assessment. The Human Figure Drawing (HFD) test is a projective personality
assessment tool used to evaluate an individual's emotional and psychological functioning. The
test is designed to assess an individual's personality traits, emotional states, interpersonal
relationships, and coping mechanisms. It is often used by clinicians, psychologists, and other
mental health professionals to diagnose and treat emotional and psychological disorders
HISTORY
One of the earliest researchers to use human figure drawing as a tool for assessing personality
was Karen Machover, a clinical psychologist who developed the "Machover Draw-A-Person
Test" in 1949. Machover's test was based on the idea that the way a person draws a human
figure can reveal unconscious aspects of their personality and emotional state.
The history of the Human Figure Drawing Test (HFDT) can be traced back to the early 20th
century when psychologists and psychiatrists first began exploring art as a diagnostic tool for
psychological disorders. In the years that followed, several researchers and clinicians
developed various approaches to using art as a way of understanding the human psyche. One
of the earliest pioneers of art-based diagnostic tools was the psychologist and art historian G.
Stanley Hall, who used drawings and other artistic expressions to study the psychological
development of children. Hall believed that art could reveal a great deal about a person's
unconscious thoughts and emotions, and he used art-based assessments in his research on child
development.
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In the 1930s, the Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist C.G. Jung began to develop his approach
to using art as a diagnostic tool, which he called "active imagination." Jung believed that art
could be used to access the unconscious mind, and he encouraged his patients to engage in
creative activities such as drawing, painting, and sculpting as a way of exploring their inner
worlds. The HFDT, as it is known today, was developed in the 1940s by Florence Goodenough,
a psychiatrist, and psychologist interested in using art to assess children's intellectual and
emotional development. Goodenough believed that how a child drew a human figure could
reveal a great deal about their intellectual and emotional maturity level. Goodenough's test
involved asking children to draw a picture of a person, without any specific instructions or
guidelines. She believed that the resulting drawing could reveal important information about
the child's cognitive and emotional development, as well as their personality traits and self-
concept. The HFDT quickly gained popularity among psychologists and psychiatrists, who saw
it as a valuable tool for diagnosing and treating a wide range of psychological disorders. The
test was particularly useful in assessing emotional and behavioral problems in children, as well
as in diagnosing personality disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults.
Over the years, the HFDT has undergone several revisions and adaptations to better suit the
needs of clinicians and researchers. One such adaptation is the Draw-A-Person Test (DAP),
which was developed in the 1950s by psychologist Dale Harris. The DAP involves asking
individuals to draw a specific person, such as a man, woman, or child, and then analyzing the
drawing based on specific criteria, such as the presence or absence of certain body parts and
the use of color. Other adaptations of the HFDT include the Kinetic Family Drawing Test
(KFD), which focuses on family dynamics and the interpersonal relationships between family
members, and the House-Tree-Person Test (HTP), which asks individuals to draw a house, a
tree, and a person, and then analyzes the resulting drawing for insights into the person's
emotional and psychological functioning.
Despite its popularity, the HFDT has been subject to criticism and controversy over the years.
Some psychologists and researchers have questioned its validity as a diagnostic tool, arguing
that it is highly subjective and prone to interpretation bias. Others have raised concerns about
its cultural bias, as different cultures may have different expectations for the representation of
human figures in art. Despite these criticisms, the HFDT remains a widely used and valuable
tool in the field of psychology and mental health. It is frequently used in clinical settings to
diagnose and treat a wide range of psychological disorders and continues to be a subject of
ongoing research and debate among psychologists and researchers.
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General modification in HFD:

The Human Figure Drawing (HFD) test is a projective technique used to assess personality and
emotional functioning. The test requires the individual to draw a human figure and is used to
evaluate aspects such as body image, self-concept, self-esteem, emotional expression, coping
styles, and psychological adjustment. Since the development of the Human Figure Drawing
(HFD) test by Karen Machover in the 1940s, there have been several modifications and
adaptations made to the test. Overall, modifications to the HFD test can help to ensure that it
is a valid and reliable assessment tool that accurately captures the experiences of the individuals
being tested. By making modifications to the test, mental health professionals can tailor the
assessment to meet the specific needs of each individual, improving the accuracy and
usefulness of the results. Here are some of the notable modifications that have been made to
the HFD test:

 Addition of scoring system:

Initially, there was no standardized rating system for HFD testing. However, various rating
systems have been developed to assess different aspects of an individual's personality,
emotional state, and coping mechanisms. These scoring systems help the examiner to evaluate
the drawing and the description in a more objective manner.

 Cultural considerations:
Inside the early versions that belong to the HFD test, there happened to be little consideration
that is going to belong to cultural differences. However, during the same time that the test
became more widely used, it became apparent that the cultural background that belongs to the
test-taker could influence their drawing. Therefore, modifications happened to be made to
account that is going to belong to cultural differences, such during the same time that gender
roles, clothing styles, as well as body types

 Use of standardized stimuli:

Some versions that belong to the HFD test have used standardized stimuli, such during the
same time that drawing templates or outlines, to provide an existing more consistent starting
point that is going to belong to the test-taker. These standardized stimuli help to reduce the
variability inside of the test results as well as make it easier to compare the drawings that belong
to different individuals.

 Computerized analysis:
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With the advent that belongs to technology, computerized analysis that belongs to HFD test
drawings has become possible. This technology allows that is going to belong to more objective
as well as quantitative analysis that belongs to the drawings as well as can provide additional
insights into the test-takers emotional as well as psychological functioning.

 Use in different populations:

The HFD test has been modified and adapted for use with different populations, such as
children, adolescents, and elderly individuals. These modifications consider the developmental
stages of the individuals and adapt the scoring systems accordingly.
Age-specific modifications:
The human figure drawings may vary depending on the age of the person being tested. For
example, children may be asked to draw their family, while adults may be asked to draw a self-
portrait.
Overall, modifications to the HFD test can help to ensure that it is a valid and reliable
assessment tool that accurately captures the experiences of the individuals being tested. By
making modifications to the test, mental health professionals can tailor the assessment to meet
the specific needs of each individual, improving the accuracy and usefulness of the results.
Modified tests from HFD test:
Tests are frequently changed to fulfill specific aims or to examine various areas of a person's
skills and talents. In the instance of the Human Figure Drawing Test, adjustments can be
made to measure various drawing and creative talents. The Body Proportions Drawing Test,
for example, measures a person's ability to capture and show fine features of the human body,
whereas the Facial Features Drawing Test assesses a person's ability to catch and express fine
aspects of the face. The Body Language Drawing Test evaluates a person's ability to
communicate nonverbally through drawing, which can be valuable in industries such as
psychology or animation.
The Human Figure Drawing (HFD) exam has been modified throughout time to increase its
reliability and validity as a personality evaluation instrument. Some of the changes made to
the HFD test are as follows:

 The House-Tree-Person (HTP) (1940):

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The House-Tree-Individual (HTP) test is a mental evaluation apparatus that was created in
1940 by John Buck and Emmanuel Mallet. It is a change of the Human Figure Drawing Test
and includes requesting that the singular draw a house, a tree, and an individual, and afterward
examined the drawings for bits of knowledge into the singular's character and profound state.
The HTP test is utilized in clinical brain research and psychotherapy to survey a person's close
to home and mental working, especially corresponding to their relational connections and self-
idea. The test depends on the understanding that individuals project their cognizant and
oblivious sentiments, contemplations, and encounters onto the drawings they make.
The three items in the test address various parts of the singular's mind. The house addresses the
singular's self-idea and convictions that all is good and solidness, the tree addresses the
singular's feelings and relational connections, and the individual addresses the singular’s
mental self-view and character. The drawings are examined for various elements, including the
size and arrangement of the articles, the degree of detail, the presence of negative space or
eradications, and the utilization of variety. These elements can give bits of knowledge into the
singular's feelings, mental cycles, and mental working.
The HTP test has been altered throughout the years to more readily fit explicit settings or
purposes. For instance, the Family HTP requests that people draw a house, tree, and individual
addressing themselves, their relatives, and their associations with one another. The Consecutive
HTP requests that people attract the figures in a particular grouping to evaluate their mental
cycles, while the Changed HTP adds extra figures to the attracting errand to survey
innovativeness and creative mind.
Overall, the House-Tree-Individual test is a significant device in the mental evaluation and can
give important experiences about a person's close to home and mental working.

 The Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test (GHDT) (1963):

The Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test (GHDT) is a mental evaluation instrument that was
created in 1963 by Florence Goodenough and Dale B. Harris. It is a change of the Human
Figure Drawing Test and includes requesting that the singular draw an individual, and
afterward breaking down the drawing for bits of knowledge into the person's mental and close-
to-home turn of events. The GHDT is utilized in clinical brain research and psychotherapy to
survey a person's mental and profound turn of events, especially in kids. The test depends on
the understanding that individuals project their cognizant and oblivious sentiments,
considerations, and encounters onto the drawings they make.
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The individual is approached to draw a human figure with next to no directions or explicit
rules. The drawing is then examined for different variables, including the size and arrangement
of the figure, the degree of detail, and the utilization of variety. These variables can give bits
of knowledge into the person's mental and close-to-home turn of events, for example, their
capacity to see and coordinate visual data, their degree of social mindfulness and profound
articulation, and their general degree of advancement. The GHDT has been changed throughout
the years to more readily fit explicit settings or purposes. A portion of the changes made to the
first GHDT include
The Reexamined Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test: This rendition of the test incorporates
a scoring framework that takes into consideration more goals and normalized examination of
the drawings. The scoring framework incorporates factors like the extent of the figure, the
degree of detail, and the presence of profound articulation. This change is valuable in giving a
more solid evaluation of a person's mental and profound turn of events.
The Dynamic Family Drawing Test: This rendition of the test requests that the singular draw
an image of their family participating in a movement or communicating with one another. The
drawing is then investigated for bits of knowledge into the singular's view of their relational
peculiarities, relational connections, and profound articulation. This adjustment is valuable in
evaluating relational peculiarities and the singular's associations with relatives.
The Draw-a-Story Test: This form of the test includes requesting that the singular draw an
image of a scene from a story that they are approached to make or review. The drawing is then
investigated for bits of knowledge into the singular's creative mind, innovativeness, and
profound articulation. This change helps evaluate the singular's capacity to make and
coordinate visual data, as well as their close-to-home handling.
In general, the changes to the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test consider a more flexible and
nuanced evaluation of a person's mental and profound turn of events, imagination, and
relational connections, which can more readily illuminate clinical and remedial mediations.

 The Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD) (1970):

The kinetic Family Drawing (KFD) is a mental evaluation apparatus that was created in 1970
by Consumes and Kaufman. It is a change of the Human Figure Drawing Test and includes
requesting that the singular draw an image of their family taking part in a movement or
connecting. The drawing is then investigated for bits of knowledge into the singular's
impression of their relational peculiarities, relational connections, and profound articulation.
The KFD is utilized in clinical brain research and psychotherapy to survey a singular's
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relational intricacies and connections, especially in youngsters. The test depends on the
understanding that individuals project their cognizant and oblivious sentiments,
contemplations, and encounters onto the drawings they make.
The individual is approached to draw an image of their family participating in an action or
communicating with one another. The drawing is then investigated for various variables,
including the size and situation of the figures, the degree of detail, and the utilization of variety.
These elements can give experiences into the singular's impression of their relational
peculiarities, like their degree of association in family exercises, their associations with
relatives, and their general degree of close-to-home articulation. The changes to the Motor
Family Drawing Test take into consideration a more flexible and nuanced evaluation of a
singular's relational peculiarities, relational connections, and profound articulation, which can
all the more likely illuminate clinical and restorative mediations.

 The Diagnostic Drawing Series (DDS) (1980):

Art therapist Barry M. Cohen created the Diagnostic Drawing Series (DDS) as a psychological
assessment tool in 1980. It is a version of the Human Figure Drawing Test that asks the person
to draw a series of drawings based on specific prompts that are meant to make them feel and
think about their mental health. In clinical psychology and psychotherapy, the DDS is used to
assess a person's emotional and psychological state, especially for people who may have
trouble expressing their feelings in traditional talk therapy. The theory that drawing can reveal
a person's unconscious thoughts, feelings, and experiences is the foundation of the test. Based
on prompts like "Draw a person who is sad" or "Draw a person who is happy," the individual
is asked to produce a series of drawings. After that, the person is asked to tell a story about the
drawing, which can reveal more about their emotional and psychological state. Over the years,
the DDS has been improved to better serve specific contexts or goals. A portion of the changes
made to the first DDS include:
The Company DDS: A group of people is asked to make a series of drawings using the same
prompts in this version of the test. The dynamics of a group and interpersonal relationships can
both benefit from this modification.
The Adult DDS: The prompts in this version of the test are tailored to adult experiences and
emotions, making it ideal for use with adults.
The DDS-Adults: The prompts in this version of the test are tailored to the experiences and
emotions of children, making it ideal for use with children.
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Overall, the changes to the Diagnostic Drawing Series make it possible to assess a person's
emotional and psychological state in a more flexible and nuanced way, which can better inform
clinical and therapeutic interventions.

 The Human Figure Drawing-Revised (HFD-R) (2000):

The Human Figure Drawing-Revised (HFD-R) is a psychological assessment tool that was
developed in 2000 as a modification of the original Human Figure Drawing Test. The HFD-R
is a standardized assessment that involves asking the individual to draw a human figure, which
is then scored based on a set of predefined criteria.
The HFD-R is used in clinical psychology and psychotherapy to assess an individual's
emotional and psychological state, as well as to identify potential developmental or behavioral
issues. The test is based on the assumption that the way an individual draws a human figure
can provide insights into their cognitive and emotional functioning.
The individual is asked to draw a person, and the resulting drawing is then scored based on a
set of criteria, including the use of proportion, detail, and symbolism. The scoring system is
designed to be objective and standardized, which allows for a more reliable and accurate
assessment of an individual's emotional and psychological state.
Some of the modifications made to the original Human Figure Drawing Test to create the HFD-
R include:
1. Standardization: The HFD-R has a standardized scoring system that is based on a set
of predefined criteria. This allows for more accurate and reliable assessment across
different individuals and settings.
2. Use of norms: The HFD-R has established norms that allow for the comparison of an
individual's drawing to the general population. This can help identify potential
developmental or behavioral issues.
3. Inclusion of additional criteria: The HFD-R includes additional criteria beyond the
original Human Figure Drawing Test, such as the use of symbolism and the inclusion
of clothing and accessories in the drawing.
Overall, the modifications made to the Human Figure Drawing Test to create the HFD-R
provide a more objective and reliable assessment of an individual's emotional and
psychological state, as well as potential developmental or behavioral issues.
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‫‪Required Material for HFD TEST:‬‬

‫‪The materials required for a human figure drawing test can vary depending on the specific test‬‬
‫‪being administered, as different tests may have different requirements. However, some of the‬‬
‫‪most common materials used for a human figure drawing test include:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Client‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Therapist‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫) ‪Blank pages ( A4 size‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Lead pencil‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Eraser‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Sharpener‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Table‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪Stopwatch‬‬

‫‪Instructions for HFD Test:‬‬

‫کالئنٹ کو مندرجہ ذیل ہدایات دینی ہیں۔‬

‫آپ نے اس صفہ( ‪ (page‬کے اوپر ایک مکمل انسان کی تصویر بنانی ہے ۔‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫تصویر بناتے ہوئے آپ نے اس بات کا خاص خیال رکھنا ہے کہ وہ تصویر کارٹون یا کارٹون جیسی نہیں‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ہونی چاہیئے۔‬

‫آپ نے ایک مکمل انسان کو ذہین میں رکھنا ہے اور اس مکمل انسان کو ذہین میں رکھتے ہوئے مکمل تصویر‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫بنانے کی کوشش کرنی ہے ۔‬

‫تصویر بناتے ہوئے آپ نے فری ہینڈ الئنز ) ‪ (lines hand Free‬لگانی ہیں نہ کہ سکیچی ) ‪ (Sketchy‬کیونکہ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫یہ کوئی ڈرائنگ ٹیسٹ ) ‪ (test Drawing‬نہیں ہے ۔‬

‫تصویر بناتے ہوئے آپ اپنی مرضی کا وقت لے سکتے ہیں اور بغیر کسی خوف کے تصویر مکمل کر سکتے‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ہیں کیونکہ اس میں کچھ بھی غلط یا صحیح نہیں ہے ۔‬

‫آپ جو بھی تصویر ۔بنائیں گے وہ قبول ہو گی ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫یہ ہدایات دو دفعہ دہرانے کے بعد بھی اگر کوئی تصویر نہیں بنا پاتا تو یہ اس بات کی مکمل تصدیق ہےکہ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫یا تو کالئنٹ کا ) ‪ (Q.I‬بہت کم ہے یا بیماری کی شدت بہت زیادہ ہے ۔‬
‫تیسری دفعہ بنانے کے بعد وہ جیسی بھی تصویر بنائے وہ قابل قبول ہو گی ۔‬ ‫‪‬‬
 13

How human figure drawing test can be conducted?

The "Conduct of Human Figure Drawing Test" is a standardized psychological test that
requires specific rules to be followed to ensure that the results are reliable and valid. Here are
some general rules to conduct the test:
1. Explain the purpose of the test.
2. Provide the necessary materials:
3. Ensure privacy and comfort:
4. Allow enough time:
5. Record any observations
6. Follow scoring guidelines:
It is important to note that the Conduct of Human Figure Drawing Test should only be
administered by trained professionals who have experience in conducting psychological
assessments.
Theme of conduct:
While utilizing the Human Figure Drawing mental test, it is important to follow moral rules
and expert guidelines. Here are some subjects of lead to remember:

 Confidentiality:
Ensure that the person's privacy is protected by keeping their drawings and any personal
information secret and by only sharing the outcomes with others who have been given
permission.

 Informed consent:
Obtain informed consent from the individual before administering the test, including
explaining the purpose of the test, how the results will be used, and any risks or benefits
involved.
 Cultural sensitivity:
Be aware of cultural differences and sensitivities when interpreting the drawings, and avoid
making assumptions or stereotypes based on cultural background.
 Competency:
 14

Professionally conduct the test, including using appropriate language and behavior, respecting
the individual's autonomy, and avoiding any personal biases or conflicts of interest.

Test administration:
Administration of human figure drawing test includes the following steps:
 Environment
The environment for administering the Human Figure Drawing test should be comfortable,
quiet, and private. Here are some guidelines for setting up the environment:
1. Private space: Ensure that the space is private and free from distractions and
interruptions.
2. Good lighting: Make sure that the space is well-lit, preferably with natural light.
3. Comfortable seating: Provide a comfortable chair or seating arrangement for the
participant.
4. Drawing materials: Provide the necessary drawing materials, such as paper, pencils,
erasers, and colored pencils.
5. Table or desk: Provide a table or desk for the participant to draw on if needed.
6. Adequate time: Allow enough time for the participant to complete the drawing without
feeling rushed or hurried.
7. Friendly attitude: Maintain a warm, friendly, and non-judgmental demeanor
throughout the process, to help the participant feel comfortable and at ease.
It is important to create a safe and supportive environment for the participant, as this can
influence their ability to express themselves creatively and openly during the drawing process.
 Provide instructions:
While conducting a test the basic instructions are given to the client as mentioned in the last
chapter here, are some general instructions that can be provided to a participant before they
begin the Human Figure Drawing test:
1. Draw a complete human figure
2. Use the whole page.
3. Use a pencil
4. Take your time
5. Don't worry about artistic ability
6. Do your best
 15

It's important to note that the specific instructions may vary depending on the purpose of the
test and the examiner's preferences. Additionally, it's important to maintain a supportive and
non-judgmental demeanor throughout the test to encourage the participant to express
themselves freely.
 Observation of the drawing process:
During the observation of the drawing process in the Human Figure Drawing test, the examiner
can note several things. Here are some observations that may be helpful:
1. Drawing technique: Observe the participant's drawing technique, such as the pressure
they use when drawing, the type of lines they use, and whether they use shading or not.
2. Body language: Note the participant's body language during the drawing process, such
as their posture, facial expressions, and any signs of discomfort or frustration.
3. Verbalizations: Listen for any verbalizations the participant makes during the drawing
process, such as comments about the drawing or questions they may have.
4. Time took: Observe how much time the participant takes to complete the drawing. This
can provide insight into their level of detail and how comfortable they are with the task.
5. Changes made: Note any changes the participant makes to the drawing as they work on
it. This can reveal how flexible or rigid their thinking is.
6. Composition: Observe the placement of the figure on the page, as well as the size and
proportion of the different body parts.
7. Details: Note the details included in the drawing, such as clothing, facial features, and
any accessories.
 Ask for a description:
Once the test-taker has finished drawing, request them to provide an existing description that
belongs to the figure they have created, incorporating any significant features such during the
same time that clothing, posture, as well as facial expression. It happens to be recommended
to jot down the test-taker depiction that is going to belong to subsequent examination.
 Scoring and analysis of results:
Scoring , as well as analysis that belongs to results inside of an existing human figure drawing
test, involves evaluating the test-takers drawing based on top specific criteria, such during the
same time that the completeness that belongs to the figure, the use that belongs to proportion
as well as perspective, as well as the inclusion that belongs to details such during the same time
that clothing as well as facial expression.
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The scoring process typically involves assigning points that are going to belong to each
criterion based on top of how well the test-taker meets the expected standard. That is going to
belong to example, an existing complete figure may earn full points, while an existing figure
missing limbs or other significant features may receive fewer points.
After scoring the drawing, the results happen to be analyzed to gain insights into the test-takers
cognitive, emotional, as well as developmental state. That is going to belong to instance, an
existing drawing that demonstrates consistent use that belongs to proportion, as well as
perspective, may suggest strong visual-spatial skills, while an existing drawing that lacks detail
or shows distortions may indicate challenges with perception or motor coordination.
overall, the scoring, as well as analysis that belongs to results inside of an existing human figure
drawing test, provide valuable information that is going to belong to understanding an existing
individual's cognitive as well as emotional functioning, during the same time that well during
the same time that potential areas that belong to strength as well as weakness.
Provide feedback:
In a human figure drawing exam, providing feedback is an essential element of the assessment
process, with the goal of educating the test-taker about the assessment results and providing
insights into their cognitive, emotional, and developmental status. Feedback should be
conveyed simply, succinctly, and by the objective criteria used to grade the artwork. The major
goal of feedback is to assist the test-taker in understanding their strengths and areas for growth,
with personalized recommendations supplied as needed.
The feedback should be tailored to the individual test-taker, taking into account criteria such
as age, level, and personal circumstances. Feedback for youngsters, for example, may need to
be simplified and given in an encouraginencouraginglyor people with developmental
disabilities may require a more supportive and sensitive approach. Providing ideal feedback in
a human figure drawing test can provide invaluable insights into an individual's cognitive and
emotional functioning, paving the way for improved overall well-being and a better quality of
life.
It is vital to highlight that the human figure drawing exam must be administered by a skilled
and competent practitioner with experience in psychological evaluations. The professional
should be knowledgeable and skilled in the selection of appropriate assessment instruments,
administration of the test, scoring of the findings, and feedback. Furthermore, the expert must
adhere to ethical rules and ensure confidentiality during the evaluation procedure. It's also
 17

critical to make sure the test-taker is eager to participate and knows the goal of the exam.
Finally, the test administrator should carefully evaluate the results and combine them with other
pertinent information to arrive at an appropriate diagnosis or treatment plan.
Interpretation of the HFD test:
The interpretation of the human figure drawing test can give significant experiences into a
singular's character attributes, feelings, and mental working. This test includes requesting that
a singular draw an image of a human figure, which can then be broken down for different
pointers. The translation of the human figure drawing test has been utilized in clinical brain
science, craftsmanship treatment, and different fields to survey a great many issues, like
confidence, nervousness, and mindset problems. Moreover, you might need to give some
setting on why the test is being managed, for example, to acquire an understanding of a client's
mental state or to evaluate a patient's advancement in treatment. It's additionally vital to
recognize any constraints or provisos related to the test, for example, the potential for social or
orientation inclinations.
Deciphering the consequences of a human figure drawing test can be perplexing and requires
a prepared proficiency to dissect the drawing and the singular's reactions during the test. The
interpretation of the human figure drawing test is as follows:
 Start of the test by drawing a figure
In a human figure drawing test, the administrator would ask the individual to draw a human
figure or person. The administrator would provide the necessary drawing materials, such as
paper, pencils, and erasers, and explain the instructions on how to use them.
The individual would be instructed to draw a person or figure, including any relevant details
such as clothing, posture, and facial expression. The administrator may also provide examples
of the type of drawing expected. After the individual completes the drawing, the administrator
would ask them to describe the figure they drew, including any relevant details. The
administrator would take notes of the individual's description for later analysis.
 Observation of drawing:
In a human figure drawing test, the observer would analyze the drawing based on objective
criteria, such as the proportion of body parts, the use of details, and the overall complexity of
the drawing. The observer would also consider the test-takers description of the drawing,
including any relevant details provided.
 Posture:
 18

The posture of the figure in a human figure drawing test can provide significant information
about the emotional and cognitive state. A relaxed posture may suggest that the client feels
comfortable and at ease in their environment, while a tense posture may be indicative of anxiety
or stress.
 Details:
The details, as well as features included inside of the drawing, can provide insight into an
existing individual's personality traits, such during the same time that their level that belongs
to attention to detail, their emotional state, as well as their level that belongs to creativity. That
is going to belong to example, an existing individual who includes an existing lot that belongs
to detail inside of the drawing may exist as a particular as well as detail-oriented, while an
existing individual who includes few details may exist as a more focused.
 Size:
The possibility that the figure happens to be drawn larger, could indicate an existing sense that
belongs to self-importance or self-confidence. And smaller ones indicate a lack of shyness.
 Clothing or accessories:
The type of clothing and accessories included in the drawing can provide information about an
individual's self-identity and self-expression. For example, an individual who draws
themselves in formal clothing may be more traditional and conservative, while an individual
who draws themselves in casual or eccentric clothing may be more adventurous and
unconventional.
 Scoring of HFD test:
The scoring of this test is usually done by a trained psychologist or mental health professional.
The scoring of the human figure drawing test is typically based on various factors, such as the
number of body parts included in the drawing, the level of detail, the size of the figure, and the
placement on the page. The scoring may also take into account the emotional expression and
body language depicted in the drawing.
The interpretation of the test results is complex and requires a thorough understanding of the
individual's background, personality, and emotional state. The scoring and interpretation of the
test should be done by a qualified mental health professional. It is important to note that the
HFD test should be scored by a trained professional with expertise in psychological assessment.
Scoring the HFD test requires specialized training and knowledge, as well as an understanding
of the theoretical assumptions and clinical observations that underlie the test.
 19

 HFD Emotional Indicators by Elizbeth M. Koppitz:

No. Indicator Interpretation

1. Poor Instability, impulsivity, poorly integrated personality, poor
integration of coordination, immaturity, developmental delay, neurological
parts impairment, and regression due to severe emotional disturbance.

2. Shading of Entire face: Severe anxiety with poor self-concept

face Partial shading of the face: Less disturbed, specific anxiety about
those parts of the face and their function.

3. Shading of Shading of arms: guilt over aggression impulses or masturbation

body or limbs Shading of legs: anxiety about the size and physical growth, concern
about sexual impulse.

4. Shading of Shading of hands: anxiety over real or imagined activities involving

hands or neck the use of hands
Shading of neck: the struggle to control impulses

5. Gross Poor coordination and impulsiveness, neurological impairment,

asymmetry of confusion of lateral dominance, physical awkwardness, and physical
limbs inadequacy.

6. Slanting figure General instability, lack of balance, mental imbalance, personality

by 15`` in flux, unstable nervous system, labile personality, lack of secure
footing

7. Tiny figure:2 Extreme insecurity, withdrawal depression, timidity, shyness, the

"high or less feeling of inadequacy, shrunken ego, concern over dealing with the
environment

8. Big figure:9" Children: expensiveness, immaturity pool in control

inches high or Adults: narcissism, paranoid illusion, grandiosity, and relying on
more adequacy large attempt figure organicity

9. Transparencies Immaturity, impulsivity, acting out behavior

 20

10. Tiny head 1/10 Children: an intense feeling of intellectual inadequacy

of the total size Adults: OCD impulses

11. Crossed eyes: Hostility, rebellion, anger, inability to think straight

both turned out

12. Teeth Aggressive tendencies

13. Short arm: not impulse inhibition, withdrawal difficulty reaching outwards people,
long enough to substituted children, timidity, lack of aggression/leadership qualities
reach the
waistline

14. Long arm: aggressive reaching out toward the environment, need for
long enough to achievement, acquisition, love, and affection
reach knee line

15. Arm clinging Children: rigid inner control, difficulty reaching out to others,
to the sides of inflexibility, poor interpersonal relations,
the body Adult: paranoid and schizophrenic, reserved nature, withdrawal,
deep-seated conflict and tight control, passivity, defensiveness

16. Big hand as Intra/extra-aggressive and acting out behavior, compensation of our
large as face feeling of in education or difficulty making contact with others, guilt
for the use of hand, the tendency to act out aggressive impulse
through hands

17. Hands cut off The feeling of inadequacy, or guilt over failure to act correctly over
arms without the inability to act at all, castration anxiety
hand finger

18. Legs pressed Children: rigid control over sexual impulses, concerns our sexual
together attack by others
Adults: the rejection of sexual approaches by others

19. Genitals Serious psychopathology acute body anxiety poor impulse control

20. Monster or The feeling of intense inadequacy, poor self-concept, social

grotesque alienation
figure
 21

21. Three or more poor school achievement, limited ability, deprived cultural
figures background, lack of self-identity
spontaneously
drawn

22. Clouds, rain, Anxiety, psychosomatic complaints, a counter indication of overt

snow aggression, into aggression

23. Omission of Social isolation, denial of problems, escape into fantasy

eyes

24. Omission of Shyness, withdrawal, lack of overt aggression, masturbatory guilt,

nose castration anxiety, inability to go forward with self-assurance,
immobility

25. Omission of passive resistance, anxiety insecurity, withdrawal, inability to refuse

mouth to communicate with others, perfectionism, depression

26. Omission of Intellectual disability, cortical malfunctioning, severe immaturity

body due to developmental delay or acute body anxiety, castrations fear

27. Omission of Children: anxiety and guilt over socially unacceptable behavior
arms involving arm or hand guilt over hostility or sexuality
adults: depression and withdrawal from people and the world of
objects

28. Omission of Intense anxiety and insecurity about that part

legs

29. Omission of General sense of insecurity, helplessness, insecurity of footing

feet

30. Omission of Immaturity, impulsivity, poor inner control

neck

The details of these indicators is as follows:

1. Poor integration of parts:
The "poor integration of parts" indicator in the Human Figure Drawing test refers to a lack of
coordination and coherence among different aspects of an individual's personality and
 22

development. This can result in various challenges such as instability, impulsivity, poor
coordination, immaturity, developmental delay, neurological impairments, and regression due
to severe emotional disturbance. When emotions, behaviors, and thoughts are not well-
integrated or coordinated, it can lead to difficulties in self-regulation, decision-making, and
overall functioning. Poor integration may arise from factors such as developmental delays,
emotional disturbances, or neurological impairments, and can significantly impact an
individual's ability to lead a healthy life and form positive relationships. Instability and
impulsivity often stem from poor integration, and coordination challenges can also manifest
due to a lack of coordination between different aspects of development. Immaturity and
developmental delay are further indications of poor integration, as an individual may struggle
to meet age-appropriate expectations or achieve developmental milestones. Neurological
impairments can also contribute to poor integration, as disruptions in brain functioning can
impact an individual's ability to coordinate different aspects of their personality. Finally,
regression due to severe emotional disturbance may also suggest poor integration, as an
individual may revert to less developed coping mechanisms or behaviors under stress. In
summary, poor integration of parts in human figure drawing suggests a lack of coherence
within an individual's personality and development, which can lead to various difficulties and
hinder their overall well-being and relationships.
2. Shading of face:
The shading of the face in a human figure drawing test can convey important information about
the individual being tested. It can be used to create depth and dimensionality, which suggests
good visual-spatial abilities and attention to detail. Additionally, shading can convey emotion
and mood, with darker shading suggesting a somber mood and lighter shading suggesting a
more positive one. In some cases, incomplete or inconsistent shading may indicate a lack of
confidence or skill in drawing. It's important to note that the shading of the face must be
interpreted in the context of other factors, such as the overall quality of the drawing, the
individual's age and development, and their personal history, symptoms, and behavior.
There are two types of shading:
 Shading of entire face
 Partial shading of face
Shading of entire face
The shading of the entire face in a human figure drawing test can be interpreted in multiple
ways, and it depends on various factors such as the context and the individual's personality.
 23

One possible interpretation is that the shading of the entire face may indicate an attempt to
convey a particular emotion or mood, rather than focusing on specific features. For instance, if
the eyes and mouth are heavily shaded, it may suggest sadness or anger, whereas shading the
entire face may suggest a general feeling of sadness or anger. Alternatively, shading the entire
face could be an indication of avoiding drawing specific details or features. This could suggest
anxiety or insecurity about their drawing skills, or general discomfort with self-expression.
It is important to consider other factors while interpreting the shading of the entire face in a
human figure drawing test, such as the overall quality of the drawing, the individual's age and
development, and their personal history, symptoms, and behavior.
Partial shading of face
Partial shading of the face in a human figure drawing test can also be interpreted in various
ways. It may suggest that the individual is trying to emphasize certain facial features or create
a three-dimensional effect. For instance, shading under the nose or cheekbones can add depth
and dimension to the face. This type of shading may indicate greater attention to detail or a
focus on particular aspects of the person being drawn. partial shading of the face may also
indicate a lack of confidence or skill in drawing facial features. The individual may have
avoided shading the entire face because they were uncertain about how to shade or didn't feel
comfortable with their drawing abilities. In some cases, partial shading may also be an
indication of emotional distress, as the individual may have been preoccupied or distracted
while drawing. As with any aspect of a human figure drawing test, it's important to consider
the partial shading of the face in the context of other factors, such as the overall quality of the
drawing, the individual's age and development, and their personal history, symptoms, and
behavior.
3. Shading of body and limbs:
If a person has strong shading on their arms in a painting, it could indicate what they are feeling
Feeling guilty or ashamed of your aggressive tendencies or behaviors. This can include
physical Attacks such as hitting and pushing, and verbal attacks such as yelling and insulting
others. Shading may also indicate fear of being punished or rejected for these urges or actions.
It is important to note that arm shading alone cannot tell a person's definitely state of mind.
However, it can be a useful tool for psychologists if used Along with other information or
observations about the person's behavior or history. Overall, the arm shading is an indicator of
the figure drawing test. Valuable insight into people's feelings about their aggressive tendencies
and levels of guilt or shame is associated with these urges.
 24

Shading can be used for those who are concerned about height and body growth exaggerating
or minimizing certain body parts. For example, you can shade the legs to make them look
longer or shorter than it is. This may indicate employment involves body image and the fear of
not conforming to societal standards of physical attractiveness. Additionally, shading on the
legs may reveal concerns about sexual urges. The leg is often associated with sexuality, shading
can be used to emphasize or hide this aspect body. Those worried about their sexual urges can
use shading to distract attention from this area or overemphasize shading to express their
feelings.
4. Shading of hands or neck:
Hand indicator shading suggests fear of real or imaginary activities that involve hand use.
Shading is a technique used to create depth and three-dimensionality in drawings, and when
applied to the hand can reveal confidence or insecurity in one's physical abilities. Fear of
imaginary activity can arise from a variety of sources, including B. Fear of failure, lack of
confidence in one's abilities, or traumatic experiences related to hand use. This fear can
manifest as an unwillingness or over-emphasis on shadows in a person's drawing, indicating a
need to hide or compensate for perceived imperfections.
Shading of the neck can be an indicator of the individual's level of anxiety or tension. If the
shading is heavy or overly dark, it can suggest that the individual is experiencing a significant
amount of stress or anxiety. On the other hand, if the shading is light or minimal, it may indicate
that the individual is more relaxed and calm.
5. Gross asymmetry of limbs:
One of the markers utilized in the HFD test is the "gross unevenness of appendages," which
alludes to a tremendous contrast in size, shape, or situating of the arms, legs, or other body
parts in the drawing. At the point when an individual shows the gross deviation of appendages
in their human figure drawing, it very well may be a sign of a few fundamental issues.
Unfortunate coordination and imprudence might be available at the point when the drawings
need equilibrium and congruity, and the appendages have all the earmarks of being messed up.
This can propose an absence of fine coordinated movements and control, prompting
ungainliness and trouble with undertakings that require accuracy and coordination.
Neurological impedances may likewise be available in people who display gross lopsidedness
of appendages in their drawings. This might incorporate circumstances like cerebral paralysis,
various sclerosis, or other engine issues, which influence the capacity to control development
and may result in a disproportionate or lopsided appearance in the drawing. Confusion of
 25

parallel strength, or actual clumsiness, may likewise be demonstrated by the gross lopsidedness
of appendages in the human figure drawing test. This alludes to trouble in recognizing one's
prevailing side, prompting cumbersomeness and awkwardness in development. This should be
visible in the drawing as one side of the body seems bigger or more prevailing than the other.
Actual deficiency may likewise be recommended by the presence of gross deviation of
appendages in the human figure drawing. This can allude to an absence of actual strength or
perseverance, coming about in an unbalanced portrayal of the appendages in the drawing. It
can likewise recommend an absence of trust in one's actual capacities and a propensity to keep
away from actual difficulties. In general, the presence of a gross imbalance of appendages in
the human figure drawing test can be a sign of hidden physical and neurological issues, as well
as unfortunate coordination, impulsivity, and actual deficiency
6. Slanting figure by at least 15 degrees:
One of the indicators analyzed in the test is the degree of slant in the human figure. If the figure
is slanted by at least 15 degrees, it is considered an indication of general instability, lack of
balance, mental imbalance, personality in flux, unstable nervous system, labile personality, and
lack of secure footing. This indicator suggests that the individual may be experiencing
emotional or psychological instability, and may have difficulty maintaining a sense of balance
in their life. They may be going through a period of transition or uncertainty and may have
difficulty finding their footing in various aspects of their life. This can be a sign of a range of
mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, or personality disorders.
It is important to note that this indicator should not be viewed in isolation, as it is only one of
many factors that are analyzed in the Human Figure Drawing test
7. Tiny figure: 2 inches high or less:
The indicator tiny figure that is two inches high or less is often associated with extreme
insecurity, withdrawal, depression, timidity, shyness, feelings of inadequacy, shrunken ego,
and concern over dealing with the environment. When an individual draws a tiny figure, it
suggests that they feel small and insignificant in the world. They may be struggling with
feelings of insecurity and inadequacy, and they may have a shrunken ego that causes them to
doubt their abilities and worth. They may also feel overwhelmed and intimidated by their
environment and may withdraw from social situations. Additionally, drawing a tiny figure may
indicate that the individual is experiencing symptoms of depression, such as sadness,
hopelessness, and low self-esteem. They may feel like they are powerless to change their
situation and may lack the motivation to take action or seek help. Overall, the tiny figure
 26

indicator on the Human Figure Drawing test is a sign that the individual is struggling with a
variety of emotional and psychological issues. It suggests that they may benefit from
counseling or therapy to help them address these issues and improve their mental health and
well-being.
8. Big figure: 9 inches high or more:
Inside the human figure drawing test, creating an existing big figure that happens to be 9 inches
high or more can indicate several things, depending on top of the context that belongs to the
test as well as the quality that belongs to the drawing. Firstly, an existing big figure can indicate
confidence as well as an existing desire to make an existing bold statement, during the same
time that it takes up an existing significant amount that belongs to space on top of the page as
well as draws attention to itself. Secondly, an existing large figure has the ability also suggest
an existing sense that belongs to power or dominance, during the same time that it can create
an existing sense that belongs to physical presence as well as overwhelm other elements inside
of the composition.
9. Transparencies:
Transparencies happen to be an existing indicator used inside of the human figure drawing test
to evaluate the degree to which an existing person draws an existing figure with an existing
lack that belongs to solid form, such during the same time that at the time where the figure
appears to exist as a partially see-through or transparent. At the time when this indicator
happens to be present, it may suggest that the person has an existing tendency towards
immaturity, impulsivity, as well as acting out behavior. immaturity can exist as indicated at the
time when an existing person draws an existing figure with an existing lack that belongs to
solid form, during the same time that this may suggest that they have not fully developed their
ability to perceive as well as represent the world around them. This could exist as a due of an
existing lack that belongs to experience, education, or emotional development. Impulsivity may
also exist as indicated by the presence that belongs to transparencies inside an existing drawing.
An existing lack that belongs to solid form can suggest that the person drew the figure quickly
as well as without much forethought or planning. This impulsivity could exist as an existing
reflection that belongs to an existing lack that belongs to self-control, poor decision-making
skills, or an existing tendency towards risk-taking behavior. Acting out behavior happens to be
another possible explanation that is going to belong to the presence that belongs to
transparencies inside of an existing drawing. This could exist as an existing sign that the person
happens to be struggling with unresolved emotions, conflicts, or stressors, as well as happens
 27

to be expressing these feelings through their art. Alternatively, it could indicate an existing lack
that belongs to willingness or ability to communicate effectively, as well as the person may
exist as acting out inside of other areas that belong to their life during the same time that well.
Overall, the presence that belongs to transparencies inside of an existing human figure drawing
test may suggest that the person has underlying emotional or behavioral issues that need to
exist as addressed.
It happens to be important to note that this indicator alone happens to be not enough to make
an existing diagnosis, as well as should exist as a considered inside of conjunction with other
indicators as well as assessment tools. An existing trained professional, such as the same time
that an existing psychologist or psychiatrist can provide an existing more comprehensive
evaluation as well as recommend appropriate intervention.
10. Tiny head: less than 1/10th of total size:
Inside the human figure drawing test, creating an existing tiny head that happens to be less than
1/10th that belongs to the total size that belongs to the figure can indicate several things,
depending on top of the context that belongs to the test as well as the quality that belongs of
the drawing. Firstly, an existing tiny head may indicate an existing lack that belongs to focus
on the top details that belong to the human form, which may suggest an existing lack that
belongs to confidence or skill in drawing. Alternatively, it has the ability also suggest an
existing deliberate artistic choice, during the same time that the artist may exist as trying to
convey an existing sense that belongs to proportion or balance within the composition. In some
cases, an existing tiny head may also suggest an existing desire to diminish the importance that
belongs to the head about the body, which may indicate an existing focus on the top of the
physical rather than the emotional aspects that belong to the figure.
additionally, depending on top of the context that belongs to the test, an existing tiny head may
also suggest an existing desire to create an existing sense that belongs to distance or detachment
that was by the figure, during the same time that the head happens to be often considered the
most important as well as the recognizable part that belongs to the human form. Overall,
creating an existing tiny head inside of the human figure drawing test can exist as an existing
complex artistic decision with multiple potential meanings, as well as it happens to be
important to consider the context that belongs to the test as well as the quality that belongs to
the drawing to fully understand its significance.
 28

11. Crossed eyes: Both turned or out:

Inside the human figure drawing test, creating an existing figure with crossed eyes, where both
eyes happen to be turned inwards or outwards, can indicate several things, depending on top of
the context that belongs to the test as well as the quality that belongs to the drawing. Firstly,
crossed eyes may suggest an existing lack that belongs to attention to detail or an existing lack
that belongs to understanding that belongs to the human form, which may indicate an existing
lack that belongs to confidence or skill in drawing. Alternatively, it may also suggest an
existing deliberate artistic choice, during the same time that the artist may exist as trying to
convey an existing sense that belongs to discomfort or disorientation inside of the figure. In
some cases, crossed eyes may also exist as a used to suggest an existing sense that belongs to
quirkiness or humor, during the same time that the unusual feature can add an existing element
that belongs to surprise or whimsy to the drawing. However, depending on top of the context
that belongs to the test, crossed eyes may also exist as interpreted during the same time that an
existing negative trait, such during the same time that an existing sign that belongs to a mental
or physical disability, can exist as a problematic as well as reinforce harmful stereotypes.
Overall, creating an existing figure with crossed eyes inside of the human figure drawing test
can exist as an existing complex artistic decision with multiple potential meanings, as well as
it happens to be important to consider the context that belongs to the test as well as the quality
that belongs to the drawing to fully understand its significance.
12. Teeth:
The indicator that belongs to the "teeth" inside of the human figure drawing test, happens to be
often associated with aggressive tendencies. Teeth have the ability to exist as an existing
indicator that belongs to aggression during the same time that they happen to be associated
with biting, chewing, as well as tearing. The presence or absence that belongs to teeth inside
an existing drawing has the ability to provide insight into an existing individual's level that
belongs to aggression or assertiveness. On the possibility that an existing individual draws teeth
inside of an existing large, prominent, or exaggerated way, it may indicate that they have an
existing strong as well as assertive personality. On top of the other hand, the possibility that an
existing individual draws teeth inside of an existing small, subdued, or hidden way, may
indicate that they happen to be less assertive or have an existing more passive personality. It
happens to be important to note that the presence that belongs to teeth inside of an existing
drawing does not necessarily indicate aggressive tendencies in every single case. Other factors
such during the same time that the overall context that belongs to the drawing, the individual's
 29

age, as well as their cultural background should also exist as taken into consideration at the
time where interpreting the drawing.
13. Short arms: not long enough to reach waistline:
The indicator "short arms not long enough to reach waistline" in a Human Figure Drawing test
is typically interpreted as a sign of impulse inhibition, withdrawal, difficulty in reaching out
towards people, subdued children, timidity, lack of aggression, and lack of leadership qualities.
This interpretation is based on the theory that the length of the arms in a drawing is related to
the individual's ability to reach out and interact with others. A person with short arms may be
perceived as having difficulty in initiating social contact, expressing themselves, and taking
action in social situations. In terms of impulse inhibition, individuals who struggle to control
their impulses may have difficulty regulating their behavior and may engage in impulsive
actions that are detrimental to their well-being or the well-being of others. Short arms may
suggest that the individual has difficulty in controlling their impulses and may be more prone
to impulsive behaviors. Withdrawal and difficulty in reaching out towards people may be
related to anxiety or shyness, which can inhibit a person's ability to initiate contact with others.
Subdued children and timidity may also be related to social anxiety or low self-esteem, which
can limit a person's ability to express themselves and interact with others. The lack of
aggression and leadership qualities may be related to a lack of assertiveness or confidence,
which can limit a person's ability to take charge and assert themselves in social situations.
These qualities are often associated with successful leadership and social functioning. In
summary, the indicator "short arms not long enough to reach waistline" in a Human Figure
Drawing test may suggest that the individual has difficulty with impulse control, social
interaction, assertiveness, and leadership qualities. However, it is important to note that the
interpretation of this indicator should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as
the individual's personal history, behavior, and other test results, before drawing any definitive
conclusions.
14. Long arms: long enough to reach knee line:
When an individual draws a human figure with long arms that extend to the knee line, it is
believed to reflect an aggressive reaching out toward the environment. This could indicate a
strong desire to achieve one's goals and ambitions, a drive to acquire things or experiences, and
a need for love and affection. The idea behind this interpretation is that long arms are associated
with reaching out and making connections with the world around us. When an individual draws
a figure with long arms that extend to the knee line, it suggests that they are actively seeking
 30

to connect with their environment and to acquire things that will satisfy their needs and desires.
This need for achievement and acquisition can be seen as an expression of the individual's
motivation and drive to succeed in life. At the same time, the need for love and affection
suggests that the individual is seeking meaningful relationships with others, which may be an
important source of support and validation for them. Overall, the indicator of "long arms long
enough to reach knee line" in the Human Figure Drawing test can provide insights into an
individual's personality, motivations, and emotional needs, although it is important to interpret
it in the context of other indicators and information about the person's background and
experiences.
15. Arms clinging to sides of the body:
In the human figure drawing test, creating a figure with arms clinging tightly to the sides of the
body can indicate several things, depending on the context of the test and the quality of the
drawing. Firstly, it may suggest a lack of confidence or discomfort in drawing the human form,
as the artist may be trying to hide or avoid drawing the arms. Alternatively, it may also suggest
a deliberate artistic choice, as the artist may be trying to convey a sense of vulnerability or
insecurity in the figure. In some cases, this pose may also suggest a lack of assertiveness or
confidence, as the figure appears to be closed off or withdrawn.
However, depending on the context of the test, this pose may also be interpreted as a sign of
humility or submission, which can be problematic and reinforce harmful power dynamics.
Overall, creating a figure with arms clinging to the sides of the body in the human figure
drawing test can be a complex artistic decision with multiple potential meanings, and it is
important to consider the context of the test and the quality of the drawing to fully understand
its significance.
16. Big hands: as large as the face:
The indicator "big hands as large as the face" in the Human Figure Drawing test is often
associated with a range of psychological characteristics related to aggression and social
functioning. When an individual draws a human figure with large hands as large as the face, it
suggests an emphasis on hands as a significant feature, which may indicate a preoccupation
with power, control, and aggression. This may indicate that the individual tends to be
aggressive, both towards others and themselves, which can lead to intra and extra-aggressive
behavior and acting out. Drawing big hands as large as the face may also suggest that the
individual compensates for feelings of inadequacy or difficulty making contact with others.
 31

This may be an attempt to project an image of strength or dominance, or it may indicate a fear
of rejection or a lack of social skills.
17. Hands cut off: arms without hands or fingers:
In the human figure drawing test, creating a figure with arms but without hands or fingers, or
with hands cut off, can indicate several things, depending on the context of the test and the
quality of the drawing. Firstly, it may suggest a lack of confidence or discomfort in drawing
hands or fingers, which can be one of the more challenging aspects of the human form to draw.
Alternatively, it may also suggest a deliberate artistic choice, as the artist may be trying to
convey a sense of abstraction or minimalism in the figure.
In some cases, this pose may also suggest a lack of agency or ability to act, as the figure appears
to be missing essential parts of the body needed for interaction with the world. However,
depending on the context of the test, this pose may also be interpreted as a sign of
dehumanization or objectification, which can be problematic and reinforce harmful
stereotypes. Overall, creating a figure with arms but without hands or fingers in the human
figure drawing test can be a complex artistic decision with multiple potential meanings, and it
is important to consider the context of the test and the quality of the drawing to fully understand
its significance.
18. Legs pressed together:
In the human figure drawing test, creating a figure with legs pressed tightly together can
indicate several things, depending on the context of the test and the quality of the drawing.
Firstly, it may suggest a lack of confidence or discomfort in drawing the human form, as the
artist may be trying to avoid drawing the complex details of the legs and feet. Alternatively, it
may also suggest a deliberate artistic choice, as the artist may be trying to convey a sense of
modesty or propriety in the figure. In some cases, this pose may also suggest a lack of
assertiveness or confidence, as the figure appears to be closed off or withdrawn.
However, depending on the context of the test, this pose may also be interpreted as a sign of
self-control or discipline, which can be viewed positively. Overall, creating a figure with legs
pressed together in the human figure drawing test can be a complex artistic decision with
multiple potential meanings, and it is important to consider the context of the test and the
quality of the drawing to fully understand its significance.
19. Genitals:
The indicator "genitals" inside of human figure drawing tests happens to be often associated
with serious psychopathology, acute body anxiety, as well as poor impulse control. Inside of
 32

the context that belongs to serious psychopathology, the depiction that belongs to genitals
inside of the human figure drawing test has the ability to exist as an indicative that belongs to
several different factors. That is going to belong to example, the presence that belongs to acute
body anxiety may exist as a reflection inside of the way that the person draws their own genitals
or the genitals that belong to others inside of the drawing. On the possibility that the drawing
shows distorted or exaggerated genitals, or on the possibility that they happen to be hidden or
obscured inside of some way, this may suggest that the person happens to be experiencing
anxiety or discomfort related to their own body. Poor impulse control may also exist as
reflected inside of the way that the person draws genitals inside of the human figure drawing
test. That is going to belong to example, on the possibility that the person draws genitals inside
of an existing way that happens to be overly sexualized or inappropriate, this may suggest that
they have difficulty controlling their impulses as well as may engage inside of impulsive or
risky behaviors inside of other areas that belongs to their life. Overall, the depiction that
belongs to genitals inside of the human figure drawing test has the ability provide valuable
insight into an existing person's emotional as well as psychological state, particularly inside of
relation to issues such during the same time that anxiety as well as impulse control. However,
it happens to be important to note that this happens to be just one indicator as well as should
exist as a considered inside of conjunction with other information gathered through clinical
assessment as well as other diagnostic tools.
20. Monster or grotesque figure:
The 'monster or grotesque person' indicator inside of character description tests happens to be
often associated with extreme inferiority complexes, low self-esteem, as well as social
alienation. Depicting monsters or grotesque figures has the ability indicate that the person has
an existing negative self-image as well as feels socially isolated or rejected. Monsters as well
as grotesque figures have the ability to represent an existing individual's inner ugliness,
inferiority complex, as well as self-loathing. People who paint monsters or grotesque figures
may have feelings that belong to inadequacy as well as low self-esteem, which may result that
was by experiences that belong to rejection, bullying, or other forms that belong to social
exclusion has the ability feel such as they don't belong or don't belong, during the same time
that an existing result, feel isolated as well as lonely.
Additionally, portraying monsters or grotesque figures may indicate that the person happens to
be suffering that was by difficult emotional or psychological problems such during the same
time that anxiety, depression, trauma, or personality disorders as well as may use pictures to
 33

express emotions or address problems. Note that simply drawing monsters or grotesque figures
happens to be not an existing definitive diagnosis that belongs to any particular mental disorder
or problem. Drawing interpretation should exist as done in conjunction with other assessment
methods as well as clinical interviews to fully understand the individual's psychological
function.
21. Three or more figures spontaneously drawn:
The indicator "three or more figures spontaneously drawn" inside of the human figure drawing
test happens to be often associated with various aspects that belongs to an existing individual's
psychological functioning, including their cognitive abilities, emotional well-being, as well as
cultural background. However, it happens to be important to note that this indicator should not
exist as a used inside of isolation to make any conclusive or diagnostic judgments about an
existing individual's abilities or functioning. Regarding the specific associations mentioned,
the presence that belongs to three or more figures spontaneously drawn inside of the test may
exist as a interpreted during the same time that an existing positive sign that belongs to
creativity, imagination, as well as social awareness. Drawing multiple figures, especially on
the possibility that they happen to be interacting with each other, may suggest that the
individual has existing well-developed social as well as interpersonal skills. However, on the
possibility that the drawing shows poor quality, lack that belongs to detail, or inconsistency
inside of the proportions as well as shapes that belong to the figures, could indicate limited
drawing skills as well as, potentially, poor academic achievement. This may exist as a related
to limited educational opportunities or an existing deprived cultural background. The drawing's
overall quality could also exist as influenced by the individual's self-confidence, emotional
state, or motivation during the drawing process.
22. Cloud, Rain, Snow:
Inside of the human figure drawing test, elements such during the same time that clouds, rain,
or snow has the ability to indicate several things, depending on top of the context that belongs
to the test as well as the quality that belongs to the drawing. Firstly, it may suggest that the
artist happens to be trying to create an existing sense that belongs to the atmosphere or mood
inside of the drawing, during the same time that weather elements has the ability exist as a used
to convey emotion or symbolism. That is going to belong to example, clouds may exist as a
used to suggest an existing sense that belongs to melancholy or foreboding, while rain may
exist as used to suggest sadness or cleansing. Alternatively, it may also suggest an existing lack
that belongs to confidence or skill inside of drawing the human form, during the same time that
 34

the artist may exist as trying to fill the space with external elements to compensate that is going
to belong to an existing lack that belongs to detail inside of the figure.
In some cases, this addition may also suggest an existing lack that belongs to focus or clarity
inside of the drawing, during the same time that the additional elements may distract that was
by the main subject. However, depending on top of the context that belongs to the test, this
addition may also exist as a interpreted during the same time that an existing sign that belongs
to creativity or artistic expression, which has the ability exist as a viewed positively. Overall,
including clouds, rain, or snow inside of the human figure drawing test can exist as an existing
complex artistic decision with multiple potential meanings, as well as it happens to be
important to consider the context that belongs to the test as well as the quality that belongs to
the drawing to fully understand its significance.
23. Omission of eyes:
The omission of the eyes in a human figure drawing can indicate several different things,
including social isolation, denial of problems, and a tendency to escape into fantasy. Social
isolation may be indicated by the omission of the eyes because the eyes are a primary means
of communication and connection with others. If a person omits the eyes from their drawing,
it may suggest that they feel disconnected or isolated from others. They may have difficulty
connecting with others on an emotional level and may struggle with feelings of loneliness or
alienation. Denial of problems may also be indicated by the omission of the eyes.
When a person avoids drawing the eyes, they may unconsciously avoid the difficult emotions
or problems that they are facing. This may suggest that the person is in denial about their
problems or is avoiding dealing with them directly. Finally, the omission of the eyes may
indicate a tendency to escape into fantasy. By omitting the eyes, the person may be creating a
character that is less real and more imaginary. They may be using the act of drawing as a way
to escape from their problems or the real world.
24. Omission of nose:
The omission of the nose in a human figure drawing has been associated with several
psychological characteristics. In particular, it has been linked to shyness, withdrawal, and a
lack of overt aggression. This may suggest that the person is hesitant or reserved in social
situations, and may have difficulty asserting themselves or expressing their needs.
Additionally, the omission of the nose has been associated with feelings of guilt, particularly
related to masturbation. This may suggest that the person has internalized negative messages
about sexuality and may struggle with sexual shame or inhibition. Castration anxiety, which is
 35

a fear of losing one's genitals, has also been linked to the omission of the nose. This may suggest
that the person has underlying anxieties related to their sexual identity or gender roles. The
inability to go forward with self-assurance and immobility have also been associated with the
omission of the nose. This may suggest that the person lacks confidence and may feel stuck or
unable to move forward in their life. It is important to note, however, that the interpretation of
the omission of the nose, as with any indicator in the Human Figure Drawing test, should be
considered in conjunction with other aspects of the drawing and the examinee's overall
presentation and history. Therefore, it is best to have a trained professional interpret the results
of this test.
25. Omission of mouth:
The omission of the mouth in a human figure drawing is often considered an indicator of several
emotional and psychological states, including passive resistance, anxiety, insecurity,
withdrawal, inability or refusal to communicate with others, perfectionism, and depression.
Passive resistance refers to a psychological defense mechanism in which an individual resists
change or avoids confrontation by being passive or unresponsive. In the context of human
figure drawing, omitting the mouth can indicate an individual's resistance to express
themselves verbally or engage in communication. Anxiety and insecurity often manifest in the
form of avoidance behaviors, including avoiding eye contact or avoiding social situations.
Omitting the mouth in a human figure drawing can also indicate anxiety and insecurity related
to social interactions and communication. Withdrawal and an inability or refusal to
communicate with others are also related to social anxiety and insecurity. Individuals who feel
uncomfortable or anxious in social situations may withdraw from interactions with others,
which can be reflected in their art. Perfectionism can also be indicated by the omission of the
mouth in a human figure drawing. Perfectionists may have unrealistic expectations of
themselves and may avoid communicating their thoughts or feelings out of fear of being judged
or criticized. Depression can also be related to the omission of the mouth in a human figure
drawing. Depression can cause feelings of isolation and disconnection from others, and
individuals may avoid communication as a result. Overall, the omission of the mouth in a
human figure drawing can indicate a range of emotional and psychological states related to
social anxiety, insecurity, withdrawal, perfectionism, and depression. However, it's important
to note that this indicator should not be viewed in isolation and should be considered in the
context of other factors and observations.
 36

26. Omission of body:

The indicator "omission of body," in the Human Figure Drawing test refers to the absence or
incomplete representation of a particular body part in a drawing. In the context of individuals
with intellectual disability, cortical malfunctioning, or severe immaturity due to developmental
delay, the omission of body parts in the drawing may indicate a lack of understanding or
inability to represent the body accurately. It may also suggest a lack of attention to detail or
difficulties with fine motor skills that make it challenging to create a complete image. Acute
body anxiety may also contribute to the omission of body parts. In this case, the individual may
feel uncomfortable or embarrassed about drawing certain body parts, such as genitals or
breasts, and may intentionally leave them out of the drawing. In the context of castration fears,
the omission of body parts may reflect an unconscious fear or anxiety related to sexual
development. The fear of losing one's genitals or becoming sexually inadequate may lead an
individual to avoid drawing these body parts altogether. Overall, the omission of body parts in
the Human Figure Drawing test can provide valuable insights into a person's cognitive and
emotional functioning and help inform appropriate interventions or treatments. However, it is
essential to interpret this indicator within the broader context of the individual's overall
performance on the test and consider other factors that may be contributing to the omission of
body parts.

27.Omission of arms:
Inside the human figure drawing test, omitting the arms inside of an existing figure can indicate
several things, depending on top of the context that belongs to the test as well as the quality
that belongs to the drawing. Firstly, it may suggest an existing lack that belongs to confidence
or discomfort in drawing the human form, at the same time that the arms have the ability to
exist as one that belongs to the more challenging aspects that belong to the body to draw.
Alternatively, it may also suggest an existing deliberate artistic choice, during the same time
that the artist may exist as trying to convey an existing sense that belongs to simplicity or
minimalism inside of the figure. In some cases, this omission may also suggest an existing lack
that belongs to agency or power, during the same time that the figure appears to exist as unable
to act or perform tasks without the use that belongs to their arms. However, depending on top
of the context that belongs to the test, this omission may also exist as interpreted during the
same time that an existing sign that belongs to creativity or artistic expression, can exist as
viewed positively. Overall, omitting the arms inside of an existing figure inside of the human
figure drawing test has the ability to exist as an existing complex artistic decision with multiple
 37

potential meanings, as well as it happens to be important to consider the context that belongs
to the test as well as the quality that belongs to the drawing to fully understand its significance
28. Omission of legs:
The omission of legs in a Human Figure Drawing test can be an indicator of intense anxiety
and insecurity about that particular body part. This can reflect a deep-seated fear or discomfort
with one's physical abilities or mobility, or it can indicate a psychological aversion to being
grounded and rooted in reality. For some individuals, the omission of legs in their drawings
may stem from a fear of being perceived as weak or vulnerable. This could be due to past
experiences of physical or emotional trauma, or it could be rooted in societal expectations or
cultural beliefs about the importance of physical strength and capability. Alternatively, the
omission of legs may be related to a general sense of anxiety or insecurity about one's place in
the world. This may manifest as a feeling of being ungrounded or disconnected from reality
and may be associated with symptoms of anxiety or depression. It's worth noting that the
omission of legs in a Human Figure Drawing test is not necessarily a definitive indicator of
any particular psychological condition or issue. Rather, it should be considered in the context
of the individual's overall psychological profile and history, as well as their current emotional
state and circumstances. A trained mental health professional can help interpret the results of a
Human Figure Drawing test and provide insight into what it may reveal about an individual's
psychological well-being.
29. Omission of feet:
The omission that belongs to feet inside of an existing human figure drawing has the ability to
exist as interpreted during the same time that an existing manifestation that belongs to the
subject's general sense belongs to insecurity, helplessness, as well as insecurity that belongs to
the footing. Feet happen to be the foundation that belongs to the body as well as represent
stability, balance, as well as support. At the time when an existing person omits the feet inside
of their drawing, it suggests that they may lack confidence as well as feel uncertain about their
ability to maintain an existing stable as well as secure position inside of life. The omission that
belongs to feet has the ability also indicate an existing fear that belongs to being grounded
inside of reality, or an existing inability to connect with the physical world. This has the ability
exist as an existing sign that belongs to the disconnection that was by one's body, or an existing
tendency to avoid dealing with difficult or uncomfortable emotions. In some cases, it may
suggest an existing deep-seated fear that belongs to failure or an existing lack that belongs to
self-esteem. It happens to be important to note that the omission that belongs to feet happens
 38

to be just one indicator among many used inside of the human figure drawing test. The
interpretation that belongs to the results requires an existing comprehensive understanding that
belongs to the subject's overall drawing, during the same time that well during the same time
that their verbal as well as nonverbal behavior during the testing process. Therefore, it happens
to be important to consult with an existing qualified mental health professional that is going to
belong to an existing proper interpretation that belongs to the results.
30. Omission of neck:
At the time when an existing individual omits the neck inside of their drawing, it may exist as
an existing indicator belonging to immaturity, impulsivity, as well as poor inner control. This
happens to be because the neck happens to be an existing crucial part that belongs to the human
anatomy that connects the head to the body. Omitting it suggests that the individual may have
difficulty integrating different parts that belong to their own identity or controlling their
impulses as well as emotions. Additionally, the neck happens to be also associated with
communication, as well as the omission that belongs to the neck may indicate that the
individual happens to be struggling with self-expression or has difficulty communicating their
needs as well as emotions to others. It happens to be important to note that while the omission
that belongs to the neck has the ability exist as an existing indicator that belongs to these
particular traits, it happens to be not an existing definitive diagnosis, as well as other factors
need to exist as a considered before reaching an existing conclusion. The human figure drawing
test should exist as administered as well as interpreted by an existing licensed as well as trained
professional.
Interpretation of signs on HFDs that are not valid Emotional Indicators
Apart from the 30 verified Emotional Indicators discussed earlier, eight other signals were
examined and interpreted. Although initially considered as potential Emotional Indicators, they
were later excluded due to not meeting the criteria for such items. However, as these signs'
projective significance is commonly mentioned in the literature, this research will briefly
discuss them in terms of the findings.
1. Big head:
Big head on top of an existing HFD has been variously associated with intellectual striving,
brain disease as well as brain injury, intellectual inadequacy, immaturity, aggression, mental
retardation, migraine headaches, as well as concern over school achievement). It happens to be
quite probable that every single one that belongs to these interpretations happen to be correct
at one time or another. It may exist as a assumed that an existing large head on top of an existing
 39

HFD reflects concern over or preoccupation with some aspect that belongs to mental adequacy
as well as functioning. With the exception of based on top of the HFD alone, it happens to be
not possible to determine which that belongs to the many possible aspects happens to be
revealed by the drawing that belongs to an existing large head on top of an existing given. It
happens to be important to emphasize that not every single association, with an existing large
head, happen to be necessarily negative or pathological. Many ambitious as well as striving
children with high scholastic achievement show this item inside of their drawings. Inside of
the present investigations, an existing large head happened to be found to exist as a not at every
single one unusual on top of the HFDS that belongs to both well-adjusted as well as poorly-
adjusted pupils as well as clinic patients. This item happens to be present so frequently, on top
of the HFD that belongs to children that belong to every single one ages as well as both sexes
that it cannot exist as considered either rare or necessarily clinically significant.
2. Vacant eyes or non-seeing eyes:
Vacant or non-seeing eyes have been described as a typical sign of HFDs in children, and at
the same time, they have been linked to guilt feelings related to voyeuristic tendencies and a
vague perception of the world. Emotional immaturity, egocentricity, dependency, and a lack of
disc impression have also been associated with this sign. The present studies show that vacant
eyes are prevalent in both boys and girls of all age groups with HFDs, making this sign a
common emotional indicator. While the above interpretations may apply to adult patients, they
are not clinically meaningful for children. Young children tend to be egocentric, emotionally
immature, and dependent, and they have a general curiosity about the world and its happenings,
including sexual matters. It is usual for children to explore the body and its functions, and none
of these behaviors are inherently pathological. Therefore, drawing vacant eyes on HFDs cannot
be considered abnormal in children.
3. Sideway glance of both eyes:
Sideway look of the two eyes on a HFD has been professed to be an indication of doubt and
suspicious inclinations. The aftereffects of the current examinations affirm Harris' (1963)
perception that this treatment of the eyes on HFDs expansions in the recurrence of event as the
youngsters age. It was found especially frequently on the HFDs of 10, 11, and 12-year-old
young ladies, both among the balanced students and the center patients, It isn't sure if the look
of the eye mirrors the typical reluctance and disquiet of the pre-juvenile kid, or on the other
hand if the sideway look of the eyes on an IIFD shows the ladylike distraction with facial detail
and eye cosmetics or on the other hand on the off chance that it is only a showcase of drawing
 40

expertise. At times, the look of the eyes is by all accounts minimal in excess of an indication
of demureness, while in a couple of cases, it might to be sure show dubiousness and dread, A
gander at the complete drawing and a check for the presence or nonappearance of the legitimate
Close to home Markers will normally empower the inspector to figure out which of these
understandings is proper in a given case. It was noticed that a look of the two eyes was drawn
most frequently by the more splendid kids and that it didn't contrast fundamentally between
composed and inadequately changed young people. Considering this, a sideway look of the
two eyes on HFDs of kids can't be viewed as all by itself an indication of psychopathology.
4. Hidden hands:
Hidden hands-on drawings (HFDs) have been associated with contact difficulties, evasiveness,
guilt, the need to control aggression, and the unwillingness to deal with a situation. The findings
of Woods and Cook (1954) suggest that many of the brightest and artistically most gifted
children drew figures with hidden hands. Hidden hands are a sign of evasiveness, but a certain
degree of evasiveness is normal in pro-adolescent children. In cases where the hiding of the
hands-on an HD was connected with extreme withdrawal, anxiety, and guilt, other Emotional
Indicators revealed the child's problem clearly.
5. Figure out off by the edge of the paper:
The sign of a cut-off figure is a sign of pseudo-self-confidence, the compensation of the show-
off to cover weakness, and a reflection of frustration with the environment. In the present
studies, this sign did not differentiate between the IIFDs of the various groups of children
tested. It appears that the meaning of a cut-off figure depends on the part of the figure that has
been cut off. On drawings where the legs were cut off just above the ankles, the implications
appeared to be similar to those of HFDs without feet. On large drawings, the figure sprawled
over the edges of the paper on several sides. Two very disturbed youngsters with schizoid
behavior drew figures with large heads cut off on top by the edge of the paper.
6. Baseline or grass:
Baseline or grass on HFDs has been interpreted as a sign of insecurity, a need for support, and
a point of reference. However, young children are naturally insecure and in need of support,
and this need cannot be considered pathological. The present investigations revealed a high
incidence of baselines on the HFDS of both boys and girls at all age levels. The presence of a
baseline or grass on an HFD cannot be considered a clinically significant indicator of emotional
disturbance among elementary school-age children.
 41

7. The sun or moon:

The sun or moon on an HFD has been associated with parental love and support, and controlling
adult authority. This study found that more well-adjusted children than clinic patients drew
suns on their IIFDs, and that particularly children with psychosomatic complaints added sun to
their drawings. It was also found that more pupils with high teacher ratings showed suns on
their drawings than did students with low teacher ratings. This suggests that the presence of the
sun on an HFD is positively related to achievement in the primary grades and is thought to
reflect the child's awareness of parental interest in and pressure for achievement. However, it
cannot be stated that the presence of the sun on an HFD is necessarily a good sign nor that it is
invariably a sign of psychopathology or a disturbed parent-child relationship.
8. Broken or sketchy lines:
Broken or sketchy lines on HFDs have been associated with fearfulness, insecurity, feelings of
inadequacy, anxiety, stubbornness, and negativism. The present studies revealed a steady
increase in the use of sketchy lines on HFDs as the children got older. This concurs with Harris'
observation (1963) that sketchy lines are not unusual in HFDs of older children. But it was
found that many well-adjusted and quite self-assured children used sketchy lines in their
drawings.

Koppitz Emotional indicator on HFD

Emotional Indicators Present

1. Poor integration of the body part of the figure
2. Shading of face
3. Shading of body or limbs
4. Shading of body or limbs. (Hands or neck)
5. Gross Asymmetry of limbs
6. Slanting figure rises of figure title by 15 or more
7. Tiny figure, 2 high or less
8. Big figure 9 high or less
9. Transparencies
10. Tiny head, less than 1/10 of total Figure
11. Crossed eyes, eyes both turned in or out
 42

12. Teeth
13. Shon arms, are not long enough to reach the waistline
14. Long arms, long enough to reach knee-line
15. Arms clinging to sides of the body
16. Big hands, as large as the face
17. Hands cut of arms without hands and figure
18. Legs press together
19. Genitals
20. Monster or grotesque Figure
21. Three or more Figures
22. Clouds, rain, show
23. No eyes
24. No nose
25. No mouth
26. No Body
27. No arms
28. No legs
29. No Feet
30. No neck

Koppitz Emotional non indicators on HFD

Emotional Indicators Present

1. Big head
2. Vacant eyes or non-seeing eyes
3. Side way glance of both eyes
4. Hidden hands
5. Figure out off by the edge of the paper
6. Baseline or grass
7. The sun or moon
8. Broken or sketchy lines
 43

References:
Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 3)

https://psychologydictionary.org/figure-drawing
https://www.studocu.com
Resnick, R. J. (Ed.). (1991). the practice of clinical psychology (2nd ed.)

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145049972.pdf
Abell, S. C., Von Briesen, P. D., & Watz, L. S. (1996). Intellectual evaluations of children using human
figure drawings: An empirical investigation of two methods. Journal of Clinical Psychology
Koppitz, E.M (1984). Psychological evaluation of human figure drawings