Lecture 9

Week 8

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Dr. Muntadher Aidi Shareef 1  2 3
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Surveying engineering department ec

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Technical College of Kirkuk (TCK)/Northern Technical

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Email: muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq 1

 Types of Multi Spectral Scanners

• MSS systems generate two-dimensional images of the terrain using

Across-track (whiskbroom) scanning

Along-track (push-broom) scanning

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq 2

 Whiskbroom scanners

 The Whiskbroom scanners or some time called cross track scanning system,

 this system is building the image depending on satellite motion alone scan direction and the rotation
of the mirror of the telescope relative to the satellite or aircraft.

 Generally, this system is scanning in right angle of the flight direction of spacecraft.

Thus, three scanning direction can be applied using this system:

 along track scanning allows the scan with satellite flight line or satellite direction,
 cross –track is scan at a right angle to satellite direction,
 and in the along-scan system, the scanning is in the scan direction of the sensor on the earth.

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq

 Whiskbroom scanners
This system is designed to single and multichannel instrument as shown in figure respectively.
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 The whiskbroom category is increasing in nadir angle lead to increase in the FOV, and then changing in
its shape from a circle to an ellipse.

 The received data are averaged over short period time into series of successive time blocks.

 The main examples of this system are AVHARR and Sea viewing Wide Field of View Sensor
(SeaWiFS).
Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq
 Push-broom scanner

 This scanning system also called along track system.

 This system is used a linear array of the sensor instead of the scanning mirrors to scan the surface in
right angle to the flight direction.

 For single and multiple bands the set of sensors of the system is focused on specific track line under
the spacecraft or the satellite.

 In this system, the nadir FOV is designed in circular form while the off-nadir FOVs take ellipse
shape.

 The main property of this system is described as dwell time which means the interval of the time for
the sensors is focus on a limited area more than whiskbroom.

Consequently, this property helped to get large signal –to-noise ratio as well as high spatial resolution
than other sensor systems as whiskbroom.

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq

 Push-broom scanner
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Otherwise, the disadvantages of this system are:

Lense system
Lense system losing the calibration in case of individual sensors, it
needs to one sensor for each surface pixels and it has a
narrow swath width compared with whiskbroom.

The common example of this system:

 Enhanced thematic mapper on Landsat,
 the German optical scanner (MOS) on the Indian IRS-
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 the ESA medium resolution imaging spectrometer
(a) Describes single wavelength scanner, (b) Describes multi-wavelength scanner. (MERIS) on the ENVISAT

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq

 Hybrid cross-track scanner

 According to the disadvantages that are mentioned in the previous scanning system,
 thus the hybrid cross-track system is basically designed to achieve wide-swath and
high resolution scanner.

 This system is combining in properties of whisk and puchbroom scanners.

 For this reason, hybrid scanner depends on linear array in a long track direction.

 The array is receiving the radiation from a large ratio in elliptical FOV much longer
when it uses along track than its cross-scan length.

 Then, providing a way to increase dwell time and obtaining high resolution from wide
swath are achieved using this type of scanning system.

 The main example of this system includes MODIS on TERRA and VIIRS on Suomi-
NPP .

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq

 Current Multispectral satellite systems

Understanding satellite system and their category helps to adapt automated

images from the satellite.
Thus, various airborne systems and remote sensing satellites are produced for
dealing with much application on the earth.
The most common satellite includes
• Landsat,
• SPOT,
• IRS,
• AVHRR,
• Ikonos,
• Quickbird,
• FORMOSAT,
• CARTOSAT, W Furthermore, in this section we will
• orldview, introduce an introduction of this
• Alos, and Geoeye and others . type of system and the main
information of bands and resolution
The satellite system that we consider in this section is Landsat satellite.
as well as the usage of each band.

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq

 Multispectral Landsat system

 Landsat is one of the most common satellite observation systems and consider the best
satellite families of remote sensing system.

 It is from a series of U.S. scientific satellites.

 The first Landsat satellite which was called Landsat-1 is launched in 1972 and continued
thought Landsat-7(ETM+ imager) that is launched on April 1999.

 The main object from designing this series is to involve the information about the natural
resource of the earth representing by locations of the minerals as well as the all
agricultural fractures.
 Then it is developed to include monitoring the atmospheric condition, oceans conditions
and pollution levels.
 To achieve more operation concerned to the calibration, validation and images, the
Landsat-7 is improved to be LDCM (The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM))
which has the high properties than others . Thus, the development of the Landsat satellite
can be explained in the figure
Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq
 Multispectral Landsat system

• In the first satellite series, two sensors are included: Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and the Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS). RBV
was a television camera, changed by the Thematic Mapper (TM) in Landsat 4 and 5.
•
• Then, Landsat 6 and Landsat 7 contained panchromatic (pan), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) and Enhanced Thematic
Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensors. This sensor considers moderate resolution compared with the other satellite sensors .
• LDCM/Landsat 8 is developed by NASA and the USGS. NASA supervises on supervise on and launching the satellite, while
USGS was the responsible of developing the ground system.
• Consequently, On May 30, 2013, USGS become the official responsible of the satellite and the name of the satellite is changed
from LDCM to Landsat 8 [126].
• NASA is Acronym for National Aeronautics and Space Administration USGS is refers to U.S. Geological Survey

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq

 Landsat 8

Landsat 8 is officially launched on 11 February 2013, and is considered the eighth satellite in the series
of Landsat family. It has on two-sensor aboard, including the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the
Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS).
Spectral Bands Wavelength Resolution
(micrometers) (meters) use
Band 1 - Coastal aerosol 0.43 - 0.45 30 Increased coastal zone observations.
Band 2 - Blue 0.45 - 0.51 30 Bathymetric mapping; distinguishes soil from vegetation; deciduous from coniferous
vegetation.
Band 3 - Green 0.53 - 0.59 30 Emphasizes peak vegetation, which is useful for assessing plant vigor
Band 4 - Red 0.64 - 0.67 30 Emphasizes vegetation slopes.
Band 5 - Near Infrared (NIR) 0.85 - 0.88 30 Emphasizes vegetation boundary between land and water, and landforms.
Band 6 - SWIR 1 1.57 - 1.65 30 Used in detecting plant drought stress and delineating burnt areas and fire-affected
vegetation, and is also sensitive to the thermal radiation emitted by intense fires; can be
used to detect active fires, especially during nighttime when the background interference
from SWIR in reflected sunlight is absent.
Band 7 - SWIR 2 2.11 - 2.29 30 Used in detecting drought stress, burnt and fire-affected areas, and can be used to detect
active fires, especially at nighttime.
Band 8 - Panchromatic 0.50 - 0.68 15 Useful in ‘sharpening’ multispectral images.
Band 9 - Cirrus 1.36 - 1.38 30 Useful in detecting cirrus clouds
Band 10 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 1 10.60 - 11.19 100 * (30) Useful for mapping thermal differences in water currents, monitoring fires and other night
studies, and estimating soil moisture
Band 11 - Thermal Infrared (TIRS) 2 11.50 - 12.51 100 * (30) Same as band 10

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq 11

 Hyperspectral Senosrs

Acquire images in several, narrow, contiguous spectral bands in the visible,

NIR, MIR, and thermal infrared regions of the EMR spectrum
oTypically more than 100 bands are recorded

oEnables the construction of a continuous reflectance spectrum for each pixel

• Hyperspectral sensors are also known as imaging

spectrometers

• Hyperspectral scanners may be along-track or

across-track
Example:
Hyperion sensor : 220 bands (from 400 -2.5 μm)
AVIRIS sensor : 224 individual CCD detectors each with
10nm spectral resolution
Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq 12
 Hyperspectral Image Interpretation

• Spectral curves of the pixels are compared with the existing spectral library to identify the targets

• All pixels whose spectra match the target spectrum to a specified level of confidence are marked
as potential targets

• Depending on whether the pixel is a pure feature class or the composition of more than one
feature class, the resulting plot will be either a definitive curve of a "pure" feature or a composite
curve containing contributions from the several features present

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq 13

 Thank You

Remote sensing- 4th stage Dr. Muntadher Aidi SHAREEF muntadher.a.sharee@ntu.edu.iq 14