TABLE OF CONTENTS

Description Page No
Acknowledgement i-ii
Abbreviation iii-v
List of Cases vi-ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-12
1.1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Meaning 2-5
1.3 Definitions 5-7
1.3.1 The UN Declaration on the Elimination of violence 5-6
against women, 1993
1.3.2 Haspels, Kasim, Thomas and Mackiannon, 6
International Labor office, Bangkok Area Office
and East Asia Multidisciplinary Advisory Team
(2001)
1.3.3 Gutek and Morasch, The Journal of Social 6
Issues (1982)
1.3.4 The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace 6-7
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act,
2013
1.3.5 Workplace 5-7
1.4 Research Hypothesis 8
1.5 Research Methodology 8
1.6 Research Objectives 8
1.7 Review of Literature 9-11
1.8 Plan of Study 12
CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 13-24
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Women in Vedic Period 13-14
2.3 Women in Sutra Period 14
2.4 Women on Epic Period 14-15
2.5 Women in Hindu Period 15
2.6 Women in Mughal Period 15
2.7 Women in British Period 16
2.8 Women and Post-Independence 16-17
2.9 Historical development of Sexual Harassment 17
2.10 Sexual Harassment scenario before 1970s 17-18
2.11 Sexual Harassment scenario after 1970s 19
2.12 The Creation of the Concept of Sexual Harassment at Workplace 19-21
2.13 Pre- Vishaka Scenario 21-22
2.14 Vishaka Guidelines against Sexual Harassment at Workplace 22
2.14.1 Preventive steps 22
2.14.2 Criminal Proceedings 22
2.14.3 Disciplinary Action 23
2.14.4 Complaint Mechanism 23
2.14.5 Post Vishaka Scenario 23-24
2.15 Current Indian Law on Sexual Harassment against Women 24
CHAPTER 3 INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK RELATING TO THE
PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT 25-45
WORKPLACE
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 International Framework 25-37
3.2.1 Charter of United Nations, 1945 25-26
3.2.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 26-27
3.2.3 The Organization of American States, 1948 27-28
3.2.4 The International Labor Organization 28-30
Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)
Convention, 1958
3.2.5 International Covenant on Economic, Social and 30-31
Cultural Rights, 1966
3.2.6 The International Covenant on Civil and 31
Political Rights, 1966
3.2.7 The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of 31-32
Discrimination against Women, 1979
3.2.8 Conventions against Torture and Other Cruel, 33
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,
 (the torture convention) 1984
3.2.9 International Conference on Population and 33
Development (“Cairo Conference), 1994
3.2.10 Declaration on Elimination of Violence against 33-34
Women, 1993
3.2.11 The United Nations Fourth World Conference on 34
Women, 1995
3.2.12 The Beijing Declaration and the Beijing 34-36
Platform for Action, 1995
3.2.13 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Europe 36
Union, 2000
3.2.14 African Union and Sub- Regional Bodies, 2003 37
3.3 STEPS TAKEN BY VARIOUS COUNTRIES TO COMBAT 38-45
SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORKPLACES
3.3.1 Position in USA 38-40
3.3.2 Position in UK 40-42
3.3.3 Position in European Nations 42-43
3.3.4 Position in Canada 43-44
3.3.5 Position in Australia 44
3.3.6 Position in New Zealand 45
CHAPTER 4 THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROTECTION 46-86
OF WOMEN FROM SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORKPLACE
4.1 Introduction 46-
4.2 The Indian Penal Code, 1860 46-
4.2.1 Section 292-294: Obscenity 47-48
4.2.2 Section 339-348: Wrongful restraint and Wrongful 48-49
confinement
4.2.3 Section 354 and 509: Insulting or Outraging the 49-52
Modesty of a Woman
4.2.4 Section 376: Rape 52-54
4.2.5 Section 499: Defamation 54
4.2.6 Section 503: Criminal Intimidation 54-55
4.2.7 Section 511: Attempt 55-56
 4.2.8 Criminal Amendment Act, 2013 56
4.2.8.1 Section 354-A Sexual Harassment 56
4.3 The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 57-58
4.3.1 Section 114-A: Presumption as to Absence of 57-58
Consent in certain Prosecution of Rape
4.4 The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 58-62
4.4.1 Section 39: Public to give Information in Certain 58-59
offences
4.4.2 Section 53-A: Examination of person accused of 59-60
Rape by Medical Practitioner
4.4.3 Section 54-A: Identification of Person Arrested 61
4.4.4 Section 154: Information in Cognizable offence 61
4.4.5 Section 160: Police officer’s power to require 61
attendance of Witnesses
4.4.6 Section 197: Prosecution of Judges and Public 61-62
Servants
4.5 Other Acts 62-70
4.5.1 Service Laws 62
4.5.2 The Contract Law 63
4.5.3 Law of Torts 63-65
4.5.4 The Factories Act, 1948 66-67
4.5.5 The Industrial Dispute Act, 1947 67
4.5.6 The Scheduled Caste and Schedules tribe 67-68
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Act
4.5.7 The Immoral Trafficking and Prostitution Act, 1956 68
4.5.8 The Indecent Representation Act, 1986 69
4.5.9 The National Commission for Women act, 2000 69-70
4.5.10 The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1998 70
4.5.11 The Information Technology Act, 2000 70
4.6 Vishakha Judgment: A Landmark Initiative 70-75
4.6.1 Pre Vishakha Scenerio 72
4.6.2 Guidelines of Vishakha Judgment 73-74
4.6.3 Code of Conduct Against Sexual Harassment at 74-75
 Workplace drafted by NCW
4.7 An Analysis of the Sexual Harassment of Women at workplace 75-79
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
4.7.1 Aim and Objective of the Act 75-76
4.7.2 Definition of Sexual Harassment and Workplace 76
4.7.3 Complaint Mechanism 76
4.7.4 Limitation Period and Filing of Incident 76-77
4.7.5 Enquiry Proceedings 77
4.7.6 Monetary compensation and Conciliation 77-78
4.7.7 Confidentiality 78
4.7.8 Prosecution for False and Malicious Complaints 78
4.7.9 Appeal 78
4.7.10 Duties of Employer 78-79
4.7.11 Duties of State and Functionaries 79
4.8 Critical Analysis of the Act 78-85
4.9 Recent Developments 85-86
CHAPTER 5 THE CONSTITUTIONAL SAFEGUARDS RELATING TO 87-99
SEXUAL HARASSMENT AT WORKPLACE
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Preamble 87-88
5.3 Article 14: Equality before Law 88-89
5.4 Article 15: Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Religion, 89
Race, Caste, Sex or place of Birth
5.5 Article 16: Equality of Opportunity in Matters of Public 90-91
Employment
5.6 Article 19: Protection of Certain Rights regarding Freedom of 91-92
Speech etc.
5.7 Article 21: Protection of Life and Personal Liberty 92-95
5.8 Article 32: The Right to move the Supreme Court through 96-97
Appropriate Writ Petition
5.8.1 Public Interest Litigation 96
5.8.2 Article 226: Power of High Courts to issue certain 96-97
Writs
 5.9 Directive Principles of State policy 97-98
5.10 Article 253: Legislation for giving effect 99
5.11 Article 73: Extent of Executive power of the Union 99
CHAPTER 6 Empirical Study of the Protection of Women from Sexual
Harassment at Workplace with reference to Union Territory 100-202
Chandigarh
6.1 Analysis of RTI 100- 106
6.2 Analysis of Organized Sector 106-165
6.3 Analysis of Unorganized Sector 166-187
6.4 Analysis of Study of Transgender 188-208
CHAPTER 7 Conclusion and Suggestion 209-216
7.1 Introduction 209
7.2 Problem 209-210
7.3 Analysis of the chapters 210-211
7.3.1 Brief of responses received from Empirical Study 211-212
7.4 Answering the Research Hypothesis 212-213
7.5 Answering the Research Questions 213-214
7.6 Suggestions 214-215
7.7 Recommendations 216
Bibliography 217-220
LIST OF ANNEXURES

The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013
The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Rules,
2013
Judgment Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan
Code of Conduct- National Commission for Women
Convention on the elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women
Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women
RTI Questionnaire and Appeal
*Detailed Analysis of RTI`s
Questionnaire of Organized sector
Questionnaire of Unorganized sector and Transgender