Chapter 5 - The Gas Phase

1. The molar volume in the gaseous state is much larger (about 1000 times larger) than the liquid
state.
2. The volume of a gas is the volume of the container it occupies

CQD 1. [G] A sample of 0.10 mol of oxygen gas and 0.40 mol of nitrogen gas are placed in an empty
container of volume 20 L. The total pressure in the container is 0.50 atm. Find the volume of the
oxygen gas.

mass of volume V
3. Mass of 1 mole of a gas at STP = ( V
)(22.4)

Ex. 1 5.6 dm3 of a gas at STP have a mass of 8.0 g. The mass of one mole of this gas is

4. Kinetic theory of gases:

• The tiny particles of a gas are moving at random, colliding with each other and with the walls of
the container.
• As particles of a gas collide with the walls of the container they exert pressure
• Average kinetic energy of a gas is constant at constant temperature.
• As temperature increases average kinetic energy of a gas increases
• As temperature increases particles move more rapidly, they collide with the wall of the
container more frequently and more strongly pressure of the gas increases.

5. An ideal gas remains a gas on cooling while a real gas liquefies.

Ex. 2 What is an ideal gas?

6. A real gas behaves like an ideal gas at high temperatures and low pressures.
7. T(K) = t(°C) + 273

Ex. 3
a) Change 373 K to °C.
b) Change 27°C to Kelvin.

8. The Kelvin has the same magnitude as the degree Celsius.

9. Partial pressure: The pressure a gas would exert if it were alone in the vessel
10. Mole fraction of a gas is the ratio of number of moles of this specific gas over total number of
moles X1 = n1/nT or X1 =n1/n1+n2
11. Sum of mole fractions is always equal to one.
12. At a constant temperature, for a fixed volume of gas, pressure and number of moles of a gas are
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝑷𝑷 𝒏𝒏
directly proportional ⇒ 𝑛𝑛1 = 𝑛𝑛2 = 𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇 ⇒ 𝑷𝑷 𝟏𝟏 = 𝒏𝒏 𝟏𝟏 = X1 ⇒ P1 = X1 Ptotal
1 2 𝑇𝑇 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

13. Know that the total pressure is the sum of individual partial pressures PT = P1 + P2
CQD 4 0.10 mole of oxygen gas and 0.40 mole of nitrogen gas are placed in an empty container of
volume 20 liters. The total pressure in the container is 0.50 atm.
Find the:

a. Total number of moles of gas in the container.

b. Mole fraction of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas in the container.
c. Partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen gases.
d. Volume of the oxygen gas and nitrogen gas in the container.
e. Fraction of the volume of the container occupied by oxygen.

CQD 5 A sample of air was found to contain 0.32 g oxygen and 1.12 g nitrogen.
Find the:

a. Total number of moles of gas in the sample.

b. Mole fraction of oxygen in the sample.
c. Partial pressure of each of oxygen and nitrogen in the sample; knowing that the sample of air
was exerting a pressure of 755 mm Hg.
d. The percentage composition of air.

CQD 6 A 6 dm3 flask is filled with dry air to 1000 mm Hg pressure. Air is 20% O2 and 80% N2 by
volume (this means by mole ratio).
a. What is the volume of the oxygen in the flask and that of nitrogen?
b. What is the partial pressure of each gas?

14. Real gases differ in behavior from ideal gases:

a. the particles are NOT point masses, they occupy volume
b. Their particles exert forces on each
c. At high pressures and lower temperatures real gases particles are closer to each other and
therefore deviate more from ideal behavior.
d. At high pressures and low temperatures real gases liquefy
e. Real gases only approximately obey P × V= constant

15. Charles’ Law: For a fixed amount of gas (constant n) at constant pressure, the volume is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature T.

• Given that V α T for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, write all possible mathematical
representations of Charles’ Law.
𝑉𝑉
• For a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, draw the graphs of V versus T, 𝑇𝑇 versus T, V
versus t.
16. Pressure- temperature behavior of an ideal gas: As temperature increases the average
kinetic energy of the particles of an ideal gas increases, frequency of collision with the walls of the
container increases, strength of collisions increases, pressure of the gas increases. The graph of P
versus t(°C) is a straight line that intersects the t-axes at -273 ̊C (0K, absolute zero).

- 273 t

17. For a fixed amount of gas, in a fixed volume, the pressure is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature.

• Give all mathematical representations of pressure- absolute temperature behavior of a fixed

amount of gas in a fixed volume container.
𝑃𝑃
• For a fixed mass of gas of a constant volume, draw the following graphs: P versus T and 𝑇𝑇
versus T.
18. State Boyle’s law: The pressure of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
at constant temperature.

CQD 10 [G] A certain mass of helium gas was placed in a cylinder fitted with a piston at 25℃.
The volume and pressure were measured to be 3.0 dm3 and 120 mm Hg respectively. If the piston was
pushed till the volume reaches 2.0 dm3 while maintaining a constant temperature, how much will the
pressure be?

CQD 11 [G] A certain mass of helium gas was placed in a cylinder fitted with a piston at 25°C. The
volume and pressure were measured to be 3.00 dm3 and 120 mm Hg respectively. If the gas is heated to
125°C, while maintaining the volume at 3.00 dm3, what will the new pressure be?

CQD 12 [G] A certain mass of helium gas was placed in a cylinder fitted with a piston at 25°C. The
volume and pressure were measured to be 3.0 dm3 and 120. mm Hg respectively. If the gas is heated to
125°C, the pressure was found to become 90. mm Hg, how much will the volume be?

CQD 13 [G] A certain mass of helium gas was placed in a cylinder fitted with a piston at 25°C. The
volume and pressure were measured to be 3.0 dm3 and 120 mm Hg respectively. If the gas is heated to
125°C while keeping the pressure constant, how much will the volume be?
19. The equation of state (Ideal gas law): PV = nRT
Where: P: pressure of gas in atm, V: volume in dm3 or L
n: number of moles of gas
T: absolute temperature in Kelvin (T = t℃ + 273)
R: Universal gas constant, 0.0821 atm.dm3.K-1.mole-1

CQD 7 Calculate the molar volume of an ideal gas at 27°C and 1.0 atm.
Use R = 0.082 dm3.atm.K-1mol-1

20. PM = dRT, Where: P: pressure of gas in atm

M: molar mass of gas
n: number of moles of gas
T: absolute temperature in Kelvin (T = t℃ + 273)
R: Universal gas constant, 0.0821 atm.dm3.K-1.mole-1

CQD 9 Calculate the density of hydrogen gas exerting a pressure of 760 mm Hg in a container at
127°C.

21. Summary of relations for ideal gases:

1) P1V1 = P2V2 (at constant n and T)

P1 P P1 n
2) = n2 or = n1 (at constant V and T)
n1 2 P2 2

V1 V2 V1 n
3) = or = n1 (at constant P and T)
n1 n2 V2 2

P1 P P1 T
4) = T2 or = T1 (at constant V and n)
T1 2 P2 2

V1 V V1 T
5) = T2 or = T1 (at constant n and P)
T1 2 V2 2

P1 V1 P2 V2
6) = (at constant n)
T1 T2

7) PV = nRT

8) PM = DRT (D= density in g / dm3 , M = molar mass in g/mole)

22. Applications
CQD 8 Consider air to be 80% N2 and 20 % O2 (No calculator allowed). Calculate:

a. The average molar mass of air

b. The density of air at STP.

CQD 14. [G] a. A sample of 2.0 g of helium gas were placed in a glass container at 25°C. The pressure
was measured to be 120 mm Hg. If six more grams of He gas were added to the container
while maintaining the temperature and volume constant, how much would the pressure be?
[He = 4.0]

b. A sample of 2.0 g of helium gas were placed in a 5.0 L balloon at 25°C. If six more grams
of He gas were added to the balloon while maintaining the temperature and pressure
constant, how much would the volume of the balloon become? [He = 4.0]

CQD 15. [G] When 1.00 kg of He gas is filled into an empty balloon at 27.0°C the pressure in the
balloon becomes 760. mm Hg. Find the volume of the inflated balloon. [He = 4.00]
Use R = 0.082 atm.dm3.mol-1.K-1

CQD 16. How many moles of an ideal gas occupy 2.24 dm3 at a pressure of 380 mm Hg and a
temperature of 273ºC? Take R = 22.4 dm3.atm.K-1mol-1
273

CQD 17. Calculate pressure of 16.0 g of oxygen gas in a 2.0 liter container at a temperature of 27°C.
Use R = 0.080

23. Effusion: is the passage of a gas through a tiny orifice or it is the escaping through small
opening
24. Diffusion: is the term used to describe the mixing of gases. It is the process of the spread of a
gas throughout space.

CQD 19 [G]
a. Define effusion of gases.
b. Define diffusion of gases.

Ex. 4 The diagram shows some people sitting round a dinner table.
When the lid of the dish was removed, all the people could smell the food. How did the smell reach
them?
25. At the same temperature the average kinetic energies (KE) of all ideal gases is the same.
26. KE is directly proportional to absolute temperature. KE = kT
27. KE is directly proportional to the gas molar mass and inversely proportional to the gas
1
velocity squared. KE = 2Mv2.
28. At the same temperature, the lighter a particle is, the faster it moves (so the faster it effuses).

29. Comparing the speed of different gases at the SAME temperature leads to:
𝛎𝛎𝟏𝟏 𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐
= �
𝛎𝛎𝟐𝟐 𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐

CQD 20. [G] Equal number of moles of methane gas, CH4, and helium gas were allowed to effuse out
of a container at the same temperature. Compare the rate of effusion of these gases.
[C = 12; H = 1.0; He = 4.0]

30. Comparing the time required for two different gases to travel the same distance.
𝐝𝐝/𝐭𝐭 𝟏𝟏 𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 𝐭𝐭 𝟐𝟐 𝐌𝐌 𝟐𝟐
= � , = �
𝒅𝒅/𝐭𝐭 𝟐𝟐 𝐌𝐌𝟐𝟐 𝐭𝐭 𝟏𝟏 𝐌𝐌 𝟏𝟏
31. Comparing kinetic energy of gases at different temperature
𝑲𝑲. 𝑬𝑬.𝟏𝟏 𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏
=
𝑲𝑲. 𝑬𝑬.𝟐𝟐 𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐

CQD 18 A vessel contains equal moles of SO2 and He gases. The pressure is 760 mm Hg.

a. On average, which travels faster, the He atoms or SO2 molecules? How many times as fast?
b. If SO2 was removed from the system, what would the pressure become?
c. What happens to the kinetic energy of the molecules if the temperature is raised from 0°C to
273°C?

Ex. 5:

a) 10 cm3 of Helium gas took 5.0s to effuse (diffuse from a small orifice) under certain conditions
of temperature and pressure. Under the same conditions, it took another gas X 20.0s to effuse
from the same orifice. Calculate the molar mass of gas X. Explain all your calculations.

b) Which gas should diffuse faster, SO2 or CH4? How many times as fast? Why?

c) The rate of diffusion of a particular gas was measured and found to be 24 cm3 /min. Under the
same conditions the rate of diffusion of methane gas CH4 was found to be 47.8 cm3 /min. What
is the molar mass of the unknown gas?

d) The molecules of an unknown gas, SOx travel at ¼ the speed (on average) of helium atoms at
the same temperature. Calculate the molecular mass of SOx, and deduce the value of x.
[O = 16; S = 32].
 e) Cooking gas is a mixture of two gases: propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10).
i. On average, the molecules of which gas have a higher kinetic energy?
ii. On average, the molecules of which gas are moving faster? How much faster?

32. A quantitative investigation of the reaction of magnesium metal with hydrochloric acid.

CQD 21. When Mg reacted with HCl, H2 gas was produced and collected in a gas measuring tube. In
order to read the volume of the gas, we should
A. close the bottom of the tube with a thumb, take the tube out of water, then take the reading.
B. put a piece of white paper behind the level of the meniscus in the tube then take the reading.
C. move the tube up or down until the level of water inside and outside the tube is the same,
then take the reading.
D. transfer the gas gently to a burette then take the reading.
E. transfer the gas gently to a pipette then take the reading.

CQD 22. When Mg reacted with HCl, H2 gas was produced and collected in a gas measuring tube. In
order to determine the pressure of the hydrogen gas, we should:
A. add the vapor pressure of water to the atmospheric pressure
B. subtract the vapor pressure of water from the atmospheric pressure
C. just read the atmospheric pressure
D. first dry the hydrogen gas by passing it through a cotton towel
E. “pop” the hydrogen gas with pure oxygen and determine the mass of water formed

Ex. 6.
1) Write an equation to represent the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid?
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

2) Write the possible observations?

1. Magnesium ribbon dissolves.
2. Effervescence due to the evolution of hydrogen gas.
3. The gas measuring cylinder tube becomes warm.

3) When Mg reacted with HCl, H2 gas was produced and collected in a gas measuring tube. In
order to read the volume of the gas, we should
1. Move the tube up or down until the level of water inside and outside the tube is the
same, then take the reading.
2. Align your eyes to the bottom of the meniscus and record the reading.

4) In order to determine the pressure of the hydrogen gas collected over water, we should subtract
the vapor pressure of water from the atmospheric pressure.

Pressure of gas collected over water = Patm - Pwater

• A sample of nitrogen is collected over water at 18.5ºC. The vapor pressure ofwater at 18.5ºC is
16 mm Hg. The water levels inside and outside the tube wereequalized. If the atmospheric
pressure is 756 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen?

Pressure of gas collected over water = Patm - Pwater = 756 – 16 = 740 mmHg

• A sample of nitrogen gas was collected over water at 20oC and a total pressure of 1.00 atm. A
total volume of 250cm3was collected. What mass of nitrogen was collected? (At20oC the vapor
pressure of water is 17.5 mmHg).

Pressure of gas collected over water = Patm - Pwater = 760 – 17.5 = 742.5 mmHg = 0.98 atm
PV = nRT
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝐦𝐦 𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 𝟎𝟎.𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗×( )×𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝐏𝐏𝐏𝐏 = 𝐌𝐌
𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑 𝐦𝐦 = 𝐑𝐑𝐑𝐑
= 𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎×(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐠𝐠