Auteur : ING.

T TCHENGANG FRANCK JUNIOR

ENGINEERING STUDENT'S COURSE

DESIGN AT THE HEART OF
ENGINEERING

FABLAB IUC 2023-2024

TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT

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ING. T TCHENGANG FRANCK JUNIOR
 I. Introduction to Mechanical Systems and Machine Design
Definition of mechanical systems: Mechanical systems refer to sets of interconnected
elements that transform movements and forces to accomplish a specific job. They are
ubiquitous in our daily lives, from complex contraptions like cars and airplanes to simple
household appliances like can openers.

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Importance of Design in Machine Design: Design plays a crucial role in the design of
efficient and functional machines. It encompasses model creation, material selection, stress
analysis, and part manufacturing. Good design ensures optimal performance, safety and
durability of the machine.
Goals and Basic Principles of Mechanical Design: The fundamental principles of
mechanical design include simplicity, robustness, efficiency, and ergonomics. The main
objective is to design machines that meet the specific needs of the user while minimizing
production and maintenance costs

II. Introducing the 3-Axis CNC Milling Machine

A- General
What is a CNC milling machine? A CNC milling machine is an automated machine tool
used to cut, engrave, and shape parts from various materials such as wood, metal, and plastic.
It works by using digital controls to control the position and movement of the cutting tool.
They can move according to the characteristics from 03 to 06 axes.
How a CNC milling machine works: A CNC milling machine uses computer-aided design
(CAD) software to create 3D models of the workpieces. These models are then converted into
digital code instructions (G-code) which are sent to the milling machine for execution.
Advantages and Applications of 3-Axis CNC Milling Machine: The main advantages of
CNC milling machines include accuracy, repeatability, and the ability to produce complex
parts with high efficiency. They are widely used in industries such as aerospace, automotive,
mold making, and the medical industry.
Essential Components of a CNC Milling Machine: The main components of a CNC milling
machine include the work table, travel axes, cutting head, cooling system, and control unit.
Each component plays a crucial role in the overall operation of the machine.
Different types of milling machine:
We can classify milling machines as horizontal milling machines, vertical milling machines,
special milling machines, automatic milling machines and universal milling machines. Let's
take a look at the different types one by one:
- Horizontal milling machines
They are so called because the axis of the spindle is horizontal. The tool holder, placed under
the spindle, is equipped with a transverse and vertical feeding movement. Often, in horizontal
milling machines, all movements are controlled by a single electric motor, by means of a
complex transmission system.
- Vertical milling machines
These milling machines, on the other hand, have a spindle positioned vertically. The tool
holder is equipped with a feed movement and moves on two perpendicular slides.

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 - Special milling machines
As the name suggests, these milling machines are used for special processes, such as the
production of keys, sculptures or parts with grooves.
- Universal milling machines
Universal milling machines are those that combine the functions of horizontal and vertical
milling machines. In universal milling machines, the workpiece table can also be rotated.
- CNC automatic milling machines
These machines are used for the processing of very complex profiles or surfaces. Automatic
milling machines are equipped with a probe tip that always remains adherent to the model
(copy milling machines), guiding the knife in its movements.

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Different types of strawberries

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 B- Examples of IUC's fablab 03-axis CNC milling machine

1 2

3 4

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 5 6

8
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 9 10

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 III. Presentation of Machine Designs on Fablab Project Software
Importance of 3D modeling in the design process: 3D modeling allows designers to
visualize their ideas realistically, detect potential design errors, and optimize performance
before actual manufacturing. It also facilitates communication and collaboration between
members of the design team.
Design software used at the IUC fablab:
- SolidWorks ;
- Fusion 360;
- Catia V5.
Some machine designs made at the fablab:
- Agricultural Sprayer Drone ;
- Plastic shredder;
- Vegetable slicer;
- Ginger washer;
- Etc.

IV. Clarification on G-code and GPS Waypoints

1. G-code
What is G-code and its role in CNC machines? : G-code is a programming language used to
control the movement and actions of CNC machines. It includes a series of specific
instructions that tell the machine what to do, where to go, and how to do it.
G-code structure and operation: G-code is composed of alphanumeric commands such as axis
movements, travel speeds, tool controls, and auxiliary operations. Each statement is preceded
by a letter that identifies its specific function.
2. Waypoints GPS
GPS waypoints are geographic points defined by their latitude and longitude coordinates. In
the field of robotics, they play a crucial role in the autonomous movement of robots. Here is a
clarification of their use in this context:
❖ Navigation Reference Points:
- GPS waypoints serve as reference points for robots to find their way around their
environment.
- Each waypoint represents a specific point on the map that the robot needs to move
towards.

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 ❖ Trajectory Planning
- Before starting their movement, autonomous robots plan a trajectory by defining a series
of GPS waypoints.
- These waypoints determine the optimal route to reach the desired destination by avoiding
obstacles.
❖ Trajectory Tracking:
- While moving, the robots use sensors to determine their position relative to GPS
waypoints.
- They adjust their trajectory according to their current position relative to the intended
waypoints, ensuring precise movement.
❖ Trajectory Correction:
- If the robot deviates from its planned trajectory due to obstacles or location errors, it
makes corrections to get back on track.
- These corrections are based on data from on-board sensors, such as GPS receivers and
vision systems.
❖ Practical applications:
- GPS waypoints are used in a variety of robotic applications such as autonomous logistics,
mapping, and surveillance.
- For example, an autonomous delivery robot uses GPS waypoints to plan its route from the
warehouse to the delivery points.
In conclusion, GPS waypoints are fundamental tools for autonomous robot navigation. They
allow robots to plan and track their trajectory efficiently, ensuring accurate and safe
movement in various environments.

V. Demonstration of the 3D Printer and CNC Milling Machine

3D Printer Overview: We'll discuss how the 3D printer works in basics, the types of materials
it can use, and common applications of this technology, from rapid prototyping to
manufacturing finished parts.
Demonstration of 3D printing of a simple object : We will perform a hands-on demonstration
of 3D printing by choosing an object that is simple to print. We'll go through the steps of
preparing the model, setting up the printer, and starting the printing process.
CNC Milling Machine Demonstration: We will present the steps of setting up and preparing a
CNC milling machine for a machining operation. Then, we will perform a live demonstration
by making a cut or engraving on a

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