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GENERAL DISCUSSION
• Environment and economy are interdependent and need each other. Hence, if
we grow without taking care of environment then it won’t sustain for much
longer. This is why we need Sustainable Development.
Chapter 5 • Sustainable Development can be defined as development that meets the
need of the present generation without compromising the ability of

SUSTAINABLE future generations to meet their own needs.

• SD as a term was First introduced in 1980 at International Union for
Conservation of Nature (HQ - France).
DEVELOPMENT The term "Sustainability" shall be viewed as humanity's target goal of
'Human - Ecosystem' equilibrium.
• After the Brundtland Report (1987), the concept of SD has developed to
focus more on the goal of socially inclusive (every individual has an
active role to play) and environmentally sustainable economic growth.

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• This three-sphere framework was initially Given by Rene Passet in 1979.

AGENDA 21
• Sustainability can be thought in terms of three spheres:
• In 1992 the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Environment, Economy & Society
Earth Charter which outlines the building of a just, sustainable and peaceful They are also referred as the 3 Pillars of SD.
global society. The Action plan was through AGENDA 21 which identified
• Some authors have also included the 4th Pillar of Culture & Politics
information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries
achieve development that recognises these interdependent pillars.
• It states that broad public participation in decision making is a fundamental
prerequisite for achieving SD.
• It also stresses new approaches to do business that involves integration of
environmental and social concerns into development processes.
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SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES 2. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY:
1. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE: • Fossil fuels are not sustainable.
• It consists of environment friendly methods of farming without damaging natural • Unlike fossil fuels that provide a bulk of the
elements (soil, water, biodiversity etc.) world’s energy, renewable energy sources
like Hydroelectric, Solar and Wind produces
• Elements of Sustainable Agriculture includes permaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, far less pollution.
multiple cropping, and crop rotation.
• A brief idea about shares of global primary
• It involves agricultural methods that do not undermine the environment, smart farming energy - The share of both natural gas and
technologies that enhance a quality environment for humans to thrive and reclaiming renewables rose to record highs of 24.7%
and transforming deserts into farmlands. and 5.7% respectively. Renewables has now
• Important standards: overtaken nuclear which makes up only 4.3%
• Common code for Coffee Community (4C) – A label on coffee products that ensures of the energy mix. Hydro’s share of energy
sustainable production of coffee. increased by 0.4 percentage points last year
• Fair Trade to 6.9%, the first increase since 2014.
• Rainforest Alliance
• UTZ certified etc.

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URBAN LAND USE AND PLANNING CONTROL URBAN TRANSPORTATION

• Urbanization is the defining global phenomenon of this century. For the first time
in history more than 50% of world’s population is living in Urban areas. It is
projected that by 2030, Urban population will double in developing countries.
Hence, the need for proper Urban planning is required.
• There are many challenges in urbanization especially in small/medium sized cities
like Resource Scarcity, Slum growth, Increase in poverty, Climate change to name a
few.
• Sustainable urban development includes:
• Limiting Pollution by encouraging Public Transport usage.
• Methods of reducing waste such as recycling and composting programs.
(Complete details in Solid Waste Management Subject)
• Transportation is a large contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (1/3rd of all gases
produced are due to transportation).
• Most of these gases coming from exhaust contains Particulate Matter which is
hazardous to human health.
• Sustainable transport has many social and economic benefits, that can accelerate
local sustainable development.
• Ex: Freiburg, Germany – The city has implemented extensive methods of public
transportation, cycling and large areas where cars are not allowed.
• Improving Public Transportation through faster and reliable commute will be win-win
for both govt. and public.
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UN DECADE FOR EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE WATER HARVESTING

DEVELOPMENT(ESD)
• The role of ESD was recognised in 3 major UN conferences:
• 1992 UNCED, Rio de Janeiro
• 2002 WSSD, Johannesburg
• 2012 UNCSD, Rio de Janeiro
• The Launch of UN Decade For Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014),
started a global movement to reorient education to address the challenges of SD.
ESD address the interconnected global challenges we are facing, including climate
change, environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, poverty and inequality.
• In 2014 UN general assembly acknowledged GAP (Global Action Plan) to scale-up
actions and the learning must prepare students and learners of all ages to find
solutions for the challenges of today and the future.
• The term ‘water harvesting’ generally refers to the collection of rainstorm-generated
runoff from a particular area in order to provide water for humans, animals or crop
use.
• Water collected can be stored in underground tanks, or aboveground ponds or
subsurface reservoir such as cisterns or shallow aquifers.
• Over the years due to exploitation of water resources with modernization, is leading
to tremendous water wastage. Though many tech advancements have been made
but we cannot create water artificially, hence the impact of water conservation on
Sustainable Development is undeniable.
• In this context, adopting Rainwater Harvesting and recharging groundwater is
simplest and best measure in conserving groundwater.

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RAINWATER HARVESTING
Advantages of Rain Water Harvesting -
• It is a simple strategy by which
rainfall is gathered and stored • Reduced Water Bills
for future usage. • Ecological Benefits
• Process involves collection and • Reduces Soil Erosion
storage of rainwater with the
help of artificially designed • Benefits for Irrigation purposes
systems or Catchment Areas. • Increases Productivity of Aquifer
• Reserving rainwater will help • No land is wasted for storage hence no population displaced
recharge aquifers, reduce urban • It mitigates the effect of droughts
flooding and ensure water
availability in water scarce zone. • Prevents flooding near buildings
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2 Major Techniques of RWH -
1. SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING
• In this method rainwater flows as surface runoff and then stored for future use.
• Surface water can be stored by diverging flow of small streams into reservoirs.
• It can provide water for farming, cattle and also for domestic use.
• Most suitable in Urban areas.
2. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
• It is a hydrological process where water moves down from surface to Aquifer water.
• The Aquifer can also act as a distribution system.
• In rural areas it can be harvested through: Gully Plug, Contour Bund, Percolation
Tank, Check Dam/Nala Bund/ Cement Plug, Recharge Shaft, Dug Well Recharge.
• Some Traditional Indian RWH system:
• Zing – Tanks(Trans Himalayan region) for collecting water from melted ice in
Ladakh
• Apatani system – Terraced plots connected by inlet and outlet in Arunachal
Pradesh
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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
• On the supply side, a city, state or nation’s biocapacity represents the productivity of
its ecological assets (including cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and
built-up land). These areas, especially if left unharvested, can also serve to absorb the
waste we generate, especially our carbon emissions from burning fossil fuel.
Both the Ecological Footprint and biocapacity are expressed in global hectares (gha) —globally
comparable hectares with world average productivity.
If a population’s Ecological Footprint exceeds the region’s biocapacity, that region runs a biocapacity
de cit. Its demand for the goods and services that its land and seas can provide—fruits and vegetables,
meat, sh, wood, cotton for clothing, and carbon dioxide absorption—exceeds what the region’s
ecosystems can regenerate. In more popular communications, we also call this “an ecological de cit.” A
region in ecological de cit meets demand by importing, liquidating its own ecological assets (such as
over shing or deforestation), and/or emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. If a region’s biocapacity
exceeds its Ecological Footprint, it has a biocapacity reserve.
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ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
• ‘Mathis Wackernagel’ and ‘William Rees’ developed the concept of Ecological Footprint, to help
people visualize what they use from the environment. Each person has an ecological footprint,
an amount of productive land, freshwater and ocean required on a continuous basis to supply
that person with food, wood, energy, water, housing, clothing, transportation and waste
disposal.
Ecological Footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature.
On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint adds up all the biologically productive areas for which a population,
a person or a product competes. It measures the ecological assets that a given population or product requires to
produce the natural resources it consumes (including plant-based food and ber products, livestock and sh
products, timber and other forest products, space for urban infrastructure) and to absorb its waste, especially
carbon emissions. The Ecological Footprint tracks the use of productive surface areas. Typically these areas are:
cropland, grazing land, shing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land.
• In the developing nation of India, the per capita ecological footprint is 0.9 ha (2.2 acres); India is
the world's largest country in terms of population, so even though it's per capita footprint is low,
the country’s footprint is high.
• Earth Overshoot Day - It marks the date when humanity's demand for ecological resources and
services in a given year exceeds what Earth can regenerate in that year. In 2022, it fell on 28 July.
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CARBON CREDITS
• A Carbon credit is a tradable certificate that provides the
holder of the credit the right to emit one ton of carbon
dioxide or an equivalent of another greenhouse gas.
• It was first introduced in 1997 after Kyoto Protocol.
• It is a component of national and international importance;
attempts to mitigate the growth in concentration of Green
house gases (GHGs).
• Burning of fossil fuels is a major source of GHGs (CO2, CH4,
NO2, HFCs) especially for power, cement, steel and many other
industries.
• Unchecked, energy use and emission levels are predicted to
keep rising over time. Thus, the number of companies needing
to buy credits will increase, hence encouraging more groups to
undertake environmentally friendly activities to sell Carbon
credits.
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BENEFITS OF RAISING THE PRICE OF CARBON CREDIT - CARBON FOOTPRINT

1. It will signal consumers about what goods and services are High-Carbon ones • A carbon footprint is the total amount
and should be therefore used without wastage. of Greenhouse Gases – GHGs (especially carbon
2. It will signal Producers about which inputs/raw materials use more carbon (coal dioxide and methane) released into the atmosphere
or oil) and which consumers less(natural gas, nuclear). by different human activity.
3. It will give market incentives for inventors and innovators to develop low-carbon • Carbon footprints can be associated with an
products individual, an organization, a product or an event,
among others.
• According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), a carbon footprint is a measure of the
impact people’s activities have on the amount of
carbon dioxide (CO2) produced through the burning
of fossil fuels and is expressed as a weight of CO2
emissions produced in tonnes.

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CARBON FOOTPRINT (contd) CARBON FOOTPRINT (contd)

• The carbon footprint is seen as a subset of the ecological footprint, where carbon footprint • CO2e is calculated by multiplying the emissions of each of the six greenhouse
deals with resource usage but focuses strictly on the greenhouse gases released due to gases by its 100 year global warming potential (GWP).
burning of fossil fuels, while the latter compares the total resources people consume with • On comparing various forms of energy generation Coal has the largest Carbon
the land and water area that is needed to replace those resources. footprint among others followed by Oil, Natural Gas and Geothermal Energy.
• The release of Six Greenhouse gases as recognized by the Kyoto Protocol will be • Carbon footprints are of Two types –
counted in the carbon footprint. The Six GHGs are – • Organizational – Emissions from all the activities across the organisation such
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) as energy use, industrial processes and company vehicles.
• Methane (CH4) • Product – Emissions from the extraction of raw materials and manufacturing
• Nitrous Oxide (N2O) right through to its use and nal reuse, recycling or disposal i.e. over the whole
• Hydro uorocarbons (HFCs) life of a product or service.
• Per uorocarbon (PFCs) • Carbon Footprint of an individual can be assessed through a mobile app, Carbon
• Sulphur hexa uoride (SF6) Watch. Chandigarh became the rst state or Union Territory in India to launch
Carbon Watch.
• Carbon footprints are usually measured in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide – CO2e,
during the period of a year.
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CARBON FOOTPRINT (contd)
Initiatives/ Concepts to Keep Check on GHGs Emission
1. Carbon Pricing – A carbon price is a cost put on carbon pollution to nudge
polluters to lower the amount of greenhouse gas they release into the
atmosphere.
2. Carbon Tax – It is a form of Pollution Tax. It levies a fee on the production,
distribution or use of fossil fuels based on how much carbon their combustion
emits. It is a cost-effective tool to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere.
3. Carbon Sequestration – the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO2)
from large point sources, such as fossil fuel power plants, etc. and depositing it
where it will not enter the atmosphere. The idea is to stabilize carbon in solid/
dissolved forms so that it doesn’t cause atmosphere to warm.
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• There are 2 types of Carbon Sequestration
• Geologic carbon sequestration - It is the process of storing carbon dioxide
(CO2) in underground geologic formations. The CO2 is usually pressurized until
it becomes a liquid, and then it is injected into porous rock formations in
geologic basins.
• Biologic carbon sequestration - It refers to storage of atmospheric carbon in
vegetation, soils, woody products, and aquatic environments. For example, by
encouraging the growth of plants—particularly larger plants like trees—
advocates of biologic sequestration hope to help remove CO2 from the
atmosphere.
• About 25% of our carbon emissions have historically been captured by earth’s
forests, farms and grasslands
• About 30% is absorbed by Oceans which increases water acidity making it harder
for marine animals to survive.

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CARBON FOOTPRINT (contd)

Initiatives/ Concepts to Keep Check on GHGs Emission

4.Paris Agreement COP 21 – According to the Paris Climate Accord, the members who
rati ed the deal have to work towards the goal of achieving net-zero emissions, which
is crucial to limit global warming. This scenario, calls for rapid scale-up of carbon
capture, use and storage (CCUS). The process involves capturing CO2 emissions
from coal and gas power plants, and from heavy industry, for deep underground
storage or re-use.
5.Montreal Protocol – The protocol gives provisions to reduce the production and
consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances – ODSs to protect the ozone layer.
6.Bharat Stage (BS) VI norms: These are emission control standards put in place by the
government to keep a check on air pollution.

CARBON SEQUESTRATION PROCESS

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CARBON FOOTPRINT (contd)

Initiatives/ Concepts to Keep Check on GHGs Emission

7. National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy 2018: The main objective of the policy is to
provide a framework for the promotion of large grid-connected wind-solar
photovoltaic (PV) hybrid systems for optimal and ef cient utilization of wind and
solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.
8. National Solar Mission: It is a major initiative of the Government of India and
State Governments to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing
India’s energy security challenge.
9. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Ef ciency (NMEEE) – launched in 2011
NMEEE is a mission to strengthen the market for energy ef ciency by creating
favourable policies and regulations.
10.National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) – launched in June 2008
aimed to have a combined policy for tackling climate change.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for
coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system.[1]
[2] It was established by Maurice Strong, its rst director, after the United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972. Its mandate is to
provide leadership, deliver science and develop solutions on a wide range of issues,
including climate change,[3] the management of marine and terrestrial ecosystems,
and green economic development.[4] The organization also develops international
environmental agreements; publishes and promotes environmental science and helps
national governments achieve environmental targets.
As a member of the United Nations Development Group, UNEP aims to help the
world meet the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.[5]

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• The Sustainable
UNEP hosts the secretariats of several multilateral environmental agreements and Development Goals
research bodies, including The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), The Minamata (SDGs), were set in
Convention on Mercury, The Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, The 2015 by UN General
Convention on Migratory Species and The Convention on International Trade in Assembly also known as
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), among others.[6] Global Goals, are a set
In 1988, the World Meteorological Organization and UNEP established of 17 integrated and
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).[7] UNEP is also one of several interrelated goals to end
Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Multilateral poverty, protect the
Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.[8][9] planet and ensure that
UNEP sometimes uses the alternative name UN Environment.[10] humanity enjoys peace
Its headquarters is in Nairobi, Kenya. and prosperity by 2030.
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SDG GOALS
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture.
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all.
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
8. Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all.
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialisation and foster innovation
SDG Goals (contd.) SLIDE 30
10.Reduce inequality within and among countries.
11.Make cities and human settlements, inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable
12.Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13.Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14.Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
15.Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat deserti cation, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
16.Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
17.Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global
partnership for sustainable development.

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ECOTOURISM HURDLES TO SUSTAINABILITY

• It is a form of tourism that attempts to minimize the impact of traditional tourism
upon the environment. • DESERTIFICATION
• UN declared 17th June as World’s day to combat Desertification.
• It means responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, and
improving well being of local people. • It can be prevented by sustainable agriculture practices.
• Hetzer(1965) introduced 4 principles: • SOIL EXPLOITATION AND OVERBUILDING
• Minimise the environment impact • FOOD WASTAGE
• Respect the host culture • 1/3RD of all food produced worldwide(1.3B Ton) is getting wasted every year!
• Maximise the benefits to local people • LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
• Maximising tourist satisfaction • Deforestation, forest fires, illegal wildlife trade
• More and more jobs are generated by Eco-tourism • POLLUTION
• Generates government revenue through business and taxes.
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Risk Assessment
• Risk may be defined as combination of the probability of occurrence
of an event and the possible extent of its adverse effects and
consequences in terms of economic loss or human injury. Risks can
relate to ‘hazard to humans’.
• Risk assessment means defining the limits or acceptability of the risk
which can be classified as acceptable or in need of reduction.
• Risk assessments are conducted to estimate how much damage or
injury can be expected from exposure to a given risk agent and to
assist in judging whether these consequences are great enough to
require increased management or regulation.
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2. Step 2 - Dose - Response Assessment - there is assessors gathers
information to determine the numerical relationship between
exposure and effects.
3. Step 3 - Exposure Assessment - once the steps 1 and 2 are identified,
the assessor examines what is known about the frequency, timing
and levels of contact with the stressor.
4. Step 4 - Risk Characterization - risk characterisation includes two
major components – risk estimation and risk description
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Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)
• A human health risk assessment is the process to estimate the nature
and probability of adverse health effects in humans who may be
exposed to chemicals in contaminated environmental media, now or
in the future.
• A human health risk assessment includes four steps -
1. Step 1 - Hazard Identification
• The risk assessor examines weather a stressor has the potential to
cause harm to humans and/or ecological systems and if so, under
what circumstances.
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Hazard Accounting of Risk
Risk = Probability x Severity of Consequence ….. (1)
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The IPAT Model
The IPAT Model
• It is a representation of a system; describes the system as it exists and
predicts how changes in one part of the system will affect the rest of
the system. So, the human impacts on the environment are difficult to
assess. There are 3 important factors which determine the
environmental impact (I) which are as follows -
1. The number of people (P)
2. Affluence, consumption or amount of resource use per person (A)
3. The environmental effects of the technologies used to obtain and
consume the resources (T)
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Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
• Extended Producers Responsibility is essentially the use of nancial incentives
to encourage manufacturers to design environmentally friendly products by
making producers/manufacturers accountable for their product management
during end-stage consumption.
• It relieves the government from the burden of managing certain products by
making manufacturers internalize the cost of recycling within the product price.
• EPR is carried out bearing in mind that brand owners have the greatest control
over product design and hence are in a better position to design their products
in such a manner that it will reduce harmful effects on the environment as a
whole.
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• These factors are related in this way
•I=PxAxT
• In science, a model is a formal statement describes the behaviour of a
system.
• The IPAT model, which biologist Paul Ehrlich and physicist John
Holdren, first proposed in the 1970s, shows the mathematical
relationship between environmental impacts, and the forces driving
them
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• Extended Producers Responsibility is done through, reuse, buyback, or
recycling. The producer has also the option of delegating this responsibility to a
third-party which can be paid by the producer for used-product management.
• This shifts the responsibility for waste management from the government to
private industries, making it easy for producers or sellers to internalise waste
management and ensure the safe handling of their products.
• Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a strategy to add all of the
estimated environmental costs associated with a product throughout the product
life cycle to the market price of that product, contemporarily mainly applied in the
eld of waste management.
• EPR "focuses on the end-of-use treatment of consumer products and has the
primary aim to increase the amount and degree of product recovery and to
minimize the environmental impact of waste materials"
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Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)

THE END!!!!