2022-11-25

GUI – Graphical User Interface

Computer Graphics
Dariusz Sawicki
The first study on the Interface:
1964-1966 Xerox Parc Company

1963 Ivan Sutherland (MIT):

Applications sketchpad
(light pen + monitor + software)
Hardware Linux GUI

Interaction

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 4

Introduction GUI – Graphical User Interface II

• Applications of the CG
• Hardware for the CG
• Vector vs. Raster Graphics
• HCI
• The Main Standards in CG
Copy from Wikipedia US Copyright law as fair use

The first computer mouse (1964)

Douglas C. Engelbart
and the group of 17 researchers
from Stanford Research Institute
public presentation 1968 Computer Alto Xerox Parc
1970 U.S. Patent # 3,541,541 1973

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 2 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 5

Applications - Uses of CG GUI – Graphical User Interface III

• Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• Presentation Graphics, Business and Office Visualizations
1985 Microsoft
• CAD/CAM (Graphics for Engineers) Windows ver.1.01
• Simulation and Virtual Reality for Scientific Applications
1990 Microsoft
• Desktop Publishing Systems and Printing
Windows 3.0
• Cartography and Navigation Systems (GPS)
• Medical Uses 1995 Microsoft
Windows 95
• Art and Entertainment

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 3 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 6

1
 2022-11-25

GUI – Graphical User Interface III CAD/CAM

1983 Apple Computer:

Lisa

1985 Microsoft
Windows ver.1.01 • Computer Aided Design - CAD
• Computer Aided Drafting and Design - CADD
1990 Microsoft
Windows 3.0 • Computer Aided Manufacturing - CAM
from www.guidebookgallery.org
• Computer Integrates Manufacturing - CIM
1995 Microsoft
Lisa computer (1983): • Computer Aided Engineering - CAE
Windows 95
GUI and windows
(overlapping, free position)

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 7 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 10

Presentation Graphics Simulation and Virtual Reality

Presentation and visualization of the information.

• Professional Simulators
Office applications.
– Flight Simulators
– Car simulators
– Military Simulators (tank, warship)
– Others (e.g. forklift, electric truck)
• Simulators in computer games

Numeric data presentation The set of symbols for objects

using 3D bar chart representation (and its connections)
in organisational chart
(flowchart, Pedigree, tree etc.)

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 8 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 11

CAD/CAM Desktop Publishing

Editorial works, printing

Courtesy of Mr. M.Świderski, Electrical Faculty of Technical University of Warsaw.

Picture from the project of car starter

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 9 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 12

2
 2022-11-25

Architecture I Medical Graphics

Medical examination : CT, MRI

Courtesy of HINES Company

Metropolitan Building, Piłsudski Square Warsaw.

Courtesy of B.Sawicki on the base of Visible Human Library
Visualization of the project.
The cross sections of a head.

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 13 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 16

Architecture II Art and Entertainment

• Cinematography
– Special effects
– Computer animation

• TV
– Virtual studio

• Computer games
Metropolitan Building, Piłsudski Square Warsaw.
Picture(s) of the real building.

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 14 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 17

Architecture III Graphics hardware

a) b)
• Output devices
– Graphics cards and processors (GPU),
– Monitors: TFT/LCD (old CRT in special cases),
– Printers, plotters,
• Input devices
– Keyboard,
– Scanner 2D/3D,
– camera
Courtesy of prof. W.Żagan
• Pointing devices
a) Illumination visualization of the Collegium Novum – mouse, tablet, joystick,
Building in Jagiellonian University Kraków
b) Illumination visualization of the Muzeum de Waag in
the Netherlands
CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 15 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 18

3
 2022-11-25

Graphics hardware Graphics hardware

• Output: Graphics card • Output: CRT Monitor
pros:
own processor, Video BIOS, Video RAM, cooling device, API • Very high contrast ratio (20,000:1 or greater),
• High speed response
Graphic techniques: • Excellent Additive color, wide gamut and low black level.
• Anti-aliasing to reduce distortion coused by aliasing, • Can display natively in almost any resolution and refresh rate.
• Z-buffer for Hidden Line/Surface remowal, • Near zero color, saturation, contrast or brightness distortion.
• Geometry description for ray tracing calculation, • Wide viewing angle.
• Shader technique for illumination calculation., cons:
• Texture mapping. • Large size and weight
• Geometric distortion in non-flat CRTs
• Use under Lower refresh rates causes noticeable flicker
• power consumption

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 19 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 22

Graphics hardware Graphics hardware

• Output: LCD Monitor • Output: LASER Printer
pros: pros:
• Very compact and light • Fast
• Low power consumption • Sharp printouts
• No geometric distortion • Professional quality (black printer)
• Little or no flicker depending on backlight . cons:
cons: • Large size and weight
• Low contrast ratio • Sometimes poor quality (color printer)
• Limited viewing angle • Expensive (printer and toner cartridge)
• Slow response times
• Only one native resolution. Displaying other resolutions degrades
image quality
• Fixed bit depth
• Dead pixels are possible (manufacturing process)

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 20 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 23

Graphics hardware Graphics hardware

• Output: PLASMA Monitor • Output: INKJET Printer
pros: pros:
• Compact and light • Small
• High contrast ratios (10,000:1 or greater) • Inexpensive (printer)
• High speed response • Quiet
• Excellent color, wide gamut and low black level.
• Good for personal use
• Near zero color, saturation, contrast or brightness distortion.
• Ability of good quality in color printing
• No geometric distortion
• Wide viewing angle
cons:
cons: • Slow
• Large pixel pitch means either low resolution or a large screen • Ink cartridges need replacing frequently and can be very expensive
• Noticeable flicker when viewed at close range
• High operating temperature and high power consumption
• One native resolution. Displaying other resolutions degrades image quality.
• Fixed bit depth
• Dead pixels are possible (manufacturing process)
CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 21 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 24

4
 2022-11-25

Vector vs. Raster Graphics Raster Graphics

Position of the point depends on raster.

Two display technologies:
Picture is remembered as a map
(nonsequential data !).
• Vector graphics — possibility of control: position and Memory occupation does not depend on
color/brightness of point. (Oscilloscope) form (complexity) of picture.
Scaling causes change of quality
• Raster graphics — possibility of control: only (usually decrease).
color/brightness of point. Position of point is fixed. (TV) Perception of the picture depends on
device (on definition of raster !)
The same possibility of drawing a line
and a stain.

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 25 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 28

Vector vs. Raster Graphics HCI – Human

Interakcja człowiekComputer
- komputer I Interaction

a) b)

„A” letter displayed in both technologies.

a) vector graphics, b) raster graphics.
CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 26 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 29

Vector Graphics HCI II

ergonomics
ergonomi cs technique
Any position of the point (pixel) and
Sequential data structure of the picture transformation architecture
of the of dialogue
Memory occupation depends on form
(complexity) of picture. information
Possibility of scaling picture (without computer
decrease in quality). gra
graphics
phics
Device independent picture perception
(the line is always smooth)
Drawing a line – convenient operation, language of the
drawing a stain – inconvenient communication,
interaction rules input /output
devices

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 27 CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 30

5
 2022-11-25

HCI II

Factors that influence perception of information

Individual feature social feature

• memory • social status

• preferred sense • community membership
• gender • culture
• age • tradition
• knowledge • influence of
and experience social judgment
• habits and social schema
• outlook on life
• a sense of humor
• imagination

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 31

Standards in CG

• Standards in graphical applications

– 3D Core Graphics System (1977)
– GKS – Graphical Kernel System (1985)
– GKS 3D (1988)
– PHIGS – Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive
Graphics System (1988)
– OpenGL (1993)
– Direct3D (1985)
– VRML (1994)
– Vulkan (Khronos group) (2016)

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 32

Bibliography (additionally)

● Dix A.J., Finlay J.E., Abowd G.D., Beale R.: Human –

Computer Interaction. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall 2003.
● Levine J.: Graphics File Formats (2nd edition), McGraw-
Hill Co, 1994.
● Preece J., Rogers Y., Sharp H.: Interaction Design:
Beyond Human – Computer Interaction (5th ed.). John
Wiley & Sons, Inc 2019.
● www.guidebookgallery.org

CG Applications, Hardware, Interaction 33