Bridge Parts Glossary

D14 Appendix III
Glossary of terms used in bridge engineering

Axis 1
Axis 2
Axis 3
Bridge deck
Joint Main carrying Parapet Wing wall
element
Abutment Bearing
Pier
Pier foundation
Embankment
Piles
Many of the terms used in bridge engineering in the different

countries of the BRIME project have been translated into the six
languages of the partner countries. The terms used are based on the
“Handbook for Bridge Inventory” produced by the Norwegian
Public Roads Administration as part of the inventory module of the
bridge management system – BRUTUS International.
BRIME – Bridge Management in Europe
1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 4
2 DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................... 4
2.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Definition of a bridge................................................................................................. 4
2.1.2 The Code System ...................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Bridge Category ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1.4 Types of Structures ................................................................................................... 5
2.1.5 Principal Parts of a Bridge ......................................................................................... 5
2.2 STATIC SYSTEM............................................................................................................ 8
2.2.1 Simply Supported System.......................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Continuous System.................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Cantilever System...................................................................................................... 9
2.2.4 Arch Systems ...........................................................................................................10
2.2.5 Frame Systems .........................................................................................................11
2.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES .......................................................................11
2.3.1 Culverts....................................................................................................................11
2.3.1.1 Pipe culverts.........................................................................................................12
2.3.1.2 Box Culverts ........................................................................................................12
2.3.1.3 Vault culverts .......................................................................................................13
2.3.1.4 Frame culverts......................................................................................................13
2.3.1.5 Slab Culvert..........................................................................................................13
2.3.2 Types of Slab Bridges; W/D ≥ 5 ...............................................................................14
2.3.2.1 Solid Slab Bridges ................................................................................................14
2.3.2.2 Voided Slab Bridges .............................................................................................15
2.3.2.3 Rib Slab Bridges ...................................................................................................15
2.3.3 Types of Beam/Girder Bridges..................................................................................16
2.3.3.1 Beam Bridges .......................................................................................................16
2.3.3.2 Girder Bridges ......................................................................................................17
2.3.4 Arch/Vault and Frame Bridges..................................................................................18
2.3.4.1 Arch Bridges ........................................................................................................18
2.3.4.2 Vault Bridges .......................................................................................................19
2.3.4.3 Frame Bridges ......................................................................................................20
2.3.4.4 Strut Frame Bridges..............................................................................................20
2.3.5 Truss Bridges ...........................................................................................................21
Final Report/D14/February 2001 Appendix III : Glossary of Bridge Engineering Terms PAGE 1
2.3.5.1 Through and Half -Through Truss Bridges............................................................21

2.3.5.2 Arch Truss Bridges...............................................................................................22
2.3.5.3 Deck Truss Bridges ..............................................................................................22
2.3.6 Cable supported Bridges...........................................................................................23
2.3.6.1 Suspension Bridges...............................................................................................23
2.3.6.2 Cable Stayed Bridges............................................................................................24
2.3.7 Moveable Bridges.....................................................................................................25
2.3.7.1 Bascule Bridges ....................................................................................................25
2.3.7.2 Swing Bridges ......................................................................................................26
2.3.7.3 Rolling bridges......................................................................................................28
2.3.7.4 Ferry Quays ..........................................................................................................28
2.4 BRIDGE ELEMENTS.....................................................................................................29
2.4.1 General.....................................................................................................................29
2.4.2 The Ground..............................................................................................................30
2.4.2.1 The River Course..................................................................................................30
2.4.2.2 The Embankment..................................................................................................32
2.4.2.3 Retaining walls .....................................................................................................32
2.4.3 Substructure .............................................................................................................33
2.4.3.1 General.................................................................................................................33
2.4.3.2 Abutments............................................................................................................33
2.4.3.3 Piers .....................................................................................................................37
2.4.3.4 Towers .................................................................................................................39
2.4.3.5 Anchoring.............................................................................................................40
2.4.3.6 Culvert sections ....................................................................................................41
2.4.3.7 Walls ....................................................................................................................44
2.4.4 The Superstructure ...................................................................................................45
2.4.4.1 Slabs.....................................................................................................................45
2.4.4.2 Beams ..................................................................................................................46
2.4.4.3 Girders .................................................................................................................50
2.4.4.4 Bridge Deck .........................................................................................................52
2.4.4.5 Arch Structures ....................................................................................................53
2.4.4.6 Vault Structures ...................................................................................................56
2.4.4.7 Truss Structures ...................................................................................................57
2.4.5 Superstructure of Cable Bridges ...............................................................................59
2.4.6 Superstructure of Moveable Bridges.........................................................................60

2.4.6.1 Bascule Bridges ....................................................................................................60
2.4.6.2 Swing Bridges ......................................................................................................61
2.4.7 Structure Components..............................................................................................62
2.4.7.1 Bearings ...............................................................................................................62
2.4.7.2 Joints....................................................................................................................65
2.4.7.3 Bridge Deck Surfacing..........................................................................................68
2.4.7.4 Drainage...............................................................................................................70
2.4.7.5 Parapets................................................................................................................71
2.4.7.6 Pedestrian Walkways ............................................................................................73
2.4.7.7 Edge Beams..........................................................................................................74
2.4.8 Accessories ..............................................................................................................75
2.4.8.1 Lighting................................................................................................................75
2.4.8.2 Access equipment .................................................................................................75
2.4.8.3 Signs ....................................................................................................................76
2.4.8.4 Pipes/Cables .........................................................................................................77
1 INTRODUCTION
This glossary contains some 400 bridge terms. As such it can by no means be considered a
complete glossary of all terms used in bridge engineering but does give a useful introduction into
the diversity of terms used. The task of compiling a complete glossary would be arduous, not to
mention voluminous. This stems from the fact that bridges have been built since ancient times
and their design, calculation and construction materials have evolved through the ages. As a
result of national or even local practice not all bridge types or bridge elements are to be found in
all countries. This combined with fundamental theoretical differences between countries means
that certain bridge engineering terms do not exist in all languages.
Part 1 or the descriptive part of this glossary is taken from the “Handbook for Bridge
Inventory” produced by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration. The aim of the Handbook
is to assist users in completing the inventory module of the bridge management system (BMS) –
BRUTUS International. As this differs from the objectives of a glossary, certain passages have
been modified or deleted to make it more compatible with its current purpose – general
description of bridge engineering terms. However, to facilitate cross-referencing between the
two documents, the list of contents and figure numbering has remained unchanged. As a
consequence, certain sections are empty and the word “Blank” is written in.
As the original text was written for users of the Norwegian BMS, most of the examples
describe the Norwegian system. However, an effort has been made to make these examples as
general and non-system specific as possible. Nevertheless, the resulting glossary is not to be
considered as a BRIME approved glossary but rather an introduction to bridge engineering
terms.
2 DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS
2.1 GENERAL
2.1.1 DEFINITION OF A BRIDGE

A bridge is a structure spanning and providing passage over a river, chasm, traffic intersection
area, fjord, inlet or other physically obstacles and with a span length equal to or exceeding a
certain distance. This distance is defined by national authorities and is usually in the range
2 - 6 m.
All types of structures such as road bridges, pedestrian bridges, movable bridges, floating
bridges as well as culverts, pipes and vaults in fills are defined as bridges.
2.1.2 THE CODE SYSTEM

Some countries have established a code system for defining all bridge elements in their stock.
The code system is an unambiguous description of bridge related terms such as functional
categories, systematic description of structure types or static systems, elements of a bridge and
other related issues connected with bridges. The code may be numeric or an abbreviation of the
term. When the code comprises two or more digits, it normally is built up as an hierarchical
code. That means, a two digit code provides more detailed information than a one digit code,
e.g. Type of Elements; Substructure = 2 while Abutment = 21.
This makes the system consistent in terms of selecting the correct description for a bridge. It is
also easier to computerise digits rather than terms and more convenient as regards safety since
only valid codes can be used in the database.
2.1.3 BRIDGE CATEGORY

The bridge category indicates what purpose the bridge has been constructed for, namely what
kind of traffic the bridge is intended to serve.
Examples of bridge category codes are:.
• Road Bridge
• Pedestrian
• Railway Bridge
• Pedestrian Underpass
• Culvert
2.1.4 TYPES OF STRUCTURES

A bridge is usually defined as a “Types of Structure” where the type of structure is given by the
bridge’s principal load carrying element. Within each Type of Structure, there are frequently
different sub-types, for example Truss Bridges. :Through Truss Bridge, Deck Truss Bridge etc.
One bridge may also comprise several structure types. Normally, the bridge with the longest
span length is referred to as the main type. An example of a bridge comprising a slab and a
beam structure is shown below; where the main type is the beam bridge:
Slab structure Beam structure
Figure 2.1.4: Example of several structures within the same bridge
2.1.5 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE

A bridge and the ground immediately surrounding it are divided into principal parts as follows:
• Ground
• Substructure including foundation
• Superstructure
• Structure components
• Accessories
Structure components
Superstructure
Substructure
Ground
Figure 2.1.5 - a: Principal parts of a bridge
Substructure
Ground
Figure 2.1.5 - b: Principal parts of culverts
Ground
The Ground in this context that which takes the loads from the foundations and the surrounding
area, inclusive of the approach road, which can have an influence on the structure.
Examples of the elements which the ‘Ground’ is divided into:
• River course
• Embankment
• Retaining walls
For a more detailed description see Chapter 2.4.2.
The Substructure
The substructure carries the loads from the superstructure together with its own weight
through the foundations to the supporting ground.
All elements below the superstructure inclusive of the foundation form the substructure.
Examples of elements which the Substructure is divided into:

• Abutments
• Piers
• Towers
• Anchoring
For further description, see Chapter 2.4.3.
The Superstructure
The superstructure carries the traffic together with its own weight to the substructure through
the bearings. All elements of a bridge situated above the supports are regarded as the
Superstructure.
Examples of elements belonging to the superstructure can be:
• Slab
• Beam
• Deck
Additionally, some elements which form part of a superstructure are listed under Structure
Components and Accessories. For a more detailed description see Chapter 2.4.4.
Special Superstructure Components for Cable Structures

Examples of components are:
• Cables
• Saddles/Bearings for the cables
• Hangers
For a more detailed description see Chapter 2.4.5
Special Superstructure Components for Moveable Bridges

Examples of components are:
• Counterweight
• Machinery
• Trunnion
Structure Components
Structure Components are normally elements belonging to the superstructure of a bridge.
Examples of elements can be:
• Bearings
• Joints
• Parapets
For a further description see Chapter 2.4.7.
Accessories
All non structural installations or items connected to a bridge that do not strictly belong to it
are collected under ‘Accessories’. Examples of elements can be:
• Lighting
• Access equipment
• Signing
• Pipes/cables
1.1 STATIC SYSTEM
The static system indicates how the superstructure acts when carrying loads. There is a wide
range of different static systems, but only the most commonly used will be referred to.
1.1.1 SIMPLY SUPPORTED SYSTEM

A Simply Supported Static System means that the structure is freely supported at the ends. The
simplest form consists of one span with two end supports. For wider gaps, several simply
supported spans are used with intermediate supports. The Simply Supported Static System is
the most common type of Static System for bridges.
Movable Fixed Movable Fixed Movable

bearing bearing bearing bearings bearing
Simply supported Simply supported
(Single span) (Multi span)
Figure 2.2.1 – a: Simply Supported Single and Multi-span Structures
Fig. 2.2.1 – b: Photos of Simply Supported Single and Multi-span bridges
1.1.1 CONTINUOUS SYSTEM

A Continuous Static System means that the Superstructure is designed to take flexural
moments as well as shear forces in the intermediate supports. A bridge using the Continuous
System has a superstructure which extends over one or more intermediate supports with no
joints.
Fixed Movable
bearing bearings
Continuous - multi span
Figure 2.2.2 – a: Continuous Multi-span Bridge
Fig. 2.2.2 –b: Photo of Continuous Multi-span bridge
1.1.1 CANTILEVER SYSTEM

This Static System is continuous over one or several supports simultaneously as it is
cantilevered from the supports themselves. In some cases the Cantilever System may have one
or several suspended spans. An example of a bridge with a Cantilever System with Suspended
span is shown below:
Cantilever Suspended span
Hinge
Figure 2.2.3 Cantilever Bridge with one Suspended Span
1.1.2 ARCH SYSTEMS

These Types of Static Systems have arched superstructures, sometimes hinged at both
supports, in the middle of the span length or at both supports as well as in the middle of the
span as shown below. A further type can be cantilevered at the supports with no hinges.
Hinge
Arch
Arch
Arch with one hinge
Arch Hinge
Arch
Hinge Hinge
Hinge Hinge
Arch with two hinges Arch with three hinges
Figure 2.2.4 Different types of Static Arch Systems
2.2.5 FRAME SYSTEMS

In a Frame System, the load bearing elements are normally mutually connected to each other
offering the possibility of transferring flexural moments as well as shear forces through the
connection points.
Frame Structures may have abutments, but normally they do not have any independent free
standing abutments as end supports, only side walls as substitutes.
The Static System of frame structures can often be difficult to determine, but the most common
types are mentioned below. Additionally, the superstructure may be cantilevered.
Frame without hinges Frame with two hinges

/cantilevered /cantilevered with support
Frame without hinges Frame with two hinges Frame with 3 hinges
Figure 2.2.5 Different types of Static Frame Systems
2.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES
The purpose of this chapter is to establish consistent definitions of the different types of
structures. This chapter deals with examples and descriptions of the main types of structures.
2.3.1 CULVERTS
A culvert is a structure, usually a drainage or stream crossing beneath a roadway embankment,
which does not interrupt the embankment and has no bridge deck.
Culverts are different from other bridge types because their structural elements are normally
internally connected to each other without any possibility of mutual movement.
In most cases culverts are made of concrete or steel, but also masonry, timber and plastic are
used. Steel culverts are usually made from corrugated steel plates and can be shaped like pipes
or vaults. The most common type of concrete culvert is the box culvert, so named because they
are shaped like a box; but concrete culverts formed as pipes or vaults are also common. They
can be cast in situ or prefabricated.
2.3.1.1 Pipe culverts

Pipe culverts are usually of a circular or elliptical shape and can be made of steel (normally
corrugated steel), PVC or concrete. The function of pipe culverts is provided by the interaction
between the culverts and the surrounding soil. A common type of steel culvert has an upper
part that is elliptical, or circular and a more flat bottom part. (See below)
The most common types are shown below.
Barrel Barrel Barrel

Barrel
Circular Horizontal Elliptical Arch Vertical Elliptical

Pipe Culvert Pipe Culvert Pipe Culvert Pipe Culvert
Figure 2.3.1.1:Different shaped Pipe Culvert Sections
2.3.1.2 Box Culverts

Box culverts are in most cases square-shaped and usually made of reinforced concrete, They
can be single or multi-barrelled (The opening of a culvert is sometimes named the barrel). Box
culvert types are most commonly used in soil of a low bearing strength and for small spans.
The most usual types of box culvert are shown below:
Top Slab
Interior wall
Barrel Barrel Barrel
Bottom Slab
Figure 2.3.1.2: Single Cell Box Culvert and Multi Cell Box Culvert
2.3.1.3 Vault culverts

Vault culverts are shaped like a curved slab and can be made of reinforced concrete, stones,
masonry or steel.
One type of vault culvert is shown below.
Figure 2.3.1.3: Vault culvert
2.3.1.4 Frame culverts

The shape of a frame culvert is more or less similar to the box culvert type except for the
bottom slab which has been replaced by spread footing. These type of structures are usually
made of reinforced concrete.
The frame culvert is characterised by the fact that the top slab is rigidly fixed at both ends into
the side walls or piers of the structure.
Slab
Side wall
Spread footing
Figure 2.3.1.4: Frame Culvert with spread footing
A bracing construction may also be provided between the Spread Footing of the side walls
when foundation conditions are difficult.
2.3.1.5 Slab Culvert

Slab Culverts are culverts of small span lengths, and are normally not frame structures because
they do not have any mutual connections between the top slab and the walls. In some cases a
composition of masonry walls and reinforced slabs also exists.
Example of a Slab Culvert is shown below.
Top Slab
Barrel
Bottom Slab
Fig. 2.3.1.5: Slab Culvert
2.3.2 TYPES OF SLAB BRIDGES; W/D ≥ 5

The characteristic feature of a slab bridge is the fact that the slab is the main carrying load
element of the bridge and it is also the slab that transmits the loads directly to the substructure.
Bridges are referred to as slab bridges if the ratio between W/D≥5, where W is the total width
and D is the depth of the slab. If W/D < 5, the structure is a beam bridge. See the figures
below.
Slab bridges may be of either solid, voided or rib construction. The cross section can be either
rectangular, with sloping slab edges or of the cantilever type.
2.3.2.1 Solid Slab Bridges

If a slab is solid, it means that the cross section is homogenous. Examples of solid slab bridges
are shown in Figure 2.3.2.1-a, 2.3.2.1-b and 2.3.2.3.
Figure 2.3.2.1 - a: Cross section of a Solid Slab Bridge
Figure 2.3.2.1 - b: Cross section of a Solid Slab Bridge with sloped edges
2.3.2.2 Voided Slab Bridges

A voided slab is not homogenous, but has circular shaped voids inside. An example of a voided
slab is shown below.
Figure 2.3.2.2: Cross section of a Voided Slab Bridge
2.3.2.3 Rib Slab Bridges

If the ratio between w/D ≥ 1 and the superstructure is solid above the supports, the type of
Structure is called a Rib Slab Bridge. For this type of structure, the slab and the ribs are cast
homogeneously. If w/D < 1, the structure is defined as a Beam Bridge. See below
Figure 2.3.2.3: Rib Slab Bridge
2.3.3 TYPES OF BEAM/GIRDER BRIDGES

In a Beam Bridge, the beams constitute the main carrying element. They have to carry the loads
from the traffic and the weight of the bridge deck as well as its own weight and transfer the
vertical and horizontal forces down to the substructure of the bridge.
The Beam Bridge type of structure includes in situ casting and prefabricated beams and girders.
A Beam Bridge is made of either standardised beams or specially made beams. If the beams are
of the standardised type, they are called beams and if they have been specially made or are
bigger than standard, then they are normally called girders.
Examples of some typical Beam Bridges are shown below.
2.3.3.1 Beam Bridges

Beams are made of different materials of which the most common are concrete, steel, timber or
aluminium. Beams may be used in different parts of a structure, but in this context, as main
carrying elements, they normally support the bridge deck.
Examples of some types of Beam Structures are shown below.
Bridges with T - Beams

For T-Beams, the beams and the deck are rigidly connected to each other in one type, while in
others, the beam itself is shaped like a T.
w
Figure 2.3.3.1 - a: Cross section of a Beam Bridge, made of concrete T-beams
Bridges with Rectangular Beams

Rectangular Beams normally support the bridge deck without any mutual connection between
the beams and the deck.
Fig. 2.3.3.1 – b: Sketch of Rectangular Concrete Beams
Bridges with I- and H - Beams

These types are mostly made of steel, but other materials like timber and aluminium are also
common. In most cases there is no connection between the beams and the deck, but it might
happen.
Standardised steel Beam Bridges are some of the most common types for bridges.
Figure 2.3.3.1 - c: Cross section of a Beam Bridge made of steel I-beams
The difference between I- and H-beam is mainly that an H-beam has wider flanges than an
I-beam.
2.3.3.2 Girder Bridges

Girder bridges have girders as the load bearing element. Girders are normally bigger than beams
and can support longer span lengths.
Girders may have different shapes and be made from different materials. The most common
materials are concrete, steel and timber.
Descriptions and sketches of the most common types of girder structures are shown below:
Box Girder Bridge

Box Girders are so named because of their appearance since they look like a box. Compared to
normal beams the bridge deck of a box girder is identical to the top flange, the walls form the
web, and the bottom plate is similar to the bottom flange.
Box Girder Bridges can be made of either concrete or steel. In steel box bridges, the box
girder(s) are normally made of steel while the deck is made of concrete. For the concrete box
girder type both box girder(s) and the deck are made of concrete. These are the most common
types of Box Girder Structures. In both cases the structure consists of hollow box-like girder(s)
as illustrated below. Box Girder Bridges are normally used for longer spans.
Figure 2.3.3.2: Cross section of a Girder Bridge made of concrete Box Girders
Plate Girder Bridge

A Plate Girder Bride is normally designed for taking longer spans than a Beam Bridge, and it is
the Plate Girders that take both dead and traffic loads from the superstructure to the
substructure. Plate Girders can be both welded and riveted constructions, of which the former
have been the most common type in the past and the latter the most common today.
For more detailed information about types of Beam/Girder Bridges, see chapter 2.4.4.2 and
2.4.4.3.
2.3.4 ARCH/VAULT AND FRAME BRIDGES

The main elements of these types of bridges are respectively the arches, the vaults and the
frames. The difference between an arch bridge and a vault bridge is that the arch of an arch
bridge is a curved beam, whereas the vault of a vault bridge is a curved slab.
Arch bridges take normally longer span lengths than vault bridges because the ribs are designed
to resist a load combination of axial compression and bending moment, while vault bridges
normally are designed to resist only axial compression. A more detailed elaboration on the two
types is given below.
A frame bridge can be said to be a multi-sided configuration in which the sides are rigidly
connected in such a way that applied loads are distributed to each side. Please see below for a
more detailed elaboration.
2.3.4.1 Arch Bridges

The type of structure termed arch includes open and closed spandrel arch bridges as well as
earth filled arch bridges. The bridge deck can be either above, between or underneath the
arches. So far as new arch bridges are concerned, the arch ribs are usually made of concrete or
steel and they are either solid or hollow and sometimes formed as a truss. The open spandrel
arch bridge is a development of the closed spandrel arch bridge where the earth fill is replaced
by vertical columns which carry the bridge deck. In an arch bridge, the main carrying elements
are the arch ribs or the arch itself.
For open spandrel arch bridges there are usually two main arch ribs of the bowstring type,
interconnected by cross bracing which provides lateral stability and resists wind forces. An
open spandrel arch bridge is usually constructed of reinforced concrete or in combination with
steel.
A closed spandrel arch rib bridge has its side walls connected to the arch ribs where the walls
are usually made of reinforced concrete. Different types of arch bridges are shown below.
Arch rib
Columns
Span length
Fig. 2.3.4.1 – a: Open Spandrel Arch Bridge with deck on top
Arch
Deck
Fig. 2.3.4.1 – b: Arch bridge with underlying deck
2.3.4.2 Vault Bridges

The type of structure termed Vault Bridge has the vault as the main load bearing element. In
the case of earth filled vault bridges, the loads are carried by compression in the vault. Old vault
bridges are normally made of stone, but newer vaults are mostly made of reinforced concrete
and are in most cases solid. In the case of smaller span lengths, corrugated steel plates are
common, but in this handbook they are mentioned under Vault Culverts.
For vault bridges, the bridge deck always has to be above the vault.
Vault
Span length
Figure 2.3.4.2 Vault Bridge
2.3.4.3 Frame Bridges

The characteristic for Frame Bridges is that the carrying elements are mutually connected to
each other without the possibility of internal movements. The superstructure and substructure
are designed as a single unit. A Frame Bridge can either be single or multi-span. Single - span
Frame Bridges with small span lengths are normally of the slab frame design, while the frame
beam design is designated for longer span lengths. Because the frame sides(walls) contribute to
the structures overall capacity, increased span lengths and material savings can be realised.
The most common material in Frame Bridges is reinforced concrete, but also steel Frame
Bridges exist.
Slab Bridge deck
Side wall
Beam(s)
Spread footing
Fig. 2.3.4.3: Examples of Frame Bridges with spread footing
2.3.4.4 Strut Frame Bridges

The principles for strut frame bridges can be quite different from the frame structures mentioned
in chapter 2.3.4.3, due to the fact that the struts of a strut frame bridge may act only as a
support for the main load bearing element, which can be a concrete slab, steel girders etc.
However, if the struts are rigidly connected to the main load carrying element(s), the interaction
behaviour between the elements are similar to the ones of a frame structure. The connection
between the carrying element and the struts can be either rigid or hinged.
Strut frame
Span Span Span
Fig. 2.3.4.4: Sketch of a Strut Frame Bridge
2.3.5 TRUSS BRIDGES

For this type of bridge the main load carrying element is the truss, and it is the truss that
transfer the loads to the substructure.
The bridge deck may be above, between or underneath the trusses. If the deck is above the
trusses, it means that the deck is above the top chord of the trusses. If the deck is underneath
the trusses, it means that the deck is situated at the same level as the bottom chord of the
trusses. If the deck is between the trusses, this means that the deck is situated somewhere
between the bottom and top chord of the trusses.
A truss can be compared with a girder, where the top and bottom booms are similar to the top
and bottom flanges of a girder, and the truss members between the booms are similar to the
webs of a girder. The most common types of truss bridges are described below.
2.3.5.1 Through and Half -Through Truss Bridges

In the case of Through and Half - Through Truss Bridges, the truss walls are parallel to each
other. If the bridge is of the Half - Through truss type, the top bracing between the walls is
omitted. Examples of Through and Half Through Truss Bridges are shown below:
Fig. 2.3.5.1 - a: Through Truss Bridge
Fig. 2.3.5.1 – b: Half Trough Truss Bridge
2.3.5.2 Arch Truss Bridges

An Arch Truss Bridge usually has its truss walls parallel to each other, but with a bowed top or
bottom boom.
Example are shown below:
Fig. 2.3.5.2: Truss Bridge with arched top chord
2.3.5.3 Deck Truss Bridges

If the deck is above the trusses, it means that the deck is above the top chord of the trusses.
The type of structure is then named a Deck Truss Bridge. Sometimes the top chords may be
cast into the concrete deck. Examples of some Deck Type Truss Bridges are shown below:
Fig. 2.3.5.3 –a: Type of Deck Truss Bridge
Fig. 2.3.5.3 -b: Type of Deck Truss Bridge
2.3.6 CABLE SUPPORTED BRIDGES

A Cable Bridge is a bridge in which the superstructure is directly or indirectly supported by
cables, and where the cables pass over or are attached to the towers.
The Static System of a Cable Supported Bridge is dependant on how the Stiffening Structure is
supported on the towers. It can be either simply supported or continuously.
2.3.6.1 Suspension Bridges

Suspension Bridges have normally two towers on which the cables rest, and the tensile forces
of the cables are transmitted to the anchoring at the extreme ends of the cables.. If there is more
than one main span, a suspension bridge might have more than two towers. The hangers are
connected to the cables at one end and to the cross beams or the stiffening structure at the
other.
The stiffening structure of a suspension bridge may be one of the following types: H beams,
box girder(s) or trusses. Adjacent to the main span(s), a suspension bridge may have suspended
side spans or separate supported spans (viaducts).
Side span Main span Side span

Viaduct Viaduct
Figure 2.3.6. 1 - a: Sketch of a Suspension Bridge
Fig. 2.3.6.1 – b: Photo of a Suspension Bridge
2.3.6.2 Cable Stayed Bridges

Cable Stayed Bridges must have at least one tower, but if there are more than two main spans,
two or more towers have to be provided. In the case of Cable Stayed Bridges, the bridge deck
is carried by cables anchored to the upper part of the tower(s) at one end and to the bridge
deck at the other. Normally the tensile forces of the cables are transmitted to the tower(s) with
anchoring only in the bridge deck at each side of the tower. Sometimes, however, the cables
can be anchored to the deck at one side of the tower and in the ground or rock at the other
side.
Fig. 2.3.6.2: Photo of a Cable Stayed Bridge in Riga
2.3.7 MOVEABLE BRIDGES

A Moveable bridge is a bridge having one or more spans capable of being raised, turned, lifted,
or slid from its closed position in order to provide passage to navigable traffic. A Moveable
Bridge is in most cases an ordinary beam/girder bridge equipped with machinery which allows
the bridge to move in the desired direction. The most common types of moveable bridges are:
2.3.7.1 Bascule Bridges

A Bascule Bridge is a bridge crossing a waterway with one or two leaves which rotate from a
horizontal to a near-vertical position, providing unlimited clear headway.
The superstructure of a bascule bridge turns around a horizontal trunnion - in the vertical plane.
The principal systems for Bascule Bridges are:
- Fixed Trunnion Bascule Bridge
- Rolling Lift Bascule Bridge
- Bascule Draw Bridge
- Double Leaf Bascule Bridge
The Fixed Trunnion Bascule Bridge acts as a balanced system, with the longest part of the
superstructure crossing the waterway and the shortest carrying a counterweight. The nose of
the superstructure rests on bearings. Some bascule bridges have nose-locks which engage the
support. In some cases the bascule bridge may be of the double leaf bridge type which means
that the superstructure is divided into two parts, one on either side of the waterway and fitted
with nose-locking arrangements where the two parts meet, normally at the middle of the span’s
length above the waterway.
Fig. 2.3.7.1 – a: A Fixed Trunnion Double-Leaf Bascule Bridge
A Rolling Lift Bascule Bridge is carried on curved rollers which roll on special tracks. The
movement of the bridge is caused by special draw bars or by hydraulic jacks at the tail ends.
Different from the fixed trunnion bascule bridge where the superstructure turns around the
trunnion, the superstructure of a rolling lift bascule bridge can be moved in both a horizontal
and vertical direction.
Bascule Draw Bridges differ from the above mentioned types by having the counterweight
placed on a separate balance arm above the roadway. The superstructure turns around a fixed
trunnion at the end of the superstructure. Adjacent to this end, there are two columns on which
the balance arms together with counterweights rest. The principle of a drawbridge is shown
below.
Counterweight Balance arm
Columns
Figure 2.3.7.1 -b: Example of a Bascule Draw Bridge
2.3.7.2 Swing Bridges

A Swing Bridge is a moveable bridge in which the superstructure rotates horizontally about a
centre pier (pivot), to permit the passage of navigable traffic. There are two main systems of
swing bridges:
A Balanced Cantilever Bridge is located on top of a pier and rests on a pivot. The
superstructure of the bridge has two leaves of the same length which can span two waterways.
A sketch of a balanced cantilever bridge is shown below. The spans are usually, but not
necessarily equal. When open, the swing spans are cantilevered from the pivot. When closed,
the spans are supported by the pivot pier and by two rest piers (outer) or abutments.
Pivot
Column
Figure 2.3.7.2 - a: Balanced Cantilever Swing Bridge
Figure 2.3.7.2 – b: Photo of a three-span balanced cantilever Swing Bridge
A Bobtail Swing Bridge has a short tail span and a longer main span. It is used preferably on
sites where a narrow canal is to be bridged and the space is limited. In order to obtain
coincidence between the centre of gravity and the centre of rotation, the shorter span must have
a counterweight. A sketch of a bobtail type bridge is given below.
Pivot
Figure 2.3.7.2 - c: Bobtail Swing Bridge
2.3.7.3 Rolling bridges

A Rolling Bridge is devised to roll backwards and forwards upon supporting beams when
operated through an “open and closed” cycle.
When opened, the bridge moves backwards in the longitudinal direction of the road. The
principle is shown in the sketch below.
Access ramp
Rollers
Figure 2.3.7.3: Example of a Rolling Bridge
2.3.7.4 Ferry Quays

Ferry Quays are in principle similar to a Fixed Trunnion Single-Leaf Bascule Bridge, except for
the fact that the outermost end of the superstructure of a Ferry Quay rests on the ferryboat
when the bridge is closed. It is connected to the superstructure by a locking system. In most
cases the static system of a Ferry Quay is of the simple supported type.
A sketch and photo of a Ferry Quay is shown below.
The Lifting and Lowering Machinery
The Ferry Quay Bridge Superstructure
Fig. 2.3.7.4 - a: Example of a Ferry Quay
Fig. 2.3.7.4 – b: Photo of a Ferry Quay
2.4 BRIDGE ELEMENTS
2.4.1 GENERAL
The different types of elements maybe coded in accordance with their location in relationship to
the principal parts of a bridge. Normally a bridge is divided into the following principal parts:
Ground, Superstructure, Substructure, where each part is divided into elements.(See Figure 2.4
below.) Additionally, special elements belonging to Cable Structures and Moveable Structures
are gathered under “Special Cable Superstructure Components” and “Special Components of
Moveable Structures”, while other structural and non-structural elements are gathered under
“Structure Components” and “Accessories”. If a Code System is adopted it usually provides
options for selecting the information listed below for most of the elements:
• Type of elements
• Materials
• Surface treatment
• Foundation
• Protection facilities
However, not all elements share all the information specified above.
Types of elements: Type of abutments - gravity or cantilever. Types of piers - single or multi-
column, wall pier etc.. Types of towers such as A or H towers etc.
Material: What kind of material the different elements are made of.
Surface treatment provides information on the type of surface treatment of the element in
question. The treatment is directly dependant on the material(s) of the element.
Foundation gives information about the type of foundation in question, for example spread
footing, different types of piles, caissons etc..
Protection facilities. Protection facilities are different types of protective measures that are
established in order to prevent scouring or erosion underneath the foundations of abutments or
piers, along the river banks, in the river bed, at the inlet or outlet of a culvert or bridge, along
embankments etc. An extensive explanation of the different types of protection facilities with
fundamentals is given below.
Axis 1
Axis 2
Axis 3
Bridge deck
Joint Main carrying Parapet Wing wall
element
Abutment Bearing
Pier
Pier foundation
Embankment
Piles
Figure 2.4: Examples of elements of a bridge
2.4.2 THE GROUND

The Ground supports the abutment foundations, the pier foundation(s) as well as the approach
road and may consist of one or several types of materials.
The Ground in this context is divided into the following elements:
• River Course
• Embankment
• Retaining wall
2.4.2.1 The River Course

The River Course includes the river bed and river banks. The river bed is defined as the bed of
the river between the banks, namely the part of the river that normally is below water.
The river banks are defined as the slopes on either side of the river bed.
Riv er
ban er Riv nk
k River ba
bed
River course
Figure 2.4.2.1 - a: Sketch showing River Course
Protection facilities for a River Course:

Protection facilities for a river course are defined as devices arranged to protect the river
course from scouring, erosion or similar processes.
Gabions are steel wire baskets filled with stones and are differentiated into gabion boxes and
gabion mattresses. Generally speaking, gabion mattresses (also known as Reno mattresses) are
wider and flatter than gabion boxes.
An apron - a form of scour protection consisting of concrete, stone pitching, timber, paving,
gabion mattresses, or other construction placed adjacent to abutments, piers, at the inlet or
outlet of a culvert.
Rip rap consists of large stones or concrete blocks placed on river bank slopes or river. Since
no binding material is used to hold them together, they must be heavy enough not to be washed
away by the river current.
Stone pitching consists of stones that are smaller than those used for rip rap. They are bound
together by mortar and are normally used to protect steep slopes especially at the abutments.
Piled walls are made from timber or steel. The piles are hammered into the ground at the
bottom of the slope.
Check dams are small retaining walls normally built in steps to reduce water speed in rivers.
Check dams are usually made of gabions, timber or stone.
River bank
Piled wall
Rip rap or
stone pitching
Gabion mattresses River bed
Retaining walls etc
Figure 2.4.2.1 - b: Examples of locations of Protection Facilities for River Course
2.4.2.2 The Embankment

The embankment transmits the traffic loads and its own weight to the subsoil and can form the
approach road to the bridge. Generally speaking the embankment supports the road.
The slope of the access embankment is usually terminated by a rounded portion of stones at the
side of the abutments which acts as support for the embankment and provides protection
against erosion and scouring of the abutment.
Materials for an Embankment can be stones, gravel, sand etc
Protection Facilities for an Embankment can be gabion mattresses, piled walls, rip rap etc.
Fig. 2.4.2.2: Example of Embankment
2.4.2.3 Retaining walls

The function of the retaining walls is to retain the embankment or fill slopes of the road. The
difference between a wing wall and a retaining wall is the connection to the abutment. While
wing walls are connected to the abutment, retaining walls are provided as free-standing
extensions of wing walls (and thereby unconnected to the abutment), but also for retaining
slopes outside the abutment area.
Materials for a Retaining Wall are normally either concrete or stones. If the Retaining Wall is
made of concrete, it can be either with or without reinforcement.
Protection of a Retaining Wall can be piled walls, rip rap, stone pitching etc..
Wing wall parallel

with the road
Inclined wing wall

Retaining wall
Figure 2.4.2.3 Example of a Retaining Wall
2.4.3 SUBSTRUCTURE
2.4.3.1 General
The following elements belong normally to the Substructure :
• Abutments
• Piers
• Towers
• Anchoring
• Culvert section
• Walls
2.4.3.2 Abutments
The function of an abutment is to support the end of a single span or the extreme end of a
multispan superstructure, to transmit the loads to the foundations and, in general, retain or
support the approach embankment.
There are four main types of abutments, namely:
- Cantilever abutments
- Gravity abutments
- Pile abutments
- Bank-seated abutments
All types are more thoroughly described with appurtenant parts below.
Cantilever Abutments
For cantilever abutments, the abutment wall is fixed rigidly to the foundation. Acting like a
cantilever beam, the abutment wall transmits the horizontal pressure from earth and traffic to
the footing which maintains its stability by virtue of the dead weight of the abutment and of the
soil mass resting on the remaining part of the abutment foundation (base slab). Such a type of
abutment is usually made of reinforced concrete.
Ballast wall
Wing wall
Bearing shelf
Abutment wall
Weep holes
Abutment foundation
Figure 2.4.3.2 – a: Sketch showing a Cantilever Abutment
Gravity Abutments
Gravity abutments are heavy abutments that resist the pressure from the earth and traffic by
their own weight and are normally made of solid masonry, hewn stones, mass concrete,
reinforced concrete or gabions.
Ballast wall
Gravity
abutment
Figure 2.4.3.2 - b: Sketch showing a Gravity Abutment
Pile-Abutments
Pile-abutments are named so because the pile(s) is taking the loads to the foundation/ground
from the top portion of the abutment. The pile(s) and the supporting top portion are mutually
connected and constitute together the abutment. Examples of pile-abutments are shown below
Pile
Piles
2.4.3.2 – c: Different types of Pile Abutments
Bank-Seated Abutments
Bank-seated abutments are normally small abutments that rest at the banks of the river or at the
slopes of the embankment. They have to be protected extremely well from scouring, as they are
as exposed to scouring as the material of the embankment/river banks. Examples of bank-
seated abutments are shown below.
Fig. 2.4.3.2 – d: Examples of Bank-Seated Abutments
Details of Abutments
The ballast wall is situated immediately behind the bearing seat and forms the upper part of the
abutment. Apart from retaining the approach road, it also in some cases supports the approach
slab(run-on slab).
Ballast wall
Bearing shelf
Approach slab
(run-on slab)
Figure 2.4.3.2 - c: Details of an abutment
The bearing shelf is the part of the abutment that provides a seat for the bearings. This part is
heavily reinforced in order to resist stresses from the loads on the superstructure. In some cases
the superstructure is placed directly on the bearing shelves without any bearings.
The abutment wall is the stem or main part of the abutment between the foundation and the
bearing shelf. (See Figure 2.4.3 - a) The abutment wall transmits the loads from the
superstructure to the abutment foundation and resists the pressure from the earth in the road
embankment.
The abutment foundation is the lowest part of the abutment and transmits loads to the ground,
sometimes via piles.
Abutments can have three types of foundations. Spread foundations or footing which is
usually a reinforced concrete base wider than the abutment. Spread footing is normally placed
directly on the soil or rock. When the soil is weak, it cannot support the weight of the bridge
through spread footing alone. In such cases the footing is supported either by piles or caissons
which can transmit the loads to deeper and stronger soil strata. The footing acts then as a pile
cap.
The wing walls/end walls retain the embankment fill and make it possible for the bridge to
have a shorter span. A Wing Wall is always connected to the abutment wall and is thus of the
type cantilever.
Wing wall paralell

with the road
Inclined wing wall
Figure 2.4.3.2 - d: Examples of Wing Walls
End walls are normally used in the case of pipe culverts in order to retain the filling of
the road body. Sometimes the outer ends of the end wall form an angle with the centre
line of the inlet. In such cases they may look like wing walls, but are still called end
walls because they are not connected to any abutment. When the wall is separate from
the end or wing wall it is termed a retaining wall.
End wall
Pipe culvert
Pipe culvert
Inclined end wall
Figure 2.4.3.2 - e: Examples of end walls with parallel pipes
Weep Holes are found in the abutment. When water enters the approach embankment fill, more
pressure is exerted on the abutment. In order to reduce this pressure, water must be drained out
by placing through-holes in the abutment wall. These are called weep holes.
The approach slab runs from the embankment to the bridge deck and is normally supported by
a nose at the rear of the abutment wall.
2.4.3.3 Piers
Piers are the intermediate supports of the superstructure in the case of multi-span bridges. They
are made of different materials of which concrete, steel and stones are the most common. Both
in situ manufactured and prefabricated piers are usual.
There is a wide range of different pier types, of which the most common are listed below.
Types of Piers:
- Single Column Pier
- Multi Column Pier
- Wall Pier
- Gravity Pier
- Column/wall Pier
- Pile Pier
Column Piers may have one or several columns. The columns can be of different shape.
A Wall Pier has the part between the pier cap and the pier foundation formed like a wall.
Example of a wall pier is shown in fig. 2.4.3.3. b.
Gravity Piers are heavy structures that resist the influence from loads by their own weight and
are normally made of solid masonry, hewn stones, mass concrete, reinforced concrete or
gabions.
A Column/Wall Pier consists of a different upper- and bottom-part of the pier. The bottom-
part may for instance consist of a Wall Pier type, while the upper-part may consist of a Sigle or
Multi Column Pier. An example is shown in fig. 2.4.3.3.
A Pile Pier consists of only one or several piles with normally a pile cap as the topmost portion
of the pier. The piles replace the columns and transfer the loads to the ground. Example of a
pile pier is shown in fig. 2.4.3.3
A sketch giving information of the most important components of a pier and where they are
located is given below.
Pier cap
(pier head)
t
Pier column
or pier wall
Pier foundation
Figure 2.4.3.3 –a: Parts of a Pier
Fig. 2.4.3.3 –b: Photo of a Wall Pier
Column
Pile
Wall
Column-wall pier Pile pier
Fig. 2.4.3.3 - c: Sketch of a Column/wall Pier Fig. 2.4.3.3 - d: Sketch of a Pile Pier
Description of Pier parts:

A pier cap is the topmost portion of a pier which distributes uniformly over the pier the
concentrated loads from the superstructure.
In circular pier columns, the top of the column is called the column head and may be flared to
improve the transmission of loads, and shear forces in particular.
The pier column or pier wall is the middle part of the pier between the cap (or head) and the
foundations. A pier column is named a pier wall when w > 5 t and as a square when w ≤ 5 t,
where ‘w’ is the width of the pier column and ‘t’ the thickness.(See above)
The pier foundations are the lowest part of the pier that carry and distribute the loads to the
ground. The foundations are usually made of reinforced concrete and may be spread footing or
supported on piles or caissons.
2.4.3.4 Towers
Towers are one of the most conspicuous elements in a Suspension Structure and function more
or less in the same manner as piers. However, towers are different from piers that support the
superstructure in that they transmit loads from the cables to the ground (mostly vertical
components of the forces). Towers are normally made of reinforced concrete, steel or timber.
Types of Towers
The most common types of tower are the «A - tower» and the «H - tower», but a wide range of
other tower-types that are not outlined in this handbook exist too. The «A - tower» is formed
like the letter A and the «H - tower» like the letter H. (See below) Towers are normally made
of either concrete, steel or timber. Concrete and steel are the most common materials for
towers, but also timber is used for small bridges. On modern, and very big bridges, concrete is
the most dominating material of today.

Normally a Tower comprises the following components:
- Top cross beam
- Cable saddle
- Tower legs
- Deck cross beam
- Foundation
Cable saddle
Top cross beam
Tower leg
Bridge deck
Foundation
Figure 2.4.3.4: A - Tower for Cable Stayed Bridges H - Tower for Suspension Bridges
The foundation slab transmits the loads from the substructure to the ground, in some cases via
piles or caissons. There are two types of piles, friction piles and head bearing piles. Friction
piles distribute the loads from the foundation slab of the towers to the subsoil in cases where
the ground is not strong enough to resist the compression. Head bearing piles are used for
transferring loads from the foundation slab to the rock or to a level in the ground capable of
taking the loads. Piles can be made of concrete, steel or timber.
2.4.3.5 Anchoring
An anchorage is a complete assemblage of members and parts designed to hold back the cables
in their correct position.
The anchoring can be constructed as a gravity reinforced concrete block in or on top of the
ground, or as a fixing deep into the rock on the land side of the towers in order to retain the
anchoring-ends of the cables. Sometimes, however, the anchoring can be a part of the
abutments. In soft ground anchoring by concrete blocks is commonly used.
Fig. 2.4.3.5 Sketch showing the Anchoring of a suspension bridge
2.4.3.6 Culvert sections

There is a wide range of different types of culvert sections such as box, pipe and vault elements.
These are normally named in accordance with their shape,e.g. box, pipe, elliptical etc., and are
normally structures with short span lengths. Below are shown the most common types of
culvert sections.
Types of Culvert Sections

Type of section in question: Box section, circular section, elliptical section, vault section etc..
Pipe sections may be circular, elliptical or with a flat bottom as shown below. They are
normally made of corrugated steel plates or concrete, but also masonry exists.
Barrel Barrel Barrel Barrel
Fig. 2.4.3.6 -a Circular, Horizontal Ellipse, Pipe Arch and Vertical Ellipse Pipe Sections
Fig. 2.4.3.6 – b: Photo showing Multi-cell Circular Pipe Sections
Box sections can be square or rectangular in shape. They are mostly made of concrete.
Road surface
Overfill
Top slab
Haunch
Side wall (leg)
Bottom slab
2.4.3.6 – c: Cross section of box element with details
- The Top slab of a culvert is the topmost portion of the culvert.

- The Bottom slab of a culvert is similar to the spread footing of an abutment.
- The Side Walls of a culvert have the same function as the breast wall of an abutment.
- The Haunch is a thickening of the slab at the support and is provided to increase the
capacity to accept shear forces.
- The Barrel is the opening of a culvert. Culverts may have one or several barrels.
Fig. 2.4.3.6 – d: Photo of a Box Culvert Section
Fig. 2.4.3.6 – e: Photo of a Vault Culvert Section
A vault section has an arch shaped upper part like a curved slab and can be made of stone,
concrete, corrugated steel or masonry. Normally, vault sections have fill on top. Different types
of constructions exist, one of which is illustrated in the photo below.
A Culvert Valve Plate is sometimes being used at the outlet of the culvert in order to regulate
the water flow direction. The Valve Plate is hinged at the top portion of the culvert as shown in
fig. 2.4.3.6 - f, and can be made of steel, timber or aluminium.
Hinge
Steel plate
Culvert
Culvert with valve plate
Fig. 2.4.3.6 – f: Example of culvert with a Valve Plate
2.4.3.7 Walls
Walls in this connection are referred to as all types of walls connected to a bridge or culvert.
Types of Walls
- End Walls
- Wing Walls
- Side Walls
- Interior Walls
End Walls are found mostly at the ends of pipe culverts. The purpose of these types of Walls is
mainly to retain the filling of the embankment, but also to prevent scouring of the embankment
slope. (For more information, see chapter 2.4.3.2)
Wing Walls are found mostly on abutments. (For more information, see chapter 2.4.3.2)
Side Walls are similar to wing walls and have the same function. While a wing wall forms an
angle with the centre-line of the road, a Side Wall is parallel to it. Both are rigidly connected to
the abutment wall.
Interiors Walls are mainly found as intermediate walls in box-culverts, box-girders, large
abutments etc..
2.4.4 THE SUPERSTRUCTURE

All the elements of a bridge that bear loads situated above the supports on abutments or walls
are regarded as the superstructure. It is the superstructure that carries the traffic. Elements that
belong to the superstructure are elaborated in the sub-chapters below.
2.4.4.1 Slabs
In the case of a slab structure, the main carrying element is the slab itself. The loads are carried
and transmitted directly to the substructure by the slab. A slab can also be compared to a flat
beam which supports loads through flexure. Slabs are in most cases made of reinforced or pre-
stressed concrete and have different shapes, e.g., rectangular, rectangular with diagonal edge,
rectangular with wing edge etc.. They can be either solid or voided. For both types the concrete
can be pre-cast or cast in situ.
Type of Slabs
The types of slabs are named after their geometrical shape. Only the most common ones are
sketched below. For several types, look up the Codes.
Solid Slab Element with sloping slab-wings
Rectangular Slab Element-Solid
Rectangular Slab Element-Voided
Rib Slab Element -Solid
2.4.4.2 Beams
Beams are commonly the main load bearing element in bridges on which the bridge deck rests.
The deck may be simply supported by the beams, or the two elements may be connected to
each other forming a composite member in order to increase the load carrying capacity. Beams
may be made of reinforced or pre-stressed concrete, steel or timber. In bridge terminology,
however, it is common to use the expression girder instead of beam if the beam is larger than
standardised.
Type of Beams
Beams are named in accordance with their geometrical shapes. Below are listed the most
common ones.
I-Beams can be made in different materials and shapes. In most cases, I-Beams made of steel,
are standard rolled elements, but in some cases, and especially in old bridges, the top and
bottom flanges can be connected to the web by steel angle brackets and rivets or bolts. Welded
I-Beams also exist.
Some I-Beam profiles are shown below.
Top flange
Web
Bottom flange
Sloping
flanges
I NP-Beam
Fig. 2.4.4.2 -a: Sketch of a steel I-Beam and Concrete I-Beam
Top flange
Cover plate
Web plate
Side plate
Flange Angle
Bottom flange
Cover plate
Riveted I-Beam Welded I-Beam

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – b: Sketch of riveted and welded steel I-Beams
T-Beams can be made in different materials and shapes, but the most commonly used material
for this type is concrete. They can be monolithically cast to the bridge deck or separated where
the only purpose of the deck is to distribute the loads to beams. Pre-stressed string and wire
concrete T-Beams are also common.
T-Beams with deck, concrete

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – c: Sketch of concrete T-Beams
Single T-Beam, concrete

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – d: Single concrete T-Beam
Bulb-tee
Double T-Beam
Fig. 2.4.4.2 – e: Double T-Beam, and Bulb T-Beam, concrete
H-Beam is the most common type of steel beams;, H-Beams made of other materials also exist,
but they are more rear. In Europe, standard rolled steel shaped H-Beams are among the most
commonly used beams for bridges of short span lengths. An H-Beam has a wider flange than an
I-Beam, but for both the flanges are parallel to each other.
Fig. 2.4.4.2 – f: H-Beam made of steel
Box Beams are shaped like a box and can be made of both concrete, steel and timber.
However, concrete is the most commonly used for this type of beam, but also riveted and
welded Box Beams exist as well as timber Box Beams. They can be of the Single- or Multi-Cell
configuration.
Wearing course
Edge beam
Bridge deck
Multi-Cell Box Beam, concrete

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – g: Multi-Cell Box Beam made of concrete
Plate
Channel Lacing Angle
Spread Box Beams, concrete Riveted Box Beams, steel
Fig. 2.4.4.2 – h: Spread Box Beams, concrete and Riveted Box Beams, steel
Channel Beams are formed in the shape of a “C” and placed legs down when erected. They are
mostly made from concrete and function as both beam element and deck and are typically used
for shorter span bridges. A wearing course is often added to provide the riding surface. Channel
Beams are usually pre-cast rather than cast-in-situ.
Channel Beams, concrete

Fig. 2.4.4.2 – i: Channel concrete Beams
Rectangular Beams are formed like a rectangle and are in most cases made of concrete or
timber. In the case of timber, they can be of the glued laminated type or of the sawn solid type.
This particular shape, if the material is concrete, can be pre-cast or cast-in-situ and have pre-
stressed or normal reinforcement. Below are shown some typical Rectangular Beams.
Sawn solid
Rectangular Beam
Glued laminated
Rectangular Beam Rectangular Beam
Fig. 2.4.4.2 – j: Rectangular Beams made of concrete and timber
Circular Beams are in most cases made of timber and are normally found on timber bridges of
rather short span. They are also named log beams because they normally are made of logs. In
order to elongate the span length, they sometimes are made double (in the vertical plane) with
shear connectors between the logs. However, bridges with beams of the timber log type, are not
used on bridges with dense traffic, and are found usually only in rural areas.
Below are shown single and double Circular Beams (Log Beams).
Shear
connection
Log Double log

Beam Beam
Fig. 2.4.4.2 – k: Circular Beams made of timber
2.4.4.3 Girders
Girders are similar to beams in shape and are produced from the same materials, but they are
generally larger than beams. Girders are the main load bearing element in bridges on which the
bridge deck rests. The deck may be simply supported on the girders, or the two elements may
be connected to each other forming a composite unit in order to increase the load carrying
capacity. Girders may be made of reinforced or pre-stressed concrete, steel or timber. The most
common type of Girders are shown below.
Types of Girders:
Plate Girders are welded elements made of steel plates, where the top and bottom flanges are
welded to the web as shown below. In some old bridges the top and bottom flanges are
connected to the web by steel angle brackets with rivets or bolts.
Box Girders are in principle similar to Box Beams, except they are larger. They are normally
made of concrete or steel. Sometimes however, the element may consist of a composition of
steel and concrete, where usually the bottom part of the box might be made of steel and the top
part, which normally is the deck, may be made of concrete.
Top flange
Web
Stiffener
Bottom flange
Flanges, web and

stiffener are
connected by welding
Plate Girder I-Girder, steel
Figure 2.4.4.3 - a: Example of Steel Plate-Girders
Box Girder
Fig. 2.4.4.3 -b: Box Girder made of concrete
Multi-cell Box Girder

Fig. 2.4.4.3 – c: Multi-cell Box Girder made of concrete
V-Girders are shaped like the letter V, and can like the Box Girders, be made of different
materials like concrete, steel or timber. Sometimes however, the element may consist of a
composition of steel and concrete, where usually the “V” might be made of steel and the top
part, which normally is the deck, may be made of concrete.
2.4.4.4 Bridge Deck

The Bridge Deck is a secondary load-bearing element that transmits loads to the primary load-
bearing elements, e.g. main girders or beams, box beams, trusses etc.. The bridge deck can be
made of reinforced concrete, steel or timber etc.
The specific function of a deck is determined by whether the deck is composite or non-
composite. A composite deck is designed to join together the deck and supporting members,
such that they structurally behave as one member. A composite deck spans between its
supports, but also functions to increase the carrying capacity or the span length.
A non-composite deck does not contribute to the structural capacity of the main carrying
members, only to span between the carrying members and to provide a wearing surface for the
traffic.
Type of Decks
In situ cast deck means that the deck is made on site on top of, for instance beams, girders
etc.. The material for this type is always concrete. This type of bridge deck is made with or
without edge beams, and the edge beams may be designed above or below the deck or with a
combination of both.
An example of an in - situ cast deck is shown below.
Drain pipe
Fig. 2.4.4.4 – a: Example of an in-situ cast Bridge Deck
Pre-cast bridge deck means that the deck is factory made, normally somewhere outside the
bridge site and is erected on top of, for instance, the main carrying element(s). Sometimes,
however, the bridge deck is merged into the carrying element, as in the case of channel beams.
Thin-plate decks are named so because they are very thin. Normally, they are made of
different shapes of steel plate, like plain steel plates, corrugated etc., but also aluminium exists.
Sometimes the bridge deck is merged into the carrying element, as in the case of steel Box
Girders. An example of a Thin-Plate Deck is shown below.
Plank deck constitutes the timber deck above the carrying element and is always made of
timber. It includes the entire flooring system with floor-beams (cross beams) and running strips
as well.
Example of a Plank deck is shown below.
The most common deck types are shown in the figure below:
Timber running
strips Timber cross
beams
Steel deck Concrete deck Timber deck

Figure 2.4.4.4 - b: Examples of different types of Bridge Decks
Lattice deck is normally used only on bridges with low carrying capacity or on bridges where
it is important to limit the dead weight. Normally this type of deck is made of steel, but on
bridges exposed only to light traffic loads, also aluminium is used. Lattice deck includes also
floor-beams and longitudinal stringers if any.
In the case of a steel deck, the deck element may consist of a steel plate on top of cross girders
or a combination of cross girders and longitudinal secondary girders.
For concrete decks, the most common combination is main girders and cross girders made of
steel with a concrete deck on top.
For timber deck timber planks on top of cross timber beams are common.
2.4.4.5 Arch Structures

An arch is a curved element primarily in compression, producing at its supports reactions
having both vertical and horizontal components. A true arch has an elliptical shape and
functions in a state of pure axial compression. It can be thought of as a long curved beam.
However, the true arch form is often compromised so as to adjust for a specific bridge site.
Because of this compromise, modern arches have to resist a load combination of axial
compression and bending moment. Arches are usually designed as rigid or two pinned.
As far as information on different types of Static Systems for arches is concerned, please refer
to Figure 2.2.4.
Types of Arch Structures

Types of arches are named in accordance with the location of the bridge deck. There are three
main types of arch structures as follows:
- Arch structure with deck on top
- Arch structure with intermediate deck

- Arch structure with underlying deck
Also other types of arch structures exist, but they are not elaborated in this handbook.
Arch structure with deck on top may include both Open- and Closed Spandrel Arches and
means that the roadway is above the arches.
Arch rib
Columns
Span length
Fig. 2.4.4.5 – a: Arch Structure with Deck on top
Arch structure with intermediate deck means that the roadway is between the arches.
Fig. 2.4.4.5 – b: Example of an Arch Bridge with intermediate Deck
Arch structure with underlying deck means that the roadway is located on the bottom
section of the arch structure.
Different types of arch bridges are shown below.
Arch
Deck
Fig. 2.4.4.5 – c: Example of Arch Structure with underlying deck and suspenders
Fig. 2.4.4.5 – d: Example of Truss Arch Structure with underlying deck
Primary members of an arch structure

Spandrel Columns - of an open spandrel arch transfer the loads from the bridge deck to the
arch ribs when the deck is situated above the arch.
Spandrel column cap - transverse beam member of the spandrel column
Fig. 2.4.4.5 – e: Photo showing Arch Ribs, Spandrel Columns and the Bridge Deck
of an Arch Structure with Deck on top
The Suspenders support the bridge deck when it is situated between or below the arches.
Fig. 2.4.4.5 – f: Arch Structure with Suspenders (Hangers)
Arch ribs are usually formed like beams, curved in the vertical plane. Arches are normally made
of reinforced concrete, but also materials such as pre-stressed concrete, mass concrete, stones,
bricks, steel or timber are common. In cases where the arch is made of stones, mass concrete or
bricks, it normally tolerates only compression.
2.4.4.6 Vault Structures

A vault structure is a curved element, designed only for taking compression if it is made of
stones or masonry, but capable of taking bending moments if it is made of reinforced concrete.
Different from arch structures, Vault structures always have the deck above the Vault. The area
between the Vault and the roadway is called the spandrel. The vault itself is the primary load-
carrying element of the superstructure.
A closed spandrel vault structure with no fill material between the spandrel walls exists, but this
section deals only with filled closed spandrel vaults.
Types of Vault Structures
Vault structures with open spandrel walls receive traffic and dead loads from the deck
through spandrel columns to the Vault.
Example of a vault structure with open spandrel walls is not shown here, but is similar to the
structure in .fig. 2.4.4.6 – a, except that the arched spandrel walls are replaced by columns of
different shape.
Vault structures with arched spandrel walls receive traffic and dead loads from the deck
through the arches of the spandrel walls to the Vault.
Example of a vault structure with arched spandrel walls is shown below.
Fig. 2.4.4.6 – a: Vault Structure with Arched Spandrel Walls
Vault structures with closed spandrel walls receive traffic and dead loads from the deck
through the fill material which is contained by the spandrel walls. The spandrel area, i.e. the
area between the vault and the roadway, is occupied by fill retained by vertical walls.
Example of a Vault structure with closed spandrel walls is shown below.
Vault Spandrel wall
Fig. 2.4.4.6 - b: Example of a Vault Structure with closed spandrel walls
2.4.4.7 Truss Structures

The superstructure of a truss bridge consists of two trusses. The trusses are the main load-
carrying elements on the bridge and consist of many members, such as Top Boom, Bottom
Boom, End Struts, Diagonal and Vertical Struts. These members form the truss walls. The
Top Wind Bracing is located between the Top Booms. The bottom part of a truss acts as a
support for the deck and comprises the following members: Cross Girders, Longitudinal
Girders or Stringers, and Sway or Bottom Braces. All truss members are mutually connected
by bolts or rivets. Truss members are fabricated from eye-bars, rolled shapes, and built-up
members.
In the case of a half - through truss bridge, the Top Wind Bracing is missing.
The truss walls have the same function in a truss bridge as a beam in a beam bridge. The Top
and Bottom Boom of a truss are similar to the Top and Bottom Flange of a beam, and the
End, Vertical and Diagonal Struts are similar to the Web of the beam.
Top boom
Top wind bracing
Vertical strut
Cross girder
Stringers
Bottom boom
End strut
Figure 2.4.4.7 - a: Sketch showing Truss Bridge Components
Longitudinal Beams (stringers) distribute traffic loads and the weight of the deck to the cross
beams (floor beams). Sometimes, however, the truss bridge is designed without stringers, only
with a deck, where the deck takes the loads to the cross beams or the bottom booms.
Fig. 2.4.4.7 – b: Photo showing a Trough Truss Bridge with Deck, Walls and Top
Wind Bracing
Fig. 2.4.4.7 – c: Photo of a Half Through Truss bridge with Deck and Walls
2.4.5 SUPERSTRUCTURE OF CABLE BRIDGES

Despite covering different ranges of span lengths, the types of elements are more or less similar
for this type of structure. This chapter covers elements and members that are unique to both
Suspension and Cable Stayed Bridges. The main elements of a Suspension Structure are as
follows:
Types of elements:
The most conspicuous elements on a Cable Structure are elaborated below:
Main Cables
The main cables take the loads from the hangers in the case of a Suspension Bridge and
transmit them to the towers and the anchoring. In the case of a Cable Stayed Bridge the cables
transmit the loads directly from the attachment of the bridge deck to the towers. They are
normally made of high quality steel threads spun into thick wires.
Suspender Cables(Hangers)
The hangers support the bridge deck and are usually connected to the cross girders or the
stiffening structure. In most cases they are made of special steel wires of high durability so as to
take tensile forces. Hangers are not applicable to Cable Stayed bridges.
The Stiffening Structure

The stiffening structure may consist of longitudinal stiffening girders, whose purpose is to
distribute/spread concentrated loads from the deck to a greater length of the bridge(to several
hangers). This type of Stiffening Structure is common to small suspension bridges. For large
bridges, however, a Wind Bracing System, whose main purpose is to resist the stresses induced
by wind forces, is employed. For smaller bridges, wind bracing can be omitted, but for bigger
bridges it is normally constructed as a box girder or a truss.
Saddles
Saddles are found on suspension bridges and are located upon the topmost portions of the
towers and act as bearing surfaces for the main cables passing over them.
The main components of a suspension bridge are shown in fig. 2.4.5.
Bridge deck
Longitudinal stiffener girder
Wind bracing
Cable saddles
Cross girder
Tower
Hangers
Cables
Columns Longitudinal
stiffening
girder
Side span Main span Side span

Viaduct Viaduct
Figure 2.4.5: Components of a Suspension Bridge
2.4.6 SUPERSTRUCTURE OF MOVEABLE BRIDGES

Moveable structures are constructed in order to permit access to Navigable Waters of waterway
users when crossing the roadway, and it is always the superstructure of these bridges that is
moveable. This handbook will describe the main elements of moveable bridges, e.g. Bascule
bridge, swing bridge, vertical lift bridge and rolling bridge.
2.4.6.1 Bascule Bridges

In bascule bridges the leaf(moveable portion of the span) lifts up by rotation vertically about a
horizontal axis. Bascule bridges may be either single- or double leafed. In the former case, the
entire span lifts about one end. A double-leafed bascule has a centre joint, and half of the span
rotates about each end.
Main elements for this type of bridge are more or less similar to a Beam bridge, except the
machinery and some other special components that are unique for this type of bridge. The
machinery moves the span in the desired position by means of hydraulic transmission for
modern Bascule Bridges, but in the past mechanical transmission was common.. The
counterweight balance the weight of the superstructure in order to ease the moving of it.
Sketches of different types of Bascule Bridges are shown below.
Fig. 2.4.6.1 - a: Double-Leafed Bascule Bridge
Counterweight Balance arm
Columns
Fig. 2.4.6.1 – b: Example of Bascule Draw Bridge
2.4.6.2 Swing Bridges

Swing bridges consist of two-span trusses or continuous girders which rotate horizontally about
the centre(pivot) pier. The spans are usually, but not necessarily, equal. When open, the swing
spans are cantilevered from the pivot(centre) pier and must be balanced longitudinally and
transversely about the centre. When closed, the spans are supported at the pivot pier and at two
resting (outer) piers or abutments.
Main elements for this type of bridge are similar to a Truss bridge, a Beam bridge etc., except
the bearings that normally have to be made especially for this bridge type. There are two types
of bearings that are most common, namely:
Centre-Bearing: Carries the entire load of the bridge on a central pivot. Balance wheels are
placed on a circular track around the outer edges of the pivot pier to prevent tipping.
Rim-Bearing: Transmits all loads, both dead and live, to the pivot pier through a circular
girder or drum to bevelled rollers. The rollers move on a circular track situated inside the
periphery of the pier.
The bridge is rotated horizontally by a circular rack and pinion arrangement, or cylinders.
Pivot
Column
Fig. 2.4.6.2 – a: Sketch of a Swing Bridge
Pivot
Fig. 2.4.6.2 – b: Sketch of a Bobtail Swing Bridge
2.4.7 STRUCTURE COMPONENTS

The elements collected under this chapter heading have no direct influence on the static system
of the bridge.
2.4.7.1 Bearings
Bearings transmit loads from the superstructure to the substructure and provide an interface
between the two bridge parts. The three primary functions of a bridge bearing are:
-To transmit all loads from the superstructure to the substructure
-To permit longitudinal movement of the superstructure due to thermal expansion and
contraction
-To allow rotation caused by dead load and live load deflection
Bearings that do not allow for translation or movement of the superstructure are referred to as
fixed bearings.
Bearings that do allow for translation or movement of the superstructure are known as
expansion bearings.
Both fixed and expansion bearings permit rotation.
.
The main types of bearing are as follows:
- Sliding Plate Bearing(Expansion)
- Roller Bearing(Expansion)
- Pin and Link Bearing(Expansion)
- Hinged bearings(Fixed)
- Pot Bearings(Fixed + expansion)
- Elastomeric Bearings(Expansion)
- Restraining Bearings
- Rocker Bearings
A Sliding Plate Bearing is normally comprised of an upper and lower plate. The upper plate is
connected to the superstructure and the lower plate to the substructure. The movement of the
superstructure is taken by the sliding of the plates towards each other. In the case of steel
beams, the upper plate may be omitted.
Fig. 2.4.7.1 - a: Plate Bearings – fixed and moveable
Roller Bearings are similar to sliding plate bearings in that they have the upper and lower
plates, but additionally they have rollers that take the movement. The rollers can be of the
single or multi type and they can vary in size.
Fig. 2.4.7.1 – b: Photo of different types of Roller Bearings
Pin and Link Bearings have upper and lower pins connected to an arm that takes the
movement.
Fig. 2.4.7.1 – c: Pin and Link Bearing
Hinged Bearings have vertical pins to which the two parts of the bearing are interlinked. They
can take only vertical rotation of a structure.
Fig. 2.4.7.1 -d: Photo showing a Hinged Bearing
Pot Bearings allow for the multi-dimensional rotations of a structure. There are two different
pot bearing configurations: Neoprene and spherical.
Fig. 2.4.7.1 – e: Examples of Pot Bearings
Elastomeric Bearings include both plain and laminated neoprene pads.
Fig. 2.4.7.1 -f: Photo of an Elastomeric Bearing
Restraining Bearings are designed to hold a bridge down in case of uplift, which may occur
on cantilever anchor spans. The devices used to resist uplift can be as simple as long bolts
running through the bearings on short span bridges, or as complex as chains or eye-bars on
larger structures.
Rocker Bearings function in a similar manner to roller bearing and are generally used where a
substantial amount of movement is required. Rocker bearings come in different forms, such as
segmental rockers, rocker nests and pinned rockers.
Fig. 2.4.7.1 – g: Example of Rocker Bearing

A superstructure has always movable bearings at one end of the span. Each of the above
mentioned main types is divided into several different sub-types.
2.4.7.2 Joints
Due to changes in temperature the superstructure can change in length. When it is colder the
superstructure contracts and shortens, while it expands and elongates when it becomes warmer.
For this reason joints are provided in the superstructure at the free ends to accommodate these
movements. Joints are also provided at the fixed ends in order to allow for rotation and to fill
the gap between the deck and the ballast wall. In addition, the joints provide a smooth
transition from the approach roadway to the bridge deck. Bridges with short span lengths
normally have no joints.
There are two main types of joints as follows:
- Open joints
- Closed joints
Expansion gap
Bridge deck Steel angles
Beam
Ballast wall
Moveable bearing
Abutment
Fig. 2.4.7.2 -a: Sketch of a Formed Open Joint(with armour)
Open Joints allow water and debris to pass through the joints. Of open joints there are two
subtypes as follows:
- Formed joints
- Finger plate joints
Formed joints can be a wide or narrow gap between the bridge deck and the abutment ballast
wall or, in the case of multiple span structure, between adjacent deck sections. They are usually
designed for very short span bridges where expansion is minimal. A formed joint can be
unprotected or armoured with steel angles.
Finger plate joints consist of two steel plates with interlocking fingers. They are normally used
when greater expansion is required. Old finger plate joints belong normally to the open type,
while new finger joints are provided with an underlying rubber membrane that seals the opening
thereby making them closed.
Fig. 2.4.7.2 - b: Example of a Finger Plate Joint
Closed Joints do not allow water and debris to pass through the joints. Of closed joints, four
subtypes are considered here as follows:
- Pour Joint Seal
- Compression Seal
- Sliding Plate Joint
- Elastomeric Seal
- Rolling Joint
Pour Joint Seal is made of two materials: A base and a poured sealant. The base consists of a
pre-formed expansion joint filler which has to be mixed with the poured sealant
Fig. 2.4.7.2 – c: Example of a Pour Joint Seal
Compression Seal consists of a rectangle of neoprene with a honeycomb cross section. The
honeycomb design allows the compression seal to fully recover after being distorted during
bridge expansion and contraction.
Sliding Plate Joint is composed of two plates sliding on top of each other. Although classified
as a closed joint, the sliding plate joint is not watertight.
Fig. 2.4.7.2 -d: Example of Sliding Plate Joints
Elastomeric Seal may consist of reinforced neoprene which is bolted to the deck. Another type
consists of hollow, rectangular neoprene block seals, interconnected with steel and supported
by its own stringer system.
Fig. 2.4.7.2 – e: Example of Elastomeric Seal Joint
Rolling Joints are normally designed for taking extensive movements. They have normally a
curved top plate connected to the superstructure and which is sliding underneath a horizontal
plate connected to the abutment when the bridge elongate or contracts. The principle of a
Rolling Joint is shown in the sketch below.
Fig. 2.4.7.2 – f: Example of a Rolling Joint
2.4.7.3 Bridge Deck Surfacing

The pavement on a bridge deck normally comprises one, two or a maximum of three layers. If
the bridge deck is made of concrete or steel the bottom layer ought to be waterproof so as to
prevent the penetration of water into the bridge deck. The mid layer, if any, is called the spread
course, and serves as a dispersing layer for traffic loads to the deck below and simultaneously
acts as protection for the waterproofing layer if the top layer is worn out. The top layer is
designated the wearing course. Sometimes the spread course and the wearing course are
combined and laid directly on the waterproofing. The spread course and the wearing course are
commonly bituminous. The wearing course may also be a part of the concrete deck, either
homogeneously solid(extra thickness) or cast afterwards on top of the bridge deck.
A wearing course made of timber represents another type of wearing course material that is still
common in many countries. They normally occur on girder bridges.
In some cases the wearing course material is gravel. This type is most typical on arch
structures, but they can also be seen on concrete and timber decks.
The Waterproofing forms a watertight barrier which prevents the penetration of water and
chlorides(pollution) into the bridge deck. There are many different types of waterproofing, but
the most important are bituminous mastic waterproofing and different types of prefabricated
waterproofing mats.
Bridge deck surfacing with a hard surface usually comprises a bituminous waterproofing layer,
a spreading course and a wearing course. A waterproofing layer is necessary when de-icing salt
is used. For concrete bridge decks the concrete itself constitutes the wearing course, and in that
case there is normally an extra thickness of the covering. The wearing course of a timber bridge
deck is made of timber and is then called running strips.
Types of Surfacing that are the most common ones:
- Bituminous
- Concrete
- Timber
- Gravel
Bituminous surfacing consists normally of different types of asphalt. When asphalt is placed on
concrete or steel, it is recommended that a waterproof membrane be placed on the concrete or
steel deck to protect the reinforcement or steel from the adverse effects of water; especially the
effects from de-icing salt can be destructive when the water passes through the permeable
asphalt layer.
Concrete wearing surfaces have normally two types: Integral and overlays. An integral concrete
wearing surface is cast with the deck, typically adding an extra 50 mm of thickness to the slab.
A concrete overlay wearing surface is cast separately over the previously cast concrete deck.
Timber Surfacing may consist of different types of timber floorings, such as timber planks laid
transversely across the bridge, timber planks running longitudinally in the direction of the bridge
span, or nailed laminated deck planks running longitudinally to the bridge etc..
Gravel Surfacing consists normally of crushed stones, but can also be of natural gravel.
Joint sealer Wearing course

Spread course
Waterproofing layer
Bridge deck
Figure 2.4.7.3: Pavement on concrete deck
2.4.7.4 Drainage
The function of the drainage system is to remove water from the bridge deck or from other
components related to the bridge..
Drain pipes should be placed at intervals along the sides of a bridge deck near the kerbs to
allow water to drain out from the deck.
In order to avoid damage to elements below the bridge deck, it is extremely important that the
outlet pipes are long enough to lead the water away from the bridge deck and the elements
below. Sometimes is it necessary also to install downspout pipes when a bridge is located over
a roadway, over a parking place etc..
Types of drainage that are the most common for bridges:

- Drainage from the deck
- Drainage from the abutments
- Drainage from the joints
- Drainage from embankment
Drainage from the deck takes the water off the bridge deck and includes all components
installed for this purpose. There are two types of deck drainage, surface drainage and ground
drainage. The surface drainage is leading the water on the wearing course off the bridge deck,
while the ground drainage is leading the water which has penetrated through the wearing and
spread course off the deck.
Drainage from the abutments includes all components involved in the process of leading the
water off the abutment, such as weep holes, pipes etc..
Drainage from joints includes all components involved in the process of leading the water off
the joints.
Drainage from the embankment includes all components involved in the process of leading
the water off the embankment, e.g. ditches, channelling the water down slopes, pipes etc.
Drain pipe
Figure 2.4.7.4 –a: Example of a Drain Pipe
Fig. 2.4.7.4 -b: Photo showing a Drain Pipe through the deck
2.4.7.5 Parapets
The primary function of a bridge parapet is to keep errant vehicles from driving off the bridge.
Bridge parapets must also smoothly direct the vehicles in such a manner that they do not
overturn and consequently fail. Parapets include rail posts or supports and railings.
The parapet posts are connected to the edge beam or the rim of the bridge deck by bolts or
have been cast into or form part of the concrete slab or edge beam. In the case of timber
bridges the posts can be connected to the main beams or the cross beams.
Types of Parapets: In this section mention is made of the most common types of parapets on
bridges, for instance:
- Guard rail
- Barrier
- Bar railing
- Pipe railing
- Wire fence
- Expanded metal
- Concrete parapet
Guard rail consists of posts and flex beams. This type of parapet is normally used only between
the driving lanes and the pedestrian lanes or at the side of the approach road.
Fig. 2.4.7.5 -a: Photo showing Guard Rail
Barriers in this handbook are normally identified as concrete barrier of the New Jersey type or
similar. Steel or aluminium railings may be attached to the top of the parapets. A concrete
Barrier is shown in fig. 2.4.7.5 –b below.
Bar Railing is normally composed of vertical steel bars attached to an upper and lower box
steel member. Other types also exist.
Fig. 2.4.7.5 -b: Examples of Barrier and Bar Railing
Pipe Railing is normally composed of horizontal steel bars running through the posts or
attached to them.
Fig. 2.4.7.5 –c: Example of Pipe Railing
Wire Fence is normally composed of horizontal wires running through the posts or attached to
them. This type is never used on bridges, only at the side of the approach road.
Expanded Metal is normally composed of expanded metal welded to an upper and lower box
steel member. Other types also exist.
2.4.7.6 Pedestrian Walkways

Pedestrian walkways are situated at the side(s) of the bridge deck or form part of it. Sometimes
they can be as a cantilevered part of the bridge deck, whilst other times they can be connected
to the bridge at the side of the bridge deck as a separate element. They are separated physically
from the traffic lanes by kerbs or parapets and are usually designed for pedestrians and
bicyclists only.
The main types of walkways are as follows:

Separated walkways are named so when they are separated from the traffic by railings, barriers
or the suchlike, but still form part of the bridge deck.
Fig. 2.4.7.6 -a: Example of a Separate Walkway
Raised walkways(Sidewalks) can be cantilevered from the deck and are in most cases of the
same construction as a separated walkway, except they are raised from the deck.
Sidewalk(Raised)
Sidewalk
Fig. 2.4.7.6 - b: Example of Raised Sidewalk
Additionally hung-on walkways are normally constructed after the bridge itself has been
completed and are hung-on at either one or both sides of the bridge deck.
Hung-on sidewalk
Fig. 2.4.7.6 – c: Example of Hung-on Sidewalk
2.4.7.7 Edge Beams

Edge beams provide support for the parapets as well as acting as load-bearing elements in the
case of cantilever decks. They also provide stiffening of the bridge deck and are visible due to
the local increase in the slab thickness. They normally have extra reinforcement. The increase in
thickness can occur underneath the deck as a combination of underneath and above the deck, or
only above the deck.
Types of Edge Beams are shown below.
Edge beam
above deck
Fig. 2.4.7.7 - a: Edge Beam above deck cast in-situ
Edge beam above

and below deck
Fig. 2.4.7.7 - b: Edge Beam above and below deck cast in-situ
Edge beam
below deck
Fig. 2.4.7.7 - c: Edge Beam below deck cast in-situ
2.4.8 ACCESSORIES
Accessories are items on or in the vicinity of the bridge that do not strictly belong to the bridge,
but are equipment for servicing the different needs of bridge users.
2.4.8.1 Lighting
For long bridges the lighting posts are connected to the bridge deck, but for short ones they
normally are placed outside the bridge structure.
Type of lighting that are most common on bridges are as follows:
Highway lighting (standard) consists of a lamp or light source attached to a bracket arm
which again is attached to a pole or shaft. The pole is generally tapered towards the top.
Fig. 2.4.8.1: Examples of Highway Lighting and Walkway Lighting
Navigation lights are used for the safe guidance of waterway traffic
Aerial obstruction lights are used to alert aircraft pilots that a hazard exists below and around
the lights.
Traffic control lights may be used to control the traffic flow on a bridge.
2.4.8.2 Access equipment

Access equipment described in this chapter is referred to as permanent access equipment
designed and connected to one or several parts of a bridge to gain easier access for inspection
purposes.
Examples of Types of access equipment:

Steps are normally designed in order to improve the accessibility of abutments or other
elements of the substructure. They are normally placed on the embankment slopes beside the
abutments.
Fig. 2.4.8.2 – a: Example of Steps at the embankment
Ladders are in most cases designed to improve the accessibility of superstructure elements and
towers and piers.
Catwalk is a narrow walkway, making access easier to some parts of a structure. It is in most
cases found on the top or bottom booms of truss bridges, below the deck of a suspension
bridge or at the sides of large girders.
Fig. 2.4.8.2 –b: Catwalk on top of the top chords
2.4.8.3 Signs
Signing serves to inform the motorists about bridge or roadway conditions.
Types of signs: (The most common ones)
Weight limit signs indicate the maximum vehicle load allowable on the bridge.
Vertical clearance signs indicate the minimum vertical clearance for the structure
Lateral clearance signs indicate the maximum width between obstacles on a bridge. For
instance, between truss walls.
Obstacle sign indicates that there is an obstacle, normally at the entrance of the bridge ends.
Fig. 2.4.8.3: Example of Obstacle Sign
2.4.8.4 Pipes/Cables
“Blank”.
Types of pipes/cables can be like:
Water pipes carrying water from one place to another.

Sewage pipes carrying sewage.
Telephone cables transmit telephone signals or electronic signals.
Electric cables transmit electric current.
List of words collected from the ”Handbook for Bridge Inventory” - a handbook within the BRUTUS International Project
and translated by BRIME partners
Chp ref Word/Expression French - français German – deutsch Norwegian – Slovenian - Spanish - espanol
norsk slovensko
1 Chp. 2.1.1 Chasm Brèche Abgrund Kløft Soteska Barranco
2 Chp. 2.1.1 Traffic intersection area Zone de croisement Verkehrsknotenpunkt Områd med Preckanje prometnih poti Enlace
de trafic kryssende trafikk
3 Chp. 2.1.1 Span length Longueur de travée Spannweite Spennvidde Razpetina polja Luz
4 Chp. 2.1.1 Road bridge Pont routier Straßenbrücke Vegbru Cestni most Puente de carretera
5 Chp. 2.1.1 Pedestrian bridge Passerelle Fußgängerbrücke Gangbru Nadhod Pasarela
6 Chp. 2.1.1 Movable bridge Pont mobile Bewegliche Brücke Bevegelig bru Premicni most Puente móvil
7 Chp. 2.1.1 Floating bridge Pont flottant Schwimmende Brücke Flytebru Plavajoci most Puente flotante
8 Chp. 2.1.1 Culvert Buse Durchlass Kulvert Propust Obra de drenaje
9 Chp. 2.1.1 Pipe Tuyau Rohr, Röhre Rør Cevovod Tubería
10 Chp. 2.1.1 Vault Voûte Gewölbe Hvelv Obok Bóveda
11 Chp. 2.1.2 Code system Système de codage Verschlüsselung, Kodierung Kodesystem Sistem šifriranja Codificación
12 Chp. 2.1.2 Bridge related terms Termes relatifs aux Bezeichnungen mit Brückenbezug Begreper relatert til Terminologija elementov Terminología de puentes
ponts bruer mostu
13 Chp. 2.1.2 Static system Système statique Statisches System Statisk system Staticni sistem Esquema estático
14 Chp. 2.1.2 Bridge element Element de pont Brückenelement Bruelement Element mosta Elemento de puente
15 Chp. 2.1.3 Bridge category Catégorie de pont Brückenkategorie Brukategori Kategorija mosta Clase de puente
16 Chp. 2.1.3 Railway bridge Pont ferroviaire Eisenbahnbrücke Jernbanebru Železniški most Puente de ferrocarrril
17 Chp. 2.1.4 Type of structure Type de structure Bauwerksart Byggverkstype Tip konstrukcije Tipo de estructura
18 Chp. 2.1.4 Principal type of structure Type principal de Hauptbauwerksart Hovedbyggverkstype Glavni tip konstrukcije Tipo principal de
structure estructura
19 Chp. 2.1.4 Truss bridge Pont à treillis Fachwerkbrücke Fagverkbru Palicna mostna Puente de celosía
konstrukcija
20 Chp. 2.1.4 Through truss bridge Pont à treillis à Fachwerkbrücke mit Paralellfagverk m/ Palicna mostna Puente celosía con doble
tablier intermédiaire untenliegender Fahrbahn overliggende konstrukcija s podgradnjo arriostramiento
vindavstivning
21 Chp. 2.1.4 Deck truss bridge Pont à treillis à Fachwerkbrücke mit Paralellfagverk Palicna prekladna mostna Puente de celosía de
tablier supérieur obenliegender Fahrbahn m/overliggende konstrukcija tablero superior
brudekke
22 Chp. 2.1.4 Slab Dalle Platte Plate plošca Losa

23 Chp. 2.1.4 Beam structure Structure à poutres Balkenartiges Tragwerk Bjelkekonstruksjon Gredna konstrukcija Estructura de vigas
24 Chp. 2.1.4 Beam bridge Pont à poutres Balkenbrücke Bjelkebru Most z gredno prekladno Puente de vigas
konstrukcijo
25 Chp. 2.1.4 Slab structure Structure en dalle Plattenartiges Tragwerk Platekonstruksjon Plošcasta konstrukcija Estructura losa
26 Chp. 2.1.4 Beam structure Structure à poutresBalkenartiges Tragwerk Bjelkebru Gredna konstrukcija Estructura de vigas
27 Chp. 2.1.5 Principal parts of a bridge Parties principalesGrundsätzliche Teile einer Brücke Hovedbruelementer Glavni deli mostu Partes principales de un
d'un pont Hoveddeler på ei bru puente
28 Chp. 2.1.5 Ground Sol Baugrund Grunn Temeljna tla Terreno
29 Chp. 2.1.5 Substructure including Appuis incluant lesUnterbau inclusive Gründung Underbygning inkl. Podporna konstrukcija Subestructura incluida la
foundation fondations fundamentering cimentación
30 Chp. 2.1.5 Superstructure Structure Überbau Overbygning Prekladna konstrukcija Superestructura
31 Chp. 2.1.5 Structure component Composants de Bestandteile des Bauwerks, Elementi konstrukcije Elementos estructurales
structure Bauteile Konstruksjonselemen
t
32 Chp. 2.1.5 Accessories Equipements Zubehör Utstyr Oprema objekta Equipamiento
33 Chp. 2.1.5 Principal parts of a Parties principales Hauptteile eines Durchlasses Hoved deler av Glavni deli prepusta Partes principales de una
culvert d'une buse kulvert obra de drenaje
34 Chp. 2.1.5 Approach road Route d’accès Zufahrtsstraße Tilkomst veg Dostopna cesta Carretera de acceso
35 Chp. 2.1.5 River course Cours d’une rivière Flußlauf Elveløp Recno korito Cauce de río
36 Chp. 2.1.5 Embankment Remblai Straßendamm Fylling Brežina Terraplén
37 Chp. 2.1.5 Retaining wall Murs de soutènement Stützwände Støttemur Podporni zidovi Muros de contención
38 Chp. 2.1.5 Supporting ground Sol support Tragender Baugrund Bærende grunn Nosilna tla Terreno soporte
39 Chp. 2.1.5 Abutment Culée Widerlager Landkar Krajni opornik Estribo
40 Chp. 2.1.5 Pier Pile Pfeiler Bropilar Vmesni opornik Pila
41 Chp. 2.1.5 Tower Pylône Gittermast, Turm Tårn Pilon Torre
42 Chp. 2.1.5 Anchoring Ancrage Verankerung Forankring Sidrišce Anclajes
43 Chp. 2.1.5 Bearing Appareil d’appui Lagerung Lager Ležišce Aparato de apoyo
44 Chp. 2.1.5 The supports Les appuis Unterstützungen Understøttelser Podpore Apoyos
45 Chp. 2.1.5 Slab Dalle Platte Plate Plošca Losa
46 Chp. 2.1.5 Beam Poutre Balken Bjelke Nosilec Viga
47 Chp. 2.1.5 Deck Tablier Fahrbahnplatte Brudekke Vozišcna plošca Tablero
48 Chp. 2.1.5 Special Superstructure Elément spécial de Spezielle Bauteile des Überbaus Spesielle over- Posebni elementi Elementos especiales de
Component structure bygningselementer prekladne konstrukcije la superestructura
49 Chp. 2.1.5 Cable structure Structure à câbles Kabel-/Seilstrukturen Hengekonstruksjon Visece konstrukcije Estructura de cables
50 Chp. 2.1.5 Cables Câbles Kabel, Seile Kabler Nosilni kabli Cable
51 Chp. 2.1.5 Saddle Selles Sattel Sadel Sedla Sillas

52 Chp. 2.1.5 Hanger Suspentes Hänger, Aufhängevorrichtung Hengestag Vešalke, Obese Péndola
53 Chp. 2.1.5 Special Superstructure Elément spécial de Spezielle Bauteile des Überbaus Spesielle over- Posebni elementi Elementos especiales de
Component structure bygningselementer prekladne konstrukcije la estructura
54 Chp. 2.1.5 Cable Structure Elements de structure Bauteile von Kabel-/Seilstrukturen Elementer på Elementi visece Elementos de una
Components à câbles hengekonstruksjonen konstrukcije estructura de cables
55 Chp. 2.1.5 Counterweight Contrepoids Gegengewicht Motvekt Protiutež Contrapeso
56 Chp. 2.1.5 Machinery Machinerie Maschinenanlage Maskineri Strojnica Maquinaria
57 Chp. 2.1.5 Trunnion Tourillon ou axe Kolbenbolzenlager Svingtapp Tecaj
58 Chp. 2.1.5 Joint Joint Fuge Fuge Vozlišce Junta
59 Chp. 2.1.5 Parapet Parapet Brüstung Rekkverk Ograja, parapet Pretil
60 Chp. 2.1.5 Signing Signalisation Beschilderung Skilting Signalizacija Señalización
61 Chp. 2.1.5 Pipe/cable Tuyau/câble Rohr/Kabel Rør/kabel Cevovod, komunikacijske Tuberías/cables
inštalacije
62 Chp. 2.2 Static system Système statique Statische Systeme Statisk system Staticni sistemi Esquema estático
63 Chp. 2.2.1 Simply supported static Système isostatique Statisch bestimmtes System Fritt opplagt Prostoležeci staticni Esquema de viga
system bæresystem sistem simplemente apoyada
64 Chp. 2.2.1 Freely supported Simplement appuyé Frei aufliegend Fritt opplagt Prosto podprt Simplemente apoyado
65 Chp. 2.2.1 Gap Brèche Lücke Åpning Dolžina premostitve Vado
66 Chp. 2.2.1 Simply supported span Travée isostatique Einfeldträger Enkeltspenn fritt Prostoležeca konstrukcija Vano simplemente
opplagt preko enega polja apoyado
67 Chp. 2.2.1 Intermediate supports Appuis Zwischenstützen Mellomliggende Vmesne podpore Apoyos intermedios
intermédiaires opplegg
68 Chp. 2.2.1 Movable bearing Appareil d’appui Bewegliches Lager Bevelig lager Pomicne podpore Aparato de apoyo
mobile deslizante
69 Chp. 2.2.1 Fixed bearing Appareil d’appui fixe Festes Lager Fastlager Vpeta podpora Aparato de apoyo fijo
70 Chp. 2.2.1 Single span Travée unique Einfeld- Enkeltspenn Konstrukcije preko enega Vano único
(Fig. 2.2.1) polja
71 Chp. 2.2.1 Multi-span Travées multiples Mehrfeld- Flere spenn Konstrukcija preko vec Varios vanos
(Fig. 2.2.1) polj
72 Chp. 2.2.1 Simply supported Single Structures a travée Statisch bestimmte ein- und Fritt opplagt enkel- Prostoležeca konstrukcija Estructuras simplemente
and Multi-span Structures unique isostatique et mehrfeldträger og preko enega polja in apoyadas de uno o varios
a travées multiples flerspennskonstruksjo preko vec polj vanos
ner
73 Chp. 2.2.2 Continuous static system Système Durchlaufendes statisches System Kontinuerlig Kontinuirni staticni Esquema de viga
hyperstatique hovedbæresystem sistem continua
74 Chp. 2.2.2 Flexural moment Moments fléchissants Biegemomente Bøyemoment Upogibni momenti Momentos flectores
75 Chp. 2.2.2 Continuous Multi-span Pont à travées Durchlaufträgerbrücke Kontinuerlig Kontinuirni most preko Puente continuo
bridge continues flerspennsbru vec polj
76 Chp. 2.2.3 Cantilever System système cantilever Auskragendes System Utkraget system Konzolni sistem Esquema voladizo
77 Chp. 2.2.3 Suspended span Travée suspendue Einhängefeld Innhengt spenn Obešeno polje Tramo apoyado
78 Chp. 2.2.3 Hinge Articulation Gelenk Ledd Clenek Rotula
79 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch System Système en arc Bogensystem Buesystem Locni sistem Esquema arco
80 Chp. 2.2.4 Arched Superstructure Structure en arc Bogenförmiger Überbau Bue i overbyggning Locna prekladna Superestructura en arco
konstrukcija
81 Chp. 2.2.4 Hinged Articulé Mit einem Gelenk verbunden Leddet Clenkast Articulado
82 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch with one hinge Arc à une Bogen mit einem Gelenk Buebru med ett ledd Lok z enim clenkom Arco monoarticulado
articulation
83 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch with two hinges Arc à deux Bogen mit zwei Gelenken, Buebru med to ledd Dvoclenski lok Arco biarticulado
articulations Zweigelenkbogen
84 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch with three hinges Arc à trois Bogen mit drei Gelenken, Buebru med tre ledd Troclenski lok Arco triarticulado
articulations Dreigelenkbogen
85 Chp. 2.2.4 Arch without hinges Arc encastré Bogen ohne Gelenk, eingespannter Buebru uten ledd Vpeti lok Arco biempotrado
Bogen
86 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame Systems Système en portique Rahmensystem Rammesystemer Okvirni sistemi Esquema de pórticos
87 Chp. 2.2.5 Load bearing element Element supportant Tragendes Bauteil Bæreelement Nosilni element Elemento portante
la charge
88 Chp. 2.2.5 Mutually connected Encastré Gegenseitig verbunden Monolittisk forbundet Medsebojno povezan Interconectados
(spojen)
89 Chp. 2.2.5 Shear force Effort tranchant Scherkräfte, Querkräfte Skjær kraft Strižna sila Esfuerzo cortante
90 Chp. 2.2.5 Connection points Jonctions Verbindungspunkte Bindeledd Vozlišca Puntos de conexión
91 Chp. 2.2.5 Side wall Piédroits Seitenwände Sidevegg Celni zid Muros laterales
92 Chp. 2.2.5 Free-standing abutment Culée auto-portante Freistehende Widerlager Frittstående landkar Prostostojeci krajni Estribo exento
opornik
93 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame structure Structures en Rahmentragwerke Rammekonstruksjon Okvirne konstrukcije Estructura aporticada
portique
94 Chp. 2.2.5 Static Frame Systems systeme statique de Statische Rahmensysteme Statisk Okvirni staticni sistemi Pórtico estático
portique rammekonstruksjoner
95 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame without Portique encastré / Rahmen ohne Gelenke/auskragend Rammekonstruksjon Odprti okvir s krajnima Pórtico empotrado con
hinges/cantilevered avec traverse uten ledd/ utkraget previsnima poljema voladizos
prolongée par des
consoles
96 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame with two Portique articulé en Zwei-Gelenkrahmen, Rahmen mit Rammekonstruksjon Okvir s clenkastima Pórtico biarticulado con
hinges/cantilevered with pied /avec traverse zwei Gelenken/ auskragend mit med to ledd/utkraget podporama in podprtima voladizos apoyados
supports prolongée par des Auflagerung med opplegg krajnima previsnima
consoles appuyées à poljema
leur extrémité
97 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame without hinges Portique encastré Rahmen ohne Gelenke, Rammekonstruksjon Odprti okvir Pórtico empotrado
eingespannter Rahmen uten ledd
98 Chp. 2.2.5 Frame with two hinges Portique à deux Zwei-Gelenkrahmen, Rahmen mit Rammekonstruksjon Odprti okvir z dvema Pórtico biarticulado
articulations zwei Gelenken med to ledd clenkoma
99 Chp. 2.3.1 Drainage Drainage Drainage Vannavløp Odvodnjavanje Drenaje, desagüe
100 Chp. 2.3.1 Stream crossing Passage d’un cours Flußquerung Gjennomløp Potok Arroyo que cruza
d’eau
101 Chp. 2.3.1 Embankment Remblai Damm, Straßendamm Fylling Nasip Terraplén
102 Chp. 2.3.1 Bridge deck Tablier de pont Brückenfahrbahnplatte Brudekk Vozišcna konstrukcija Tablero de puente
103 Chp. 2.3.1 Structural elements Eléments de pont Bauelement Bruelementer Konstrukcijski elementi Elementos estructurales
104 Chp. 2.3.1 Internally connected Connectés Miteinander verbunden Innternt forbundet Notranje povezan Conectados internamente
intérieurement
105 Chp. 2.3.1 Mutual movement Mouvement relatif Gegenseitige Bewegung Innbyrdes bevegelse Medsebojni pomik Movimientos relativos
106 Chp. 2.3.1 Corrugated steel plates Tôles ondulées Wellblechplatten, Profilpaltten Korrugert stålplater Valovite jeklene Chapas de acero
plocevine corrugadas
107 Chp. 2.3.1 Box culvert Buse rectangulaire Rechteckdurchlass Firkantkulvert Škatlasti propust Obra de drenaje en cajón
108 Chp. 2.3.1 In situ cast Coulé en place Vor Ort hergestellt Støpt på stedet Na mestu betoniran Fabricado in situ
109 Chp. 2.3.1 Prefabricated Préfabriqué Vorgefertigt Prefabrikert Prefabriciran, montažen Prefabricado
110 Chp. Pipe culvert Buse de forme Rohrdurchlässe Rørkulvert Cevni propusti Tubería de drenaje
2.3.1.1 cylindrique
111 Chp. Interaction between the Interaction entre les Wechselwirkung zwischen Samvirke mellom Interakcija med Interacción entre la obra
2.3.1.1 culverts and the buses et le sol Durchlässen und dem kulvert og propustom in okolišno de drenaje y el terreno
surrounding soil environnant umgebenden Baugrund/Erdreich omkringliggende zemljino
masser
112 Chp. Circular Pipe Culvert Buse circulaire Kreisförmige Rohrdurchlass Sirkulær rørkulvert Okrogli cevni propust Tubería de drenaje
2.3.1.1 circular
113 Chp. Horizontal Elliptical Pipe Buse de forme Horizontal elliptischer Liggende elliptisk Horizontalno elipticni Tubería de drenaje
2.3.1.1 Culvert elliptique horizontale Rohrdurchlass rørkulvert cevni propust elíptica horizontal
114 Chp. Vertical Elliptical Pipe Buse de forme Vertikal elliptischer Stående elliptisk Vertikalni elipticni cevni Tubería de drenaje
2.3.1.1 Culvert elliptique verticale Rohrdurchlass rørkulvert propust elíptica vertical
115 Chp. Pipe barrel Conduit de forme Rohrdurchlass Rørformet åpning Cev Caño, tubo
2.3.1.1 cylindrique (løp)
116 Chp. Square-shaped culvert Buse de forme Rechteckdurchlass Firkantkulvert Škatlasti propust Marco
2.3.1.2 rectangulaire
117 Chp. Reinforced concrete Béton armé Bewehrter Beton, Stahlbeton Armert betong Armirani beton Hormigón armado
2.3.1.2
118 Chp. Single or Multi-barrelled Buse à conduit Einzelliger oder mehrzelliger Enkel eller flerløps Eno ali veccevni prepust Cajón monocelular o
2.3.1.2 culvert unique ou à conduits Durchlass kulvert multicelular
multiples
119 Chp. Top slab Hourdis supérieur Deckplatte Toppplate Zgornja plošca Losa superior
2.3.1.2
120 Chp. Bottom slab Hourdis inférieur Bodenplatte Bunnplate Talna plošca Losa inferior
2.3.1.2
121 Chp. Single cell Box culvert Buse rectangulaire Einzelliger Rechteckdurchlass Enkelcelle kulvert Enocelicni škatlasti Marco monocelular
2.3.1.2 uni-cellulaire propust
122 Chp. Multi cell Box culvert Buse rectangulaire Mehrzelliger Rechteckdurchlass Flercelle kulvert Veccelicni škatlasti Marco multicelular
2.3.1.2 multi-cellulaire propust
123 Chp. Vault culvert Buse arche Gewölbedurchlass Hvelvkulvert Obokani propust Bóveda
2.3.1.3
124 Chp. Curved slab Dalle courbe Gebogene Platte Bueformet plate Plošca v vertikalni krivini Losa curva
2.3.1.3
125 Chp. Masonry Maçonnerie Mauerwerk Murverk Zidan Mampostería
2.3.1.3
126 Chp. Stones Pierres Steine, Mauersteine Stein Kamnit Piedra
2.3.1.3
127 Chp. Frame culvert Buse portique Rahmendurchlass Rammekulvert Okvirni propust Pórtico
2.3.1.4
128 Chp. Spread footing Semelle Flächengründung Såle Pasovni temelj Zapata corrida
2.3.1.4
129 Chp. Rigidly fixed Encastré Fest verbunden Fast forbundet Togo povezan Empotramiento
2.3.1.4
130 Chp. Pier Pile Pfeiler, Gründungspfahl Pilar Steber Pila
2.3.1.4
131 Chp. Side wall Piédroits Seitenwand Sidevegg Celna stena Muro lateral
2.3.1.4
132 Chp. Compression member Buton Druckglied Trykkstag Tlacni element Pieza comprimida
2.3.1.4
133 Chp. Bracing construction Contreventement Aussteifungskonstruktion Avstivningskonstruks Zavetrovalna konstrukcija Arriostramiento
2.3.1.4 jon
134 Chp. Foundation conditions Conditions de Gründungsbedingungen Grunnforhold Pogoji temeljenja Condiciones de
2.3.1.4 fondation cimentación
135 Chp. Slab culvert Buse en U recouverte Abgedeckter Durchlass Platekulvert Plošcnati propust Losa
2.3.1.5 d’une dalle
136 Chp. 2.3.2 Slab bridges - W/D≥5 Pont-dalle Plattenbrücken Breite/Dicke≥5 Platebru Plošcnati most Puente losa ancho/canto
$5
137 Chp. 2.3.2 Main carrying load Principal élément Haupttragglied/-element Hovedbæreelement Glavni nosilni element Elemento portante
element porteur principal
138 Chp. Solid slab bridge Pont à dalle pleine Massive Plattenbrücke Massiv platebru Most s polno nosilno Puente losa maciza
2.3.2.1 plošco
139 Chp. Slab bridge with sloped Pont dalle avec (Unusual construction in Platebru med skrå Most s plošco s poševnimi Puente losa con bordes
2.3.2.1 edges encorbellements Germany) kant bocnimi robovi ataluzados
140 Chp. Voided slab bridge Pont à dalle élégie Hohlkörperplattenbrücke Platebru med Most z votlo nosilno Puente losa aligerada
2.3.2.2 sparerør plošco
141 Chp. Rib slab bridge Pont à dalle nervurée Plattenbalkenbrücke Ribbeplatebru Most z rebrasto nosilno Puente losa nervada
2.3.2.3 plošco
142 Chp. 2.3.3 Beam/Girder bridges Ponts à poutres Balkenbrücke Bjelkebru Most z gredno prekladno Puente de vigas
konstrukcijo
143 Chp. 2.3.3 Standardised beams Poutres standardisées Standardisierte Balken Standardiserte bjelker Standardizirani nosilci Vigas normalizadas
144 Chp. T-beams Poutres en T Plattenbalken T-bjelker T-nosilci Vigas en t
2.3.3.1
145 Chp. Rectangular beams Poutres de section Balken mit Rechteckquerschnitt Rektangulære bjelker Pravokotni nosilci Vigas rectangulares
2.3.3.1 rectangulaire
146 Chp. I-beams Poutres en I Balken mit I-Querschnitt I-bjelker I-nosilci Vigas en i
2.3.3.1
147 Chp. H-beams Poutres en H (refer to 146) H-bjelker H-nosilci Vigas en h
2.3.3.1
148 Chp. Flange Semelle Flansch Flens Pasnica Ala
2.3.3.1
149 Chp. Load bearing element Elément porteur Tragendes Element Bæreelement Nosilni element Elemento portante
2.3.3.2
150 Chp. Box girder bridge Pont à poutre caisson Hohlkastenbrücke Kassebru Most s škatlastim Puente con sección cajón
2.3.3.2 nosilcem
151 Chp. Steel Box bridge Pont à caisson Stahlhohlkastenbrücke Stålkassebru Most z jeklenim Puente metálico con
2.3.3.2 métallique škatlastim nosilcem sección cajón
152 Chp. Box girder Poutre caisson Hohlkastenträger Kasse Škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón
2.3.3.2
153 Chp. Concrete Box girder Poutre caisson en Betonhohlkasten Betongkassebru Betonski škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón de hormigón
2.3.3.2 béton
154 Chp. Box girder structures Structures à poutres Hohlkasten-tragwerke Kassekonstruksjoner Škatlaste konstrukcije Estructuras con sección
2.3.3.2 caisson cajón
155 Chp. Hollow Box-like girder Poutre creuse en Hohlkasten-ähnliche Träger Hul kasse-bjelke Votli škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón hueco
2.3.3.2 forme de caisson
156 Chp. Plate girder bridge Pont à poutres Vollwandträgerbrücke Platebærerbru Most s plošcnatim Puente de vigas de alma
2.3.3.2 principales planes nosilcem llena
157 Chp. Plate girder Poutre principale Vollwandträger Platebærer Plošcnati nosilec Viga de alma llena
2.3.3.2 plane
158 Chp. Welded and riveted Constructions Geschweisste und genietete Sveist og naglet Varjene in kovicene Soldadas y roblonadas
2.3.3.2 constructions soudées et rivetées Konstruktionen konstruksjoner konstrukcije
159 Chp. 2.3.4 Applied loads Charges appliquées Angewandte Lasten Anvendt belastning Delujoce sile Cargas aplicadas
160 Chp. Arch bridges Ponts en arc Bogenbrücke Buebruer Locni mostovi Puentes arco
2.3.4.1
161 Chp. Open spandrel arch Pont en arc sans Bogenbrücke mit aufgeständerter Åpen buebru Locni most z odprtim Puente arco con tímpanos
2.3.4.1 bridge tympan Fahrbahnplatte celnim zidom aligerados
162 Chp. Closed spandrel arch Pont en arc avec Bogenbrücke mit Bogenscheiben Buebru med Locnii most z zaprtim Puente arco con tímpanos
2.3.4.1 bridge tympans langsgående celnim zidom macizos
bærevegger
163 Chp. Earth filled arch bridge Pont en arc avec Bogenbrücke mit Füllung Buebru med hel Locni most z zasipom Puente arco relleno de
2.3.4.1 tympans rempli par (zwischn Bogen und Platte) overmur tierra
de la terre
164 Chp. Arch ribs Arcs Bogenaussteifung Buer Locni nosilci Arcos
2.3.4.1
165 Chp. Column Colonne Pfeiler, Stütze Søyle Steber Pilares, péndolas
2.3.4.1
166 Chp. Ribs of the bowstring type Arc de type Zugband Buer Locni nosilec z natezno Arco bowstring
2.3.4.1 bowstring vezjo
167 Chp. Cross bracing Contreventement Queraussteifung, Kreuzverband Tveravstivning Precna povezava Arriostramiento
2.3.4.1 transversal
168 Chp. Lateral stability Stabilité latérale Querstabilität Sidevis stabilitet Bocna stabilnost Estabilidad lateral
2.3.4.1
169 Chp. Vault bridges Ponts-voûtes Gewölbebrücke Hvelvbruer Obokani mostovi Puentes bóveda
2.3.4.2
170 Chp. Vault Voûte Gewölbe Hvelv Obok Bóveda
2.3.4.2
171 Chp. Overall capacity of a Capacité globale Gesamttragfähigkeit des Bauwerks Bæreevnen til en Celokupna nosilnost Capacidad total de una
2.3.4.3 structure d'une structure konstruksjon konstrukcije estructura
172 Chp. Frame bridges Portiques (Ponts-) Rahmenbrücke Rammebruer Okvirni mostovi Puentes pórtico
2.3.4.3
173 Chp. Strut frame bridge Pont à béquilles Schrägstielrahmenbrücke; Sprengverksbru Most s poševnimi stebri Puentes pórtico con
2.3.4.4 also known as Sprengwerk jabalcones
Portal frame bridge
174 Chp. Strut Béquille Sprengstrebe, Druckglied Sprengverk Poševni steber, podpiralo Jabalcones
2.3.4.4
175 Chp. Interaction behaviour Comportement Wechselwirkung Vekselvirkning Medsebojno sodelovanje Interacción
2.3.4.4 interactif
176 Chp. Rigid connection Connexion rigide Steife Verbindung Stiv forbindelse Toga povezava Conexión rígida
2.3.4.4
177 Chp. 2.3.5 Truss bridges Pont à treillis Fachwerkbrücken Fagverksbruer Palicni mostovi Puentes de celosía
178 Chp. 2.3.5 Bottom chord Membrure inférieure Untergurt Undergurt Spodnja pasnica Cordón inferior
179 Chp. 2.3.5 Top or bottom flange Semelle supérieure et Ober- oder Untergurt Topp- eller bunnflens Zgornja ali spodnja Ala superior o inferior
inférieure pasnica
180 Chp. 2.3.5 Web Ame Netz Steg Stojina Alma
181 Chp. Through truss bridge Ponts à poutres Fachwerkbrücke mit See 20 Palicni most s podgradnjo Puente celosía con doble
2.3.5.1 latérales en treillis Queraussteifung und arriostramiento
contreventées untenliegender Fahrbahn
182 Chp. Half-through truss bridge Ponts à poutres Fachwerkbrücke mit Paralellfagverk Palicni most s spušcenim Puente celosía con simple
2.3.5.1 latérales en treillis untenliegender Fahrbahn ohne u/overliggende vozišcem arriostramiento
Queraussteifung vindavstivning
183 Chp. Truss walls Poutre en treillis Das Fachwerk Fagverksvegger Palicni nosilec Vigas en celosía
2.3.5.1
184 Chp. Top bracing Contreventement Obenliegende Queraussteifung Vindavstivning Zgornje zavetrovanje Arriostramiento superior
2.3.5.1 supérieur (øvre)
185 Chp. Arch truss bridge Bowstring Fachwerkbogenbrücke, Buet fagverksbru Locni palicni most Puentes arco de celosía
2.3.5.2 Fachwerkbrücke mit
bogenförmigem Obergurt
186 Chp. Bowed top or bottom Membrure supérieure Bogenförmiger Ober- oder Buet topp eller Lok zgoraj ali spodaj Cordón superior o
2.3.5.2 boom en arc ou tirant Untergurt undergurt inferior en arco
inférieur
187 Chp. Deck truss bridge Pont à poutres treillis Fachwerkbrücke mit Fagverksbru med Palicna vozišcna Puente de celosía de
2.3.5.3 sous chaussée obenliegender Fahrbahn overliggende dekke konstrukcija tablero superior
188 Chp. 2.3.6 Cable bridges Ponts à câbles Kabel-/Seilbrücke Kalelbruer Mostovi na nosilnih Puentes de cables
kablih
189 Chp. Suspension bridge Pont suspendu Hängebrücke Hengebru Viseci most Puentes colgantes
2.3.6.1
190 Chp. Tensile forces Forces de traction Zugkräfte Strekkraft Natezne sile Tracción
2.3.6.1
191 Chp. Anchoring Ancrage Verankerung Forankring Sidranje Anclaje
2.3.6.1
192 Chp. Stiffening structure Poutre de rigidité Aussteifungselement Avstivningskonstruks Ojacitvena greda Estructura rígida
2.3.6.1 jon
193 Chp. Viaduct Viaduc Viadukt, Vorlandbrücke Viadukt Viadukt Viaducto
2.3.6.1
194 Chp. Main span Travée principale Hauptspannweite Hovedspenn Glavni razpon Vano principal
2.3.6.1
195 Chp. Cable stayed bridges Ponts à haubans Schrägseilbrücken Skråkabelbruer Most s poševnimi Puentes atirantados
2.3.6.2 zategami
196 Chp. 2.3.7 Moveable bridges Ponts mobiles Bewegliche Brücken Bevegelig bruer Premicni mostovi Puente móvil
197 Chp. 2.3.7 Navigable traffic Trafic de navigation Schiffverkehr Sjøtrafikk Plovni promet Tráfico fluvial, marítimo
198 Chp. Bascule bridge Pont basculant Zugbrücke Klaffebru Dvižni most Puentes basculantes
2.3.7.1
199 Chp. Trunnion - See 57 Tourillon ou axe Kolbenbolzenlager Svingtapp Tecaj
2.3.7.1
200 Chp. Fixed Trunnion Bascule Pont à axe de --- Klaffebru m/motvekt --- Puente levadizo
2.3.7.1 bridge basculement fixe
201 Chp. Nose-lock Dispositif de blocage --- Neselås Blokada celnega stika Cerrojos
2.3.7.1 de l'about
202 Chp. Rolling lift Bascule Pont basculant à --- Rulle - klaffebru Valjcni dvižni mostovi Puente levadizo rodante
2.3.7.1 bridge poutres circulaires
203 Chp. Rollers Rouleaux Rollen Ruller/valser Valjcki Rodillo
2.3.7.1
204 Chp. Draw bar Barres de traction Drehstange Strekkstag Dvižne palice Barras izadoras
2.3.7.1
205 Chp. Hydraulic jack Vérin hydraulique Hydraulische Presse Hydraulisk jekk Hidravlicni bat Gato hidráulico
2.3.7.1
206 Chp. Tail end Extrémités de la --- Klaffeende Konec Extremos
2.3.7.1 contre-volée
207 Chp. Bascule draw bridge Pont-levis Hubbrücke Klaffebru m/løftearm Dvižni most Puente basculante de
2.3.7.1 balancín superior
208 Chp. Swing bridge Pont tournant Drehbrücke Svinge bru Vrtljiv most Puente giratorio
2.3.7.2
209 Chp. Pivot Pivot Angel, Zapfen Dreiekrans Os vrtljive konstrukcije Pivote
2.3.7.2
210 Chp. Balanced Swing Bridge Pont tournant à deux --- Svingbru - likearmet Uravnoteženi konzolni Puente giratorios
2.3.7.2 volées symétriques rotirajoci most compensados
ou non
211 Chp. Bobtail Swing Bridge Pont tournant à volée --- Svingbru - ulikearmet Konzolni rotirajoci most Puente giratorio con vano
2.3.7.2 unique z repom de compensación
212 Chp. Tail span Contre-volée Nebenfeld Endespenn Dolžina repa Vano extremo
2.3.7.2
213 Chp. To be bridged être franchi Überbrückt sein Skal krysses Premostiti
2.3.7.2
214 Chp. Centre of gravity Centre de gravité Schwerpunkt Tyngdepunkt Težišce Centro de gravedad
2.3.7.2
215 Chp. Centre of rotation Centre de rotation Drehpunkt Omdreiningspunkt Središce rotacije Centro de rotación
2.3.7.2
216 Chp. Rolling bridge Pont rétractable Rollbrücke Rullebru Most na valjckih Puente rodante
2.3.7.3
217 Chp. Single -leaf Bascule Pont basculant à Einflügelige Hubbrücke Klaffebru - enarmet Enojni dvižni most Puente levadizo de una
2.3.7.4 bridge volée unique hoja
218 Chp. Double-leaf Bascule Pont basculant à Zweiflügelige Hubbrücke Klaffebru - toarmet Dvojni dvižni most Puente levadizo de doble
2.3.7.4 bridge double volée hoja
219 Chp. Fixed Trunnion Bascule Pont à axe de --- Klaffebru m/motvekt --- Puente levadizo
2.3.7.4 bridge basculement fixe
220 Chp. Ferry quay Quai pour ferry Fähranleger Ferjekai Trajektni pomol Muelle de ferry
2.3.7.4
221 Chp. 2.4.1 Surface treatment Traitement de Oberflächenbehandlung Overflatebehandling Površinska obdelava Tratamiento superficial
surface
222 Chp. 2.4.1 Protection facilities Elements de Schutzeinrichtung Beskyttelseselementer Varnostne naprave Medidas de protección
protection
223 Chp. 2.4.1 Gravity abutment Culée-poids Schwergewichtswiderlager Massivt landkar Težnostni opornik Estribo de gravedad
224 Chp. 2.4.1 Cantilever abutment Culée remblayée Auskragendes Widerlager Kasse-/vinkel- Konzolni opornik Estribo en voladizo
/skivelandkar
225 Chp. 2.4.1 A-tower Pylône en forme de A A-förmiger Turm A-tårn A-pilon Pilonos en a
226 Chp. 2.4.1 H-tower Pylône en forme de H H-förmiger Turm H-tårn H-pilon Pilonos en h
227 Chp. 2.4.2 Retaining wall Mur de soutènement Stützwand Støttemur Podporni zid Muros de contención
228 Chp. 2.4.2 Element codes Codes des éléments Elementverschlüsselung Elementkoder Šifrant elementov Código del elemento
229 Chp. River course Rivière Flusslauf See 35 Recno korito Cauce
2.4.2.1
230 Chp. River bed Lit de la rivière Flussbett Elveleie Dno recnega korita Lecho
2.4.2.1
231 Chp. River bank Berge de la rivère Flussufer Elvebredd Brežine recnega korita Margen del río
2.4.2.1
232 Chp. Scouring Affouillement Abrieb Erosjon under Spodjedanje Socavación
2.4.2.1 vann/undergraving
233 Chp. Erosion Erosion Erosion Erosjon Erozija Erosión
2.4.2.1
234 Chp. Gabions Gabions Gabionen Gabioner Zašcitne zgradbe Gavión
2.4.2.1
235 Chp. Gabion boxes Gabion (en forme de Gabionenkästen Gabionkasser Zašcitni bloki Jaula de gaviones
2.4.2.1 cages)
236 Chp. Gabion mattresses Matelas de gabions Gabionenplatten Gabionmatter Zašcitne žimnice Muro de gaviones
2.4.2.1
237 Chp. Apron Protection contre Frontschürze Innløps- Zašcitna obloga Protección
2.4.2.1 l’affouillement /utløpsplate/erosjonsb
eskyttelse
238 Chp. Riprap Enrochement Steinpackung Erosjonsbeskyttelse Kamnomet Escollera
2.4.2.1 av stein
239 Chp. Stone pitching Perré Steinschüttung Steinlegging Kamniti tlak Mampostería
2.4.2.1
240 Chp. Piled walls Rideau de palpieux Pfahlwand Spuntvegg Zagatnice Tablestacas
2.4.2.1
241 Chp. Check dams Digue Überwachungsdam Reguleringsterskel i Prag Diques de retención
2.4.2.1 elveløp
242 Chp. Under-scouring Affouillement Unterspülung Undergraving Spodjedanje Socavación inferior
2.4.2.2
243 Chp. Subsoil Sol de fondation Baugrund Undergrunn, dypere Nosilna plast zemljine Subsuelo
2.4.2.2 jordlag
244 Fig 2.4.3.2a Ballast wall Mur garde-grève Kammerwand Bakmur Stena za ležišcno polico Murete de contención
245 Fig 2.4.3.2a Bearing shelf Sommier Auflagerbank Lageropplegg Ležišcna polica Superficie de apoyo
246 Fig 2.4.3.2a Abutment wall Mur de culée Widerlagerwand Frontmur Stena krajnega opornika, Muro del estribo
krajni opornik
247 Fig 2.4.3.2a Weep holes Barbacanes Entwässerungsöffnungen Dreneringshull Barbakane (luknje za Orificios de drenaje
odvodnjavanje iza
opornikov)
248 Fig 2.4.3.2a Abutment foundation Fondation de la culée Widerlagergründung Landkarfundament Temelji krajnega Cimentación del estribo
opornika
249 Chp. Approach slab (Run-on Dalle de transition --- Last fordelingsplate Prehodna plošca Losa de transición
2.4.3.2 slab)
250 Chp. Solid masonry Maçonnerie pleine Massives Mauerwerk Massivt murverk Zidana zgradba Fábrica
2.4.3.2
251 Chp. Hewn stones Pierres de taille Naturwerkstein Huggen stein Rezani kamni Piedra labrada
2.4.3.2
252 Chp. Mass concrete Béton de masse Massenbeton Uarmert betong Masivni beton Hormigón en masa
2.4.3.2
253 Chp. Spread foundation or Semelle de fondation Flach- oder Flächengründung Sålefundamerting Pasovni temelji Zapata corrida
2.4.3.2 footing
254 Chp. Pile Pieu Pfeiler, Pfahl Pel Pilot Pilote
2.4.3.2
255 Chp. Caissons Caissons Senkkasten Senkekasse Keson Cajón
2.4.3.2
256 Chp. Pile cap Chevêtre sur pieux Pfalkopf(-platte) Pelehode Pilotna kapa Encepado
2.4.3.2
257 Chp. End wall Mur de tête Abschlusswand Endevegg Celni zid Murete
2.4.3.2
258 Chp. Single column pier Pile à colonne unique Eingliederiger Pfeiler Enkelsøyle pilar Samostojni steber Pila de un fuste
2.4.3.3
259 Chp. Multi column pier Pile à colonnes mehrfach Flersøyle pillar Vec Pila de multiples fustes
2.4.3.3 multiples
260 Chp. Wall pier Pile mur Wandpfeiler Skivepilar Stenasti podpornik Pila tabique
2.4.3.3
261 Chp. Gravity pier Pile massive Schwergewichtspfeiler Gravitasjonspilar Težnostni podpornik Pila de gravedad
2.4.3.3
262 Chp. Pier cap (Pier head) Chevêtre de pile Pfahlkopf Pilarhode Precka nad podpornikom Cabeza de pila
2.4.3.3
263 Chp. Pier column Pile colonne Pfahl Pilarsøyle Steber Fuste
2.4.3.3
264 Chp. Pier wall Voile de l’appui Pfahlwand See 260 Stena Tabique
2.4.3.3
265 Chp. Pier foundation Fondation de l’appui Pfahlgründung Pilarfundament Temelji podpornika Cimentación de la pila
2.4.3.3
266 Chp. Top cross beam Entretoise supérieure Oberer Querbalken; -träger Tverrbærer i toppen Zgornji precni nosilec Travesaño superior
2.4.3.4
267 Chp. Cable saddle Selle Kabelsattel Sadel/lager bærekabel Sedlo Silla del cable
2.4.3.4
268 Chp. Tower leg Jambes du pylône Turmstützen Tårnbein Noga pilona Fuste de pilono
2.4.3.4
269 Chp. Deck cross beam Entretoise support du Fahrbahnquerbalken, -träger Tverrbærer ved dekke Precni nosilec vozišcne Travesaño inferior
2.4.3.4 tablier plošce
270 Chp. Friction pile Pieu flottant Reibungspfahl Svevende pel Trenjski pilot Pilotes flotantes
2.4.3.4
271 Chp. Head bearing pile Pieu encastré Bodenpressungspfahl Spissbærende pel Stojeci pilot Pilotes apoyados en punta
2.4.3.4
272 Chp. The haunch Gousset Gewölbevoute Voute Vuta Cartela
2.4.3.6
273 Chp. Curved slab Dalle incurvée Gekrümmte Platte Buet plate Plošca v vertikalni Losa curva
2.4.3.6 zaokrožitvi
274 Chp. Interior walls Parois intérieures Innenwände Innvendige vegger Notranje stene Muros interiores
2.4.3.7
275 Chp. Coating Revêtement Beschichtung Belegg Premaz Revestimiento
2.4.3.7
276 Chp. Impregnation Imprégnation Imprägnierung Impregnering Impregnacija Impregnación
2.4.3.7
277 Chp. Pre-stressed concrete Béton précontraint Vorgespannter Beton, Spannbeton Spennbetong Prednapeti beton Hormigón pretensado
2.4.4.2
278 Fig 2.4.4.2b Flange angle Cornière Flanschwinkel Flensvinkel Kotnik ob spodnji pasnici Angular del ala
279 Fig 2.4.4.2b Riveted or welded beams Poutres rivetées ou Genietete oder geschweißte Balken Naglet eller sveiste Koviceni ali varjeni Vigas roblonadas o
soudées bjelker nosilci soldadas
280 Fig 2.4.4.2d Single concrete T-beam Poutre en T en béton Einfacher Plattenbalken aus Beton Enkel T-bjelke i Enojni betonski T-nosilec Viga de hormigón en t
betong
281 Fig 2.4.4.2e Double concrete T-beam Poutre en T à talon, Doppel-T-Träger aus Beton Dobbel T-bjelke i Betonski T-nosilec Viga de hormigón en
en béton betong doble t
282 Fig 2.4.4.2e Bulb concrete T-beam Poutre en I en béton --- Dobbel T-bjelke i bet. Betonski T-nosilec Viga de hormigón en
m/skrånende (širokopasnicni T nosilec) doble t
underflens
283 Fig 2.4.4.2g Single or Multi-cell Box Poutre-caisson uni- Einzellige oder mehrzellige Kassebru med en Eno ali veccelicni Vigas cajón mono o
beams ou multi-cellulaire Hohlkastenträger eller flere kasser škatlasti nosilec multicelular
284 Fig 2.4.4.2h Spread Box beam Poutres multi- Mehrteilige Hohlkastenträger Hul firkantbjelke Celicni škatlasti nosilci Tablero de vigas cajón
caissons
285 Fig 2.4.4.2h Channel Box beam Poutre-caisson U-förmige räger Rektangulær Ponvasti nosilec (p- Viga artesa
constituée de profilés gitterbjelke nosilec)
en U
286 Fig 2.4.4.2h Lacing Box beam Poutre-caisson à Gitterträger Avstivere Mrežasti škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón empresillada
hourdis inférieur
constitué de plaques
287 Fig 2.4.4.2h Angle Box beam Poutre-caisson Aus Winkeln zusammengesetzter Vinkel Mrežasti škatlasti nosilec Viga cajón con angulares
constituée de Kastenträger
cornieres
288 Fig. 2.4.4.2i Channel beam Poutre en Π U-förmiger Träger Omvendt U-bjelkel Ponvasti nosilec (p- Viga artesa
nosilec)
289 Fig. 2.4.4.2j Rectangular beams Poutre à section Träger mit Rechteckquerschnitt Rektangulære bjelker Pravokotni nosilci Vigas sección rectangular
rectangulaire
290 Fig. 2.4.4.2j Glued laminated beam Poutre en lamellé Verleimter Brettschichtträger Limtrebjelke Lamelni lepljeni nosilci Vigas laminada encolada
collé
291 Fig. 2.4.4.2j Sawn solid beam Poutre en bois sciée Gesägter Vollholzträger Massiv trebjelke Nosilec iz žaganega lesa Viga maciza
292 Fig 2.4.4.2k Circular beams Poutre en bois de Träger mit kreisförmigem Sirkulær bjelker Okrogli nosilci Vigas sección circular (de
section circulaire Querschnitt madera)
293 Fig 2.4.4.2k Log beam Rondin Rundholzträger Rundømmerbjelker Hlod Viga tronco
294 Fig 2.4.4.2k Shear connectors Connecteurs de Schubverbinder Skjærkopling Mozniki Conectadores de rasante
cisaillement
295 Chp. Plate girders Poutres reconstituées Vollwandträger See 157 Jekleni nosilci iz Viga metálica laminada
2.4.4.3 en tôles d’acier plocevine
soudées
296 Chp. Steel angle brackets Cornières Winkelkonsolen aus Stahl Stålvinkelbraketter Jekleni kotniki Angulares de acero
2.4.4.3
297 Fig 2.4.4.3a Stiffener Raidisseur Aussteifung Avstiver Ojacitev Rigidizador
298 Chp. V-girders Poutres en V V-förmiger Träger V-bjelker Sovprežni nosilec Vigas en v
2.4.4.3
299 Chp. Bridge deck Tablier Brückenfahrbahnplatte Brudekke Vozišcna plošca Tablero de punete
2.4.4.4
300 Chp. In-situ and pre-cast tablier coulé en place Vor Ort gefertigte und Plasstøpt og Na mestu betonirana in Tablero construido in situ
2.4.4.4 bridge deck ou préfabriqué vorgefertigte Fahrbahnplatte prefabrikkert prefabricirana vozišcna o prefabricado
brudekke plošca
301 Chp. Thin-plate deck Platelage métallique Dünne Fahrbahnplatte Tynnplatedekke Tanke vozišcne plošce Tablero de chapas
2.4.4.4 metálicas
302 Chp. Plank deck Platelage en bois Fahrbahnplatte mit Bohlen Plankedekke Lesena vozišcna plošca Tablero de planchas de
2.4.4.4 madera
303 Chp. Lattice deck Platelage métallique Fahrbahnrost Gitterristdekke Mrežasta vozišcna plošca Tablero de celosía
2.4.4.4 léger
304 Fig 2.4.4.4b Timber running strips Planches de Holzstreifen Slitelag av tre Podnice Tarima
roulement en bois
305 Chp. Grout Coulis Verguss Mørtel Omet Lechada de cemento
2.4.4.4
306 Chp. Water repellent membrane Wasser abweisende Membran Hydrofoberende Vododbojna membrana Lámina de
2.4.4.4 membrane hydrophobe membran (vodoodbojni premaz) impermeabilización
307 Chp. Vacuum pressure timber Bois injecté sous vide Druckimprägniertes Holz Trykkimpregnert Vakumiziran les Vacío
2.4.4.4 trevirke
308 Chp. Arch structure with Arc à tablier Bogenbrücke mit mittiger Buekonstruksjon med Locna konstrukcija s Estructura arco con
2.4.4.5 intermediate deck intermédiaire Fahrbahnplatte mellomliggende spušcenim vozišcem tablero intermedio
dekke
309 Chp. Arch structure with Arc à tablier Bogenbrücke mit abgehängter Buekonstruksjon med Locna konstrukcija z Arco con tablero inferior
2.4.4.5 underlying deck inférieur Fahrbahn underliggende dekke zatego
310 Chp. Arch structure with deck Arc à tablier Bogenbrücke mit aufgeständerter Buekonstruksjon med Locna konstrukcija z Arco con tablero superior
2.4.4.5 on top supérieur Fahrbahnplatte overliggende dekke vozišcem nad lokom
311 Chp. Open or closed spandrel arc avec/sans Bogen mit offenen oder Hvelvbru med åpen Odprti ali zaprti bocni Arco con tímpanos
2.4.4.5 arches tympans geschlossenen Zwickeln eller hel overmur polnilni zid aligerados o macizos
312 Chp. Spandrel column colonne Ständer Buesøyle Celni podporni steber Columnas
2.4.4.5
313 Chp. Spandrel column cap Pièce de pont Aussteifungsverband Buesøylehode Glava celnega Dintel entre columnas
2.4.4.5 podpornega stebra
314 Chp. Suspenders Suspentes Hänger Hengestag Obese, vešalke Péndolas
2.4.4.5
315 Chp. Top boom Membrure supérieure Obergurt Overgurt Zgornja pasnica Cordón superior
2.4.4.7
316 Chp. Bottom boom Membrure inférieure Untergurt Undergurt Spodnja pasnica Cordón inferior
2.4.4.7
317 Chp. End struts Montants d’extrémité Endstreben Ende-diagonal Krajni poševni steber Diagonal extrema
2.4.4.7
318 Chp. Diagonal or vertical struts Diagonales ou Streben oder Stiele Diagonal- eller Diagonale ali vertikale Diagonal o montante
2.4.4.7 montants vertikalavstiver
319 Chp. Top wind bracing Contreventement Oberer Windverband Vindavstivning Zgornje zavetrovanje Arriostramiento
2.4.4.7 (øvre) transversal superior
320 Chp. Longitudinal girder or Poutres Längsträger Langbærer Vzdolžni nosilci Largueros
2.4.4.7 stringer longitudinales ou
longerons
321 Chp. Sway or bottom brace Contreventement Querverband oder untere Tverravstivere Spodnje zavetrovanje Arriostramiento
2.4.4.7 inférieur Aussteifung (nedre) transversal inferior
322 Chp. Galvanised Galvanisé galvanisiert Galvanisert Galvanizirano Galvanizado
2.4.4.7
323 Chp. 2.4.5 Cable bridges ponts a cables Seilbrücken See 188 Mostovi na nosilnih Puente de cables
kablih
324 Chp. 2.4.5 Main cable Câble principal Haupttragseil Hovedkabel Nosilni kabel Cable principal (portante)
325 Chp. 2.4.5 Suspender cables Suspentes Hänger Hengestenger/-stag Obese, vešalke Péndolas
(Hangers)
326 Chp. 2.4.5 Longitudinal stiffening Poutres de rigidité Ausgesteifter Längsträger Langsgående Vzdolžni togi nosilci Vigas rigidizadoras
girder longitudinales avstivningsbærer longitudinales
327 Chp. Rim bearing Appareil d’appui à Endauflager Kranslager Vrtljivo ležišce Aparato de apoyo
2.4.6.2 chemin de roulement circunferencial
circulaire
328 Chp. Sliding plate bearing Appareil d’appui Gleitlager Glidelager Drsno ležišce Aparato de apoyo
2.4.7.1 glissant à plaques deslizante
métalliques
329 Chp. Roller bearing Appareil d’appui à Rollenlager Rullelager Valjcno ležišce Aparato de apoyo de
2.4.7.1 rouleaux rodillos
330 Chp. Pin and link bearing Appareil d’appui à Bolzengelenk Pendellager Jekleno clenkasto Aparato de apoyo de
2.4.7.1 bielle pomicno ležišce péndolo
331 Chp. Hinged bearing Appareil d'appui à Linienkipplager Rotasjonslager Clenkasto ležišce Aparato de apoyo
2.4.7.1 articulation articulado
332 Chp. Pot bearing Appareil d’appui à Topflager Potlager Loncno ležišce Aparato de apoyo de
2.4.7.1 pot neopreno confinado(tipo
pot)
333 Chp. Elastomeric bearing Appareil d’appui en Elastomerlager Neoprenlager Elastomerno ležišce Aparato de apoyo de
2.4.7.1 caoutchouc elastómero
334 Chp. Restraining bearing Appareil d’appui Festes Lager Motholdslager Pridrževalno ležišce Aparato de apoyo anclado
2.4.7.1 anti-soulèvement
335 Chp. Rocker bearing Appareil d’appui à Kalottenlager Rullelager Tockovno drsno ležišce Aparato de apoyo de
2.4.7.1 balancier oscilación
336 Chp. Open joint Joint non étanche Offene Fuge, Fahrbahnübergang, Åpen fuge Odprta dilatacija Junta abierta
2.4.7.2 wasserdurchlässige
Fahrbahnübergangskonstruktion
337 Chp. Closed joint Joint étanche Geschlossene Fuge, Lukket fuge Vodotesna dilatacija Junta cerrrada
2.4.7.2 Fahrbahnübergang
338 Chp. Formed joint Joint à hiatus --- See 336 Profiliran Junta abierta de
2.4.7.2 guardacantos
339 Chp. Finger plate Joint à peigne Fingerkonstruktion Stålplatefuge - Glavnikasta plošca Junta de peines metálicos
2.4.7.2 fingerkonstruksjon (glavnikasta dilatacija)
340 Chp. Pour joint seal Joint à revêtement Asphaltübergang Asfaltfuge Asfaltna dilatacija Junta sellada
2.4.7.2 amélioré
341 Chp. Compression seal joint Joint à élément de Fahrbahnübergang mit Dichtprofil Gummifuge, ACME Kompresijski tesnilni trak Junta de sellante
2.4.7.2 dilatation en e.l. comprimido
caoutchouc
342 Chp. Sliding plate joint Joint à plaque de Schleppblechdachkonstruktion Stålplatefuge - Drsna jeklena dilatacija Junta de placas
2.4.7.2 glissement riffelstål deslizantes
343 Chp. Elastomeric seal joint Joint à pont en bande Elastomeres Dichtprofil Gummifuge, armert Elastomerna blazinasta Junta de perfil de
2.4.7.2 dilatacija elastómero
344 Chp. Bridge deck surfacing Chaussée Brückenbelag Slitelag brudekke Vozišcna površina Firme
2.4.7.3
345 Chp. Pavement Chaussée Fahrbahn Brubelegning, Tlak, Površinska obloga Pavimento
2.4.7.3 vegdekke cestišca
346 Chp. Spread course Couche de protection Tragschicht Opprettingslag Zašcitna plast Base
2.4.7.3 de la chape
347 Chp. Dispersing layer couche de répartition Lastverteilungsschicht Avrettingslag Nosilni sloj Capa de reparto
2.4.7.3
348 Chp. Waterproofing layer Chape d’étanchéité Abdichtung, Dichtungsschicht Fuktisolering Vodotesni sloj Capa impermeabilizante
2.4.7.3
349 Chp. Wearing course Couche de roulement Verschleißschicht Slitelag Obrabna plast Capa de rodadura
2.4.7.3
350 Chp. Watertight barrier Barrière étanche Wasserdichte Absperrung Fuktisoleringssperre Vodotesna membrana Barrera impermeable
2.4.7.3
351 Chp. Waterproofing mats Feuilles d’étanchéité Abdichtungsmatten Prefabrikert membran Hidroizolacijski trakovi Capas impermeables
2.4.7.3
352 Chp. Bituminous surfacing Chaussée Bituminöser Belag Asfaltlag Asfaltno vozišce Firme bituminoso
2.4.7.3 bitumineuse
353 Chp. Concrete surfacing Chaussée en béton Betonbelag Betong slitelag Betonsko vozišce Firme de hormigón
2.4.7.3
354 Chp. Timber surfacing Chaussée en bois Holzbelag Treslitelag Leseno vozišce Firme de madera
2.4.7.3
355 Chp. Gravel surfacing Chaussée en Kiesbelag Grusdekke Gramozno vozišce Firme de capas
2.4.7.3 gravillons granulares
356 Fig. 2.4.7.3 Joint sealer Joint d’étanchéité Fugenmasse Fugemasse Tesnilni kit Sellante de junta
357 Chp. Drainage from deck Drainage du tablier Entwässerung der Fahrbahnplatte Dekkedrenering Odvodnjavanje z vozišca Drenaje del tablero
2.4.7.4
358 Chp. Drainage from abutments Drainage des culées Entwässerung des Widerlagers Drenering av landkar Odvodnjavanje izza Drenaje de los estribos
2.4.7.4 krajnih opornikov
359 Chp. Drainage from joints Drainage des joints Fugenentwässerung Fugedrenering Odvodnjavanje izpod Drenaje de las juntas
2.4.7.4 dilatacij
360 Chp. Drainage from Drainage des Straßendammentwässerung Drenering fra fylling Odvodnjavanje z nasipov Drenaje del terraplén
2.4.7.4 embankment remblais
361 Chp. Drain pipe Drain, gargouille Fallrohr Dreneringsrør Odtok Tubería de desagüe
2.4.7.4
362 Chp. Parapet Parapet, dispositifs Brüstung See 59 Ograja Pretil
2.4.7.5 de sécurité
363 Chp. Rail post supports de glissières Geländerpfosten Rekkverksstolpe Stebricek Postes de barandilla
2.4.7.5
364 Chp. Railing glissières Geländer Rekkverk Varovanje Barandilla
2.4.7.5
365 Chp. Parapet post Support de dispositif Brüstungspfosten Rekkverksstolpe Ograjni stebricek Postes del pretil
2.4.7.5 de sécurité
366 Chp. Edge beam Poutre de rive Randträger Kantdrager Robni venec Viga de borde
2.4.7.5
367 Chp. Guard rail Glissière de sécurité Geländer Føringsskinne Varovalna ograja Barrera flexible
2.4.7.5
368 Chp. barrier Barrière de sécurité Absperrung Barriere Odbojna ograja Barrera rígida
2.4.7.5
369 Chp. Bar railing Garde-corps Holmgeländer Sprosserekkverk Zašcitna ograja Barandilla de barrotes
2.4.7.5
370 Chp. Pipe railing Lisses Rohrgeländer Rørrekkverk Oprijemni profil Barandilla de tubos
2.4.7.5
371 Chp. Wire fence Garde-corps Drahtzaun Wirerekkverk Žicna ograja Alambrada
2.4.7.5 constitué de cables
372 Chp. Expanded metal railing Garde-corps en métal Streckmetallgeländer Gitterrekkverk - Barandilla de “metal
2.4.7.5 déployé deployé”
373 Chp. Concrete parapet Parapet en béton Betonbrüstung Betongrekkverk Betonski parapet Barrera de hormigón
2.4.7.5
374 Chp. Pedestrian walkway Trottoir Fußgängerweg Fortau Hodnik za pešce Acera para peatones
2.4.7.6
375 Chp. Separated walkway Trottoirs séparés de Abgetrennter Gehweg Adskilt gangbane Loceni hodnik Acera separada
2.4.7.6 la chaussée
376 Chp. Raised walkway Trottoir Gehweg Opphøyet gangbane Dvignjeni hodnik Acera elevada
2.4.7.6 (Sidewalks)
377 Chp. Hung-on walkway trottoir en Angehängter Gehweg Påhengt gangbane Pritrjeni hodnik Acera en voladizo
2.4.7.6 encorbellement
378 Chp. Edge beams Longrine Randträger Kantdrager Robni venec Vigas de borde
2.4.7.7
379 Chp. Edge beam above deck Longrine coulée en Randträger über der Overliggende Robni venec Viga de borde por encima
2.4.7.7 cast in-situ place sur le tablier Fahrbahnplatte, vor Ort hergestellt kantdrager – del tablero construida in
(Kappe) plasstøpt situ
380 Chp. Edge beam above and poutre de rive au- Randträger über und unter der Over-/ underliggende Robni venec Viga de borde por encima
2.4.7.7 below deck cast in-situ dessus et en dessous Fahrbahnplatte, vor Ort hergestellt kantdrager - plasstøpt y por debajo del tablero
du tablier coulée en (Kappe) construida in situ
place(contre-
corniche)
381 Chp. Highway lighting Eclairage Straßenbeleuchtung Vegbelysning Avtocestna razsvetljava Iluminación de autopista
2.4.8.1
382 Chp. Navigation lights Feux de navigation Navigationslichter Seilingslys Navigacijska (plovna) Luces de navegación
2.4.8.1 razsvetljava
383 Chp. Aerial obstruction lights Feux de signalisation Flugsicherungsbeleuchtung Lys for lufttrafikk Signalne luci za zracni Luces de balizamiento
2.4.8.1 pour les avions promet
384 Chp. Traffic control lights Feux de signalisation Verkehrsbeeinflussungsanlage Trafikklys Semafor Luces de control de
2.4.8.1 pour le trafic tráfico
385 Chp. Access equipment Equipements d’accès Zugangsmöglichkeiten Tilkomstutstyr Dostopne naprave Equipamiento de acceso
2.4.8.2
386 Chp. Steps Escaliers Treppen Trapper Stopnice Escalones
2.4.8.2
387 Chp. Ladders Echelles Leitern Stiger Lestve Escalera de mano
2.4.8.2
388 Chp. Catwalk Passerelle ou chemin Catwalk Gangbane på Dostopna varovana pot Pasadizo
2.4.8.2 d’accès f.eks.overgurten av
fagverk, bjelker etc.
389 Chp. Weight limit sign Signalisation de Gewichtsbeschränkende Vektgrenseskilt Znaki za omejitev Señales de limitación de
2.4.8.3 limite en tonnage Beschilderung nosilnosti peso
390 Chp. Vertical clearance sign Signalisation de Höhenbeschränkende Høydegrenseskilt Znaki za omejitev višine Señales de gálibo vertical
2.4.8.3 gabarit en hauteur Beschilderung
391 Chp. Lateral clearance sign Signalisation de Breitenbeschränkende Breddegrenseskilt Znaki za omejitev širine Señales de ancho máximo
2.4.8.3 gabarit en largeur Beschilderung
392 Chp. Obstacle sign Signalisation Warnschilder Hindermarkeringsskil Znak za oviro Señales de obstáculo
2.4.8.3 d’obstacles t
393 Chp. Water pipe Canalisations d’eau Wasserrohre Vannrør Vodovod Tubería de agua
2.4.8.4
394 Chp. Sewage pipe Canalisations Kanalisationsrohre Kloakkrør Kanalizacija Tubería de saneamiento
2.4.8.4 d’assainissement
395 Chp. Electric cables Câbles électriques Leitungen für Elektrizität Elektriske kabler Elektricne napeljave Cables eléctricos
2.4.8.4

Bridge Parts Glossary

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Bridge Parts Glossary

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D14 Appendix III

Glossary of terms used in bridge engineering

Many of the terms used in bridge engineering in the different

2.3.5.1 Through and Half -Through Truss Bridges............................................................21

2.4.6 Superstructure of Moveable Bridges.........................................................................60

2 DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS

2.1.1 DEFINITION OF A BRIDGE

2.1.2 THE CODE SYSTEM

2.1.3 BRIDGE CATEGORY

2.1.4 TYPES OF STRUCTURES

Slab structure Beam structure

Figure 2.1.4: Example of several structures within the same bridge

2.1.5 PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A BRIDGE

Figure 2.1.5 - a: Principal parts of a bridge

Figure 2.1.5 - b: Principal parts of culverts

Examples of elements which the Substructure is divided into:

Special Superstructure Components for Cable Structures

Special Superstructure Components for Moveable Bridges

1.1 STATIC SYSTEM

1.1.1 SIMPLY SUPPORTED SYSTEM

Movable Fixed Movable Fixed Movable

Figure 2.2.1 – a: Simply Supported Single and Multi-span Structures

Fig. 2.2.1 – b: Photos of Simply Supported Single and Multi-span bridges

1.1.1 CONTINUOUS SYSTEM

Fig. 2.2.2 –b: Photo of Continuous Multi-span bridge

1.1.1 CANTILEVER SYSTEM

Cantilever Suspended span

Figure 2.2.3 Cantilever Bridge with one Suspended Span

1.1.2 ARCH SYSTEMS

Arch with one hinge

Figure 2.2.4 Different types of Static Arch Systems

2.2.5 FRAME SYSTEMS

Frame without hinges Frame with two hinges

2.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES

2.3.1.1 Pipe culverts

Barrel Barrel Barrel

Circular Horizontal Elliptical Arch Vertical Elliptical

2.3.1.2 Box Culverts

2.3.1.3 Vault culverts

Figure 2.3.1.3: Vault culvert

2.3.1.4 Frame culverts

Figure 2.3.1.4: Frame Culvert with spread footing

2.3.1.5 Slab Culvert

Fig. 2.3.1.5: Slab Culvert

2.3.2 TYPES OF SLAB BRIDGES; W/D ≥ 5

2.3.2.1 Solid Slab Bridges

Figure 2.3.2.1 - a: Cross section of a Solid Slab Bridge

2.3.2.2 Voided Slab Bridges

Figure 2.3.2.2: Cross section of a Voided Slab Bridge

2.3.2.3 Rib Slab Bridges

Figure 2.3.2.3: Rib Slab Bridge

2.3.3 TYPES OF BEAM/GIRDER BRIDGES

2.3.3.1 Beam Bridges

Bridges with T - Beams

Bridges with Rectangular Beams

Fig. 2.3.3.1 – b: Sketch of Rectangular Concrete Beams

Bridges with I- and H - Beams

Figure 2.3.3.1 - c: Cross section of a Beam Bridge made of steel I-beams

2.3.3.2 Girder Bridges

Box Girder Bridge

Plate Girder Bridge

2.3.4 ARCH/VAULT AND FRAME BRIDGES

2.3.4.1 Arch Bridges

Fig. 2.3.4.1 – a: Open Spandrel Arch Bridge with deck on top