GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

CÁLCULO DE ESPESORES Y SUPERFICIE DE

CALEFACCIÓN DE LA CALDERA DE AGUA
CALIENTE DE 686 kW

CLIENTE: TORMENE ANDINA

I.- REQUERIMIENTOS DE PRESIÓN

 Presión de diseño: 150 psi

 Presión de trabajo: 50 - 125 psi
 Presión de prueba: 180 psi

II.- REQUERIMIENTOS DE TEMPERATURA

 Temperatura de operación máxima permitido 90°C

III.- NORMA PARA LOS CÁLCULOS

La norma a usarse para los cálculos de espesores es el ASME I -2010

VI.- MEDIDAS DEL CASCO (Ver Planos siguientes)

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

CORTE DE CASCO

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

CORTE B-B

Nota:

Cantidad de tubos 96 de 2 ½”x longitud de 1460 mm

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

IV.- CÁLCULO DE ESPESORES

4.1 ESPESOR DE LA CARCASA CILÍNDRICA (Casco)

Formula a usarse:

…….. (1)
Donde

 Presión de diseño ( P ): 150 psi

 Temperatura de diseño (Td): 300°F (temperatura máxima del agua más 50%)
 Material ASTM A285 grado C
 Diámetro exterior: 57.834 pulg.
 Máximo esfuerzo admisible S: 15700 psi – (Esfuerzo de materiales para ASTM
A285 grado C ver tabla 1A de la sección II parte D Asme 2010)
 Eficiencia de la junta E: 0.9
 Coeficiente de temperatura y: 0.4
 Margen para roscado y/o estabilidad estructural C : 0.0394

Luego reemplazando valores en (1) se tiene:

DESCRIPCIÓN SIMBOLO UNIDAD VALORES

Diámetro exterior D ( pulg) 57.834

Máximo esfuerzo permisible S psi 15700
Presión de diseño P psi 150
Eficiencia de la Junta E s/u 0.9
Coeficiente de temperatura Y s/u 0.4
Espesor mínimo para rosca y estabilidad
C pulg 0.0394
estructural
t ( pulg) 0.30567653
Espesor del Hogar
t mm 7.76418393

Elegiremos un espesor comercial que cumpla el requerimiento del cálculo y será de 5/16” o
de 3/8”.

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

4.2 ESPESOR DEL HOGAR (TUBO DE COMBUSTIÓN)

Formula a usarse:

….. (2)

Donde

 Presión de diseño ( P ): 150 psi

 Temperatura de diseño: 500°F (Ver HG -312.1 - ASME IV -2015 )
 Material ASTM A285 grado C
 Diámetro exterior: 50.21 pulg.
 Longitud del hogar entre dos placas tubulares: 56.58 Pulg.
 Espesor asumido “t”: 0.5 pulg.
 Pa :Valor calculado de la máxima presión admisible externa.
 Factor “A” se determina usando fig. G
 Factor “B” se determina usando fig. CS-2

De la gráfica determinamos B= 11100

Finalmente reemplazando valores en (2) se tiene:

L DESCRIPCIÓN SIMBOLO UNIDAD VALORES

Diámetro exterior Do ( pulg) 50.21

Distancia entre placas L ( pulg) 56.58
Espesor del Hogar t ( pulg) 0.625
Do Presión externa diseño P psi 150
Relación Diam./espesor Do/t s/u 80.336
Relación dist.entre pla./dia L/Do s/u 1.12
Factor leído A s/u 0.0017
Factor Calculado B s/u 11100
t Presión Calculado Pa psi 184

Como Pa (184 psi) es mayor a P (150 psi), se cumple el requerimiento de la norma por tanto
el espesor de 5/8” es satisfactorio.

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

1.12

Con Do/t = 80.336 y L/Do = 1.12 determinamos A= 0.0017

Luego determinamos el factor B usando A=0.0017 para una temp. De 500°F

De la gráfica determinamos B= 11100 y reemplazamos en la ecuación (2)

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

4.3 ESPESOR DE LA PLACA PORTATUBO.

El espesor de las placas lo calcularemos de forma indirecta. Asumiremos un determinado

valor del espesor y en función a ello calcularemos la distancia máxima entre tubos de humo
y/ entre templadores.

4.3.1 POR DISTANCIA ENTRE TUBOS DE HUMO

Formula a usarse

…………. (3)

Dónde:

 Presión de diseño ( P ): 150 psi

 Temperatura de diseño: 500°F (Ver HG -312.1 - ASME IV -2015 )
 Material ASTM A285 grado C
 Máximo esfuerzo admisible S: 15700 psi. ( Esfuerzo de materiales para ASTM A285
grado C ver tabla 1A de la sección II parte D)
 Factor de templadores soldados C = 2.2 para riostras soldados en placas mayores a
11mm
 p = paso máximo entre los centros de los tubos en diferentes líneas, pueden ser
horizontales, verticales o inclinadas.
 d =2.5” diámetro exterior de los tubos
 t = Espesor requerido de la placa portatubos.

Luego reemplazando en la ecuación 3.

DESCRIPCIÓN SIMBOLO UNIDAD VALORES

Espesor de la placa t ( pulg) 0.5

Máximo esfuerzo permisible S psi 15700
Presión de diseño p psi 150
Factor de stay soldadas C s/u 2.2
Diámetro ext. Del tubo d pulg 2.5
p pulg 7.9
Paso dist. Máximo
p mm 200

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

De los resultados del cálculo el paso máximo entre los tubos será menor o igual a 200 mm,
nosotros tenemos 140 mm como máximo, por tanto se cumple el requerimiento de la norma.

4.3.2 POR DISTANCIA ENTRE TEMPLADORES ( STAYS)

Si bien es cierto que no tenemos templadores en esta caldera, pero el cálculo de la distancia
entre templadores nos servirá como referencia, para verificar la distancia medido entre la
línea tangente a dos o más tubos y el casco y que deberá ser ≤ a 1.5 p ( menor o igual a 1.5
veces que el paso máximo)

Formula a usarse

…………… ( 4)

Dónde:

 Presión de diseño ( P ): 150 psi

 Temperatura de diseño: 500°F (Ver HG -312.1 - ASME IV -2015 )
 Material ASTM A285 grado C
 Máximo esfuerzo admisible S: 15700 psi. ( Esfuerzo de materiales para ASTM A285
grado C ver tabla 1A de la sección II parte D)
 Factor de templadores soldados C = 2.2 para riostras soldados en placas mayores a
11mm
 p = paso máximo entre los centros de los tubos en diferentes líneas, pueden ser
horizontales, verticales o inclinadas.
 t = Espesor requerido de la placa portatubos.

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

Luego reemplazando en la ecuación 4.

DESCRIPCIÓN SIMBOLO UNIDAD VALORES

Espesor de la placa t ( pulg) 0.5

Máximo esfuerzo permisible S psi 15700
Presión de diseño P psi 150
Factor de stay soldadas C s/u 2.2
p pulg 7.58
Paso dist. Máximo
p mm 192
Distancia máxima entre línea
tangente a tubos y el casco
1.5 p mm 288

La distancia medido entre la línea tangente a dos o más tubos y el casco es de 160 mm
y es menor a la distancia máxima calculada y que es de 288 mm.

DIA 1450 mm

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 GARANTÍA EN TECNOLOGÍA DE CALDERAS Y QUEMADORES

4.4 CÁLCULO DE SUPERFICIE DE CALEFACCIÓN

En los siguientes cuadros se muestran el cálculo de la superficie de calefacción y el volumen

del contenido de líquido.

4.4.1.- ÁREA DEL HOGAR

DESCRIPCIÓN UND. CANT
Diámetro interior del casco mm 1450
Longitud del flue mm 1450
Diámetro int. del Flue mm 1250
Espesor del casco mm 9.5
Espesor de placas mm 12.7
Espesor del hogar mm 15.875
chaqueta de agua mm 84.125
Altura de castable inferior mm 100
Área del hogar pie2 56.53

4.4.2.- ÁREA DE TUBOS SEGUNDO PASE

Diámetro int. de tubos mm 57.5
Cantidad de tubos c/u 96
Distancia entre Placas mm 1450
Espesor de placas mm 12.7
Altura de vapor mm 0
Área tubos segundo pase pie2 265.92

4.4.3.- ÁREA PLACA INFERIOR

Área pie2 10.53

4.4.4.- ÁREA TOTAL

Área pie2 332.97

4.4.5.- CONTENIDO DE AGUA

Diámetro interior del casco mm 1450
Espesor de placas mm 12.7
longitud Útil del casco (*) mm 2849
Diámetro Exterior del hogar mm 1275
Longitud del hogar mm 1450
Diámetro exterior de los tubos mm 63.5
Volumen lleno lt. 2630

Atentamente

Msc. Ingeniero Masías Gabriel Albujar Escudero.

CIP 52274
Director Gerente

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 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Table 1A (Cont'd)
Section I; Section III, Division 1, Classes 2 and 3;* Section VIII, Division 1; and Section XII
Maximum Allowable Stress Values, S, for Ferrous Materials
(*See Maximum Temperature Limits for Restrictions on Class)
Alloy
Desig./ Class/
Line UNS Condition/ Size/Thickness, Group
No. Nominal Composition Product Form Spec. No. Type/Grade No. Temper in. P-No. No.
1 Carbon steel Bar SA–675 55 … … … 1 1
2 Carbon steel Wld. pipe SA–134 A283C K02401 … … 1 1
3 Carbon steel Plate SA–283 C K02401 … … 1 1
4 Carbon steel Plate SA–285 C K02801 … … 1 1
5 Carbon steel Smls. & wld. pipe SA–333 1 K03008 … … 1 1

6 Carbon steel Smls. & wld. tube SA–334 1 K03008 … … 1 1

7 Carbon steel Wld. tube SA–334 1 K03008 … … 1 1
8 Carbon steel Plate SA–516 55 K01800 … … 1 1
9 Carbon steel Smls. pipe SA–524 II K02104 … … 1 1
10 Carbon steel Wld. pipe SA–671 CA55 K02801 … … 1 1

11 Carbon steel Wld. pipe SA–671 CE55 K02202 … … 1 1

12 Carbon steel Wld. pipe SA–672 A55 K02801 … … 1 1
13 Carbon steel Wld. pipe SA–672 B55 K02001 … … 1 1
14 Carbon steel Wld. pipe SA–672 C55 K01800 … … 1 1
15 Carbon steel Wld. pipe SA–672 E55 K02202 … … 1 1

16 Carbon steel Sheet SA–414 C K02503 … … 1 1

17 Carbon steel Plate SA/EN 10028–3 P275NH … … ≤21/4 1 1
18 Carbon steel Bar SA–36 … K02600 … … 1 1
19 Carbon steel Plate, sheet SA–36 … K02600 … … 1 1
20 Carbon steel Plate, sheet SA–662 A K01701 … … 1 1

ð21Þ 21 Carbon steel Sheet, strip SA–1011 36 SS Type 2 t ≤ 0.23 … …

22 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250A … … t > 11/2 1 1
ð21Þ 23 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250BR … … t > 11/2 1 1
3
ð21Þ 24 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250BO … … t ≤ /4 1 1
25 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250C … … t > 11/2 1 1
3
26 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250A … … /4 < t ≤ 11/2 1 1
3
ð21Þ 27 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250BR … … /4 < t ≤ 11/2 1 1
3
ð21Þ 28 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250BO … … /4 < t ≤ 11/2 1 1
3
29 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250C … … /4 < t ≤ 11/2 1 1
30 Carbon steel Plate SA/EN 10028–2 P265GH … … ≤21/4 1 1

31 Carbon steel Smls. tube SA/EN 10216–2 P265GH … … 15/8 < t ≤ 21/2 1 1
32 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250A … … t ≤ 3/4 1 1
ð21Þ 33 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250BR … … t ≤ 3/4 1 1
ð21Þ 34 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250BO … … t > 11/2 1 1
35 Carbon steel Plate, bar, shapes SA/IS 2062 E250C … … t ≤ 3/4 1 1
5
36 Carbon steel Smls. tube SA/EN 10216–2 P265GH … … /8 < t ≤ 15/8 1 1
37 Carbon steel Smls. tube SA/EN 10216–2 P265GH … … t ≤ 5/8 1 1
38 Carbon steel Forgings SA–181 … K03502 60 … 1 1
39 Carbon steel Castings SA–216 WCA J02502 … … 1 1
40 Carbon steel Forgings SA–266 1 K03506 … … 1 1

41 Carbon steel Forgings SA–350 LF1 K03009 1 … 1 1

42 Carbon steel Castings SA–352 LCA J02504 … … 1 1
43 Carbon steel Cast pipe SA–660 WCA J02504 … … 1 1
44 Carbon steel Bar SA–675 60 … … … 1 1
45 Carbon steel Bar SA–675 60 … … … 1 1

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 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Table 1A (Cont'd)
Section I; Section III, Division 1, Classes 2 and 3;* Section VIII, Division 1; and Section XII
Maximum Allowable Stress Values, S, for Ferrous Materials
(*See Maximum Temperature Limits for Restrictions on Class)
Min. Min. Applicability and Max. Temperature Limits
Tensile Yield (NP = Not Permitted) External
Line Strength, Strength, (SPT = Supports Only) Pressure
No. ksi ksi I III VIII-1 XII Chart No. Notes
1 55 27.5 NP 650 (Cl. 3 only) NP NP CS–1 …
2 55 30 NP 300 (Cl. 3 only) NP NP CS–2 W12
3 55 30 NP 300 (Cl. 3 only) 650 650 CS–2 …
4 55 30 900 700 900 650 CS–2 G10, S1, T2
5 55 30 NP 700 650 650 CS–2 W12, W14

6 55 30 NP 700 650 650 CS–2 W12, W14

7 55 30 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 G24, W6
8 55 30 850 700 1000 650 CS–2 G10, S1, T2
9 55 30 NP NP 1000 650 CS–2 G10, T2
10 55 30 NP 700 NP NP CS–2 S6, W10, W12

11 55 30 NP 700 NP NP CS–2 S6, W10, W12

12 55 30 NP 700 NP NP CS–2 S6, W10, W12
13 55 30 NP 700 NP NP CS–2 S6, W10, W12
14 55 30 NP 700 NP NP CS–2 S6, W10, W12
15 55 30 NP 700 NP NP CS–2 S6, W10, W12

16 55 33 NP 700 900 650 CS–2 G10, T1

17 56.5 … NP NP 400 400 CS–2 G10, G18
18 58 36 650 650 (SPT) 900 650 CS–2 G10, G15, T1
19 58 36 NP 700 650 650 CS–2 G9, G10, T1
20 58 40 NP NP 700 650 CS–2 T1

21 58 36 NP NP 600 600 CS–2 …

22 59.5 33.4 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
23 59.5 33.4 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
24 59.5 36.3 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
25 59.5 33.4 NP NP 650 NP CS–2 …

26 59.5 34.8 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …

27 59.5 34.8 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
28 59.5 34.8 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
29 59.5 34.8 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
30 59.5 35.5 NP NP 700 NP CS–2 T1

31 59.5 35.5 1000 NP 1000 NP CS–2 G10, S1, T2

32 59.5 36.3 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
33 59.5 36.3 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
34 59.5 33.4 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …
35 59.5 36.3 NP NP 650 650 CS–2 …

36 59.5 37 1000 NP 1000 NP CS–2 G10, S1, T2

37 59.5 38.5 1000 NP 1000 NP CS–2 G10, S1, T2
38 60 30 1000 700 1000 650 CS–2 G10, S1, T2
39 60 30 1000 700 1000 650 CS–2 G1, G10, G17, S1, T2
40 60 30 1000 700 1000 650 CS–2 G10, S1, T2

41 60 30 NP 700 1000 650 CS–2 G10, T2

42 60 30 NP 700 NP NP CS–2 G17
43 60 30 1000 700 NP NP CS–2 G1, G10, G17, S1, T2
44 60 30 850 700 (SPT) NP NP CS–2 G10, G15, S1, T2
45 60 30 NP 650 (Cl. 3 only) 900 650 CS–2 G10, G22, T2

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 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Table 1A (Cont'd)
Section I; Section III, Division 1, Classes 2 and 3;* Section VIII, Division 1; and Section XII
Maximum Allowable Stress Values, S, for Ferrous Materials
(*See Maximum Temperature Limits for Restrictions on Class)

Line Maximum Allowable Stress, ksi (Multiply by 1000 to Obtain psi), for Metal Temperature, °F, Not Exceeding
No. 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900
1 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 14.9 14.1 13.6 … … … … …
2 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 … … … … … … … … …
3 15.7 15.7 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 … … … … …
4 15.7 15.7 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
5 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …

6 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …

7 13.4 13.4 13.4 … 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.0 12.6 … … … … …
8 15.7 15.7 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
9 15.7 15.7 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
10 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …

11 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …

12 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …
13 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …
14 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …
15 15.7 … 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …

16 15.7 15.7 15.7 … 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.6 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
17 16.2 16.2 16.2 … 16.2 16.2 … … … … … … … …
18 16.6 16.6 16.6 … 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 15.6 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
19 16.6 … 16.6 … 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 15.6 … … … …
20 16.6 16.6 16.6 … 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 15.6 … … … …

21 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 … … … … … …

22 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.5 … … … … …
23 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.5 … … … … …
24 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 … … … … …
25 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.5 … … … … …

26 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 … … … … …

27 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 … … … … …
28 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 … … … … …
29 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 … … … … …
30 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 15.6 … … … …

31 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
32 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 … … … … …
33 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 … … … … …
34 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.5 … … … … …
35 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 … … … … …

36 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
37 17.0 … 17.0 … 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
38 17.1 17.1 17.1 … 17.1 17.1 16.3 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
39 17.1 … 17.1 … 17.1 17.1 16.3 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
40 17.1 17.1 17.1 … 17.1 17.1 16.3 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9

41 17.1 17.1 17.1 … 17.1 17.1 16.3 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
42 17.1 … 17.1 … 17.1 17.1 16.3 15.3 14.8 14.3 … … … …
43 17.1 … 17.1 … 17.1 17.1 16.3 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9
44 17.1 … 17.1 … 17.1 17.1 16.3 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 …
45 17.1 17.1 17.1 … 17.1 17.1 16.3 15.3 14.8 14.3 13.0 10.8 8.7 5.9

14
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Table 1A (Cont'd)
Section I; Section III, Division 1, Classes 2 and 3;* Section VIII, Division 1; and Section XII
Maximum Allowable Stress Values, S, for Ferrous Materials
(*See Maximum Temperature Limits for Restrictions on Class)

Line Maximum Allowable Stress, ksi (Multiply by 1000 to Obtain psi), for Metal Temperature, °F, Not Exceeding
No. 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650
1 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
3 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
5 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

6 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
7 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
8 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
9 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
10 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

11 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
12 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
13 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
14 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
15 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

16 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
17 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
18 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
19 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
20 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

21 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ð21Þ
22 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
23 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ð21Þ
24 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ð21Þ
25 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

26 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
27 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ð21Þ
28 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ð21Þ
29 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
30 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

31 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
32 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
33 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ð21Þ
34 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ð21Þ
35 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

36 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
37 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
38 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
39 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
40 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …

41 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
42 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
43 4.0 2.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
44 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
45 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

15
 ð21Þ Table TM-1
Moduli of Elasticity E of Ferrous Materials for Given Temperatures
Modulus of Elasticity E = Value Given × 106 psi, for Temperature, °F, of
Materials −325 −200 −100 70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500
Carbon steels with C ≤ 0.30% 31.4 30.8 30.3 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.9 27.3 26.5 25.5 24.2 22.5 20.4 18.0 ... ... ... ...
Carbon steels with C > 0.30% 31.2 30.6 30.1 29.2 28.6 28.1 27.7 27.1 26.4 25.3 24.0 22.3 20.2 17.9 15.4 ... ... ...
Ductile cast iron ... ... 24.5 23.4 22.5 21.9 21.2 20.5 19.9 19.2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Material Group A [Note (1)] 31.1 30.5 30.0 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.6 27.0 26.3 25.3 23.9 22.2 20.1 17.8 15.3 ... ... ...
Material Group B [Note (2)] 29.6 29.0 28.6 27.8 27.1 26.7 26.2 25.7 25.1 24.6 23.9 23.2 22.4 21.5 20.4 19.2 17.7 ...
Material Group C [Note (3)] 31.6 30.9 30.5 29.6 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.4 26.9 26.2 25.6 24.8 23.9 23.0 21.8 20.5 18.9 ...
Material Group D [Note (4)] 32.6 31.9 31.4 30.6 29.9 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.7 27.0 26.3 25.6 24.7 23.7 22.5 21.1 19.4 ...

Material Group E [Note (5)] 33.0 32.4 31.9 31.0 30.3 29.7 29.2 28.6 28.1 27.5 26.9 26.2 25.4 24.4 23.3 22.0 20.5 ...
Material Group F [Note (6)] 31.2 30.7 30.2 29.2 28.4 27.9 27.3 26.8 26.2 25.5 24.5 23.2 21.5 19.2 16.5 ... ... ...
Material Group G [Note (7)] 30.3 29.7 29.2 28.3 27.5 27.0 26.4 25.9 25.3 24.8 24.1 23.5 22.8 22.0 21.2 20.3 19.2 18.1

ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021
Material Group H [Note (8)] ... ... 30.2 29.0 28.2 27.5 27.0 26.4 26.0 25.5 25.1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Material Group I [Note (9)] 27.8 27.1 26.6 25.8 25.1 24.6 24.1 23.6 23.1 22.6 22.1 21.6 21.1 20.6 20.1 19.6 19.1 18.6
Material Group J [Note (10)] 31.1 30.3 29.7 28.6 27.8 27.2 26.6 26.0 25.4 24.7 24.1 23.5 22.9 ... ... ... ... ...
1124

S13800 [Note (11)] 31.5 30.9 30.3 29.4 28.7 28.1 27.5 26.9 26.3 25.7 25.0 24.4 ... ... ... ... ... ...
S15500 [Note (12)] 30.5 29.9 29.4 28.5 27.8 27.2 26.7 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.3 23.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
S45000 [Note (13)] 31.6 31.0 30.4 29.5 28.8 28.2 27.6 27.0 26.4 25.8 25.1 24.5 ... ... ... ... ... ...

S17400 [Note (14)] 30.5 29.9 29.4 28.5 27.8 27.2 26.7 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.3 23.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
S17700 [Note (15)] 31.6 31.0 30.4 29.5 28.8 28.2 27.6 27.0 26.4 25.8 25.1 24.5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
S66286 [Note (16)] 31.0 30.6 30.2 29.2 28.5 27.9 27.3 26.7 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.2 ... ... ... ... ... ...

NOTES:
(1) Material Group A consists of the following carbon–molybdenum and manganese steels:
C–1/4Mo Mn–1/2Mo–1/4Ni
C–1/2Mo Mn–1/2Mo–1/2Ni
Mn–1/4Mo Mn–1/2Ni–V
Mn–1/2Mo Mn–V

(2) Material Group B consists of the following Ni steels:

3
/4Cr–1/2Ni–Cu 3
/4Ni–1/2Mo–Cr–V
3
/4Cr–3/4Ni–Cu–Al 3
/4Ni–1Mo–3/4Cr
1
/2Ni–1/2Cr–1/4Mo–V 1Ni–1/2Cr–1/2Mo
1
/2Ni–1/2Mo–V 11/4Ni–1Cr–1/2Mo
3
/4Ni–1/2Cr–1/2Mo–V 13/4Ni–3/4Cr–1/4Mo
3
/4Ni–1/2Cu–Mo 2Ni–11/2Cr–1/4Mo–V
3
/4Ni–1/2Mo–1/3Cr–V 2Ni–1Cu
 Figure G
Geometric Chart for Components Under External or Compressive Loadings (for All Materials)

ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021
1133
 Figure G
Geometric Chart for Components Under External or Compressive Loadings (for All Materials) (Cont'd)

ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021
1134

GENERAL NOTE: Extrapolation is not permitted except as explicitly allowed by the Construction Code.
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure CS-1
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for Carbon
or Low Alloy Steels With Specified Minimum Yield Strength Less Than 30,000 psi

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.

1135
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure CS-2
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for Carbon
or Low Alloy Steels With Specified Minimum Yield Strength 30,000 psi and Higher

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.

1136
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure CS-3
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for Carbon
Steel and Low Alloy Steels With Specified Minimum Yield Strength 38,000 psi and Higher for
Temperatures 300°F and Less

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.
(c) See Table Y-1 for values of yield strength at design temperature.
(d) When Table Y-1 yield strength values at design temperature are less than 38,000 psi for the material covered by this chart, Figure CS-2
shall be used.
(e) These curves shall not be used for design temperature above 300°F. Above 300°F, use the appropriate temperature curve shown in
Figure CS-2.

1137
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure CS-4
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for SA-537
Thickness 21/2 in. and Less

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.

1138
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure CS-5
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for SA-508
Class 1, Grades 2 and 3; SA-508 Class 2, Grade 2; SA-533 Class 1, Grades A, B, C, and D; SA-533 Class 2,
Grades A, B, C, and D; or SA-541 Grades 2 and 3

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.

1139
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure CS-6
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for Carbon
Steel With Specified Minimum Yield Strength of 20,000 psi

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.

1140
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure HT-1
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for
Quenched and Tempered Low Alloy Steel With Specified Minimum Yield Strength of 100,000 psi and
Thickness 21/2 in. and Less

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.

1141
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure HT-2
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for SA-508
Grade 4N, Class 2 or SA-543 Types B and C, Class 2 With Specified Minimum Yield Strength of
100,000 psi

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.
(c) For temperatures over 100°F, use Figure CS-2.

1142
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure HA-1
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for
Austenitic Steel 18Cr–8Ni, Type 304
20,000
18,000
Up to 100⬚F
GENERAL NOTE: See Table HA-1 for tabular values. 16,000
14,000

12,000
400⬚F
10,000
700⬚F 9,000
8,000
900⬚F

Factor B
7,000
1,200⬚F
6,000

5,000
1,500⬚F

4,000
E ⫽ 28.0 ⫻ 106
E ⫽ 25.9 ⫻ 106 3,500
E ⫽ 23.8 ⫻ 106 3,000
E ⫽ 22.4 ⫻ 106
E ⫽ 20.3 ⫻ 106 2,500
E ⫽ 18.1 ⫻ 106
2,000
2 3 4 5 6 789 2 3 4 5 6 789 2 3 4 5 6 789 2 3 4 5 6 789
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Factor A

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.

1143
 ASME BPVC.II.D.C-2021

Figure HA-2
Chart for Determining Shell Thickness of Components Under External Pressure Developed for
Austenitic Steel 16Cr–12Ni–2Mo, Type 316
25,000

GENERAL NOTE: See Table HA-2 for tabular values.

20,000
18,000
Up to 100⬚F
16,000
400⬚F 14,000
700⬚F
12,000
900⬚F
1,200⬚F 10,000

Factor B
9,000
8,000

7,000

6,000
1,500⬚F
5,000
E ⫽ 28.0 ⫻ 106
E ⫽ 25.9 ⫻ 106 4,000
E ⫽ 23.8 ⫻ 106
E ⫽ 22.4 ⫻ 106 3,500
E ⫽ 20.3 ⫻ 106 3,000
E ⫽ 18.1 ⫻ 106
2,500
2 3 4 5 6 789 2 3 4 5 6 789 2 3 4 5 6 789 2 3 4 5 6 789
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
Factor A

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The external pressure charts do not account for reduction of buckling strength due to creep under long‐term loads. The effect of creep
on buckling shall be considered at temperatures for which allowable stresses are shown italicized in Tables 1A, 1B, 5A, and 5B, and in
boldface in Tables 2A and 2B.
(b) The external pressure chart assigned for a particular material is obtained from Tables 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 5A, and 5B under the column for
External Pressure Chart No. for that material and is mandatory, with the exception of Tables 5A and 5B.

1144