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Literal humanism
Liberal humanism as the “theory before theory”
that out lines how English became an academic
subject.
The establishment of oxford and Cambridge
universities in Britain was a milestone in the
development of English studies.
According to Yuval Naah Havari Liberal as the
essense of the meaning of and political athoritiy.
Liberal humanists did not care to analyse the
context of the work of literature like historical peried.
The Values of liberal hightghts democracy decency
tolerance rationality the belief in human progress.
Liberal humanism holds that good literature is the
time less significance.
According to peter Barry human nature
permanent and unchanging.
Terry Engletion in his work literary theory: An
Introduction (1903) links the rise of English literste as
an area of study in the nineteeth century to the rise
of liberal humanism.
Literary theory
The word theory came from a Greek word
“theoria” which means contemplation literary theory
studies the production distribution and reception of
meaning in literary text as well as the author reader
and the cantext of the texts.
Literary theory became a powerful factor in the
second half of the twentieth century. According peter
Barry theory Ye-establishes the connection between
literary studies and disciplines of linguistics history
and philosophy.
Literary theory stands for the different work to
Evaluate and interpret of literature. Literary theory
offers the different perspectives about literature and
literary work.
Literary theory helps the readers to gain the
deeper understanding for insight in to literary texts.
Linguistic turn
Linguistic turn is defined as a change in emphasis
the discourse of the humanities and social science
reflecting a recognition of the important of language
in human meaning making.
Linguistic turn became popular with the
publication of the book named “the linguistic turn”
(1967) written by American philosopher Richard
Rorty.
Linguistic turn caused inereased attention on
language and philosophy.
The linguistic principles of the Swiss linguist
Ferdinand de Saussure have greatly influenced the
linguistic turn both in philosophy and literary studies.
Cultural turn
Cultural turn in comtempory theory is understood
the centrality of culture in philosophical and
theoretical inquiry.
The Marxist theorist Raymond Wiliams formulated
the principles of cultural materials on the basis the
theories of Carl Marx and Marxist thinker Antonio
Gramsci.
Critical turn
Critical turn signifies the rise of critical theory.
Critical theory refers to the critical for mulation to the
Marxist philosophers.
Critical theory formulated the Marxist theories,
gender studies (male/female) race theory feminism
psycho analysis.
Critical turn beginning from 1960s (from 1960-
1970) radically changed the understanding and
practices in humanties and social science.
Structuralism Structuralism which become a
powerful and intellectual movement in 1960s. it
signifies the work of French critics linguists
Anthropologists psychologists philosophers during
the period. This movement has its roots in the Swiss
linguist Ferdinand de Saussure thinking.
The central point of discussion of the movement
was the construction the meaning in different area.
Structuralism is opposition mimetic criticism
animitation of reality structuralism constitutes an
analytical and interpretative method focusing on
language.
De Construction
Jacques Derridas deconstruction is the post-
structuralist interface with literature. The French
philosopher derrida is best known for developing the
form of semiotic analysiz known as deconstruction.
The concise oxford dictionary defines
deconstruction as a method of critical analysis of
philosophical and literary language.
Deconstruction is a critical out look concerned with
the relationship between text and meanings
. make diaspora communities always dynamic.
Orientalism
Edward said’s orientalism (1978) presents the idea
of orientalism he defines “orientalism” as the west’s
representation of the colonized countries of Asia and
Africa.
Edward said states that orientalism is construction
of the west to legitimate colonial rule. Said
categorises “orientalism” into latent and manifest.
Latest orientalism resides in the imagination of the
depiction of the orient in the western texts.
The manner and method of the representation
change according to different periods in the history.
. According to Frankfurt school critical theory is
Structuralist Narratology
Structuralist narratology is the structuralist theory
and the critique of narration cladode LeviStrauss is
the Father of structural anthropology. His structural
analysis of my the led to the development of
structuralist narratology.
Structuralist narratology is concerned with the
general codes that structure the literary narration.
Structuralist narratologists believe that meaning is
derived from universal structure of the narrative.
Gerard Genette developed the structuralist
concept of narrator and narrate in the narrative.
He lists three basic kinds of narrators.
1. The Heterodiegetic :- where the
narrator is absent from his own
narrative.
2. The Homodiegetic :- where narroter is
inside his narrative.
3. The Autodiegetic :- the narrator is
inside the narrative and also the main
character.
Psycho analytic theory
Psycho analytic theory or psycho analytic criticism
is based on the psycho analytical principles of
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) the most influential
thinker of the modern world.
Psycho analytic criticism seeks to understand a
work art on the basis of an analysis of the
psychological traits of its author.
According to psycho analytic theory a literary work
reveals the unknown world of desires, Fears,
inhibitions and Fantasies of its author.
The Four Major concern of psycho analytic literary
criticism are:
(a) The author and his/her life and intentions.
(b)The characters and their motives
behaviours and mental process.
(c)The readers.
(d) the text and its language narration and
symbolism.
Freud’s most important work “the interpretation of
Dreams” published in 1900. Which marked the
beginning of the branch of psycho analytic criticism.
Dreams have great importance in Freudian
psychology. According to Freud dreams are symbolic
fulfilment of unconscious wishes.
Psycho analysis is a form of therapy which aims to
cure mental disorders by investigating the interaction
of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind.
Psycho analytic criticism is connected with the
author and the content of the work Freud compares
art to neurosis.
The Freudian psycho analytic critics give the main
importance in literary interpretation to show the
distinction between the conscious and unconscious
mind.
They also give the attention to unconscious
motives and feelings.
In his Famous structural theory Freud envisages
three level of human psycho such as id, ego, and
super ego.
‘id’ is the repository of our basic instincts.
‘ego’ is the structured level of logic and reason.
‘super ego’ is the surface level of our
consciousness which develops simultaneously with
ego.
According to psycho analysis our desires and
instincts havboured in our unconscious shape and
control our behaviour.
Freud him self found out that psycho analysis as a
tool to understand art and culture.
Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Gramsci the Marxixt philosopher who has
greatly nfluenced twentieth century sociocultural
studies. He developed the ideas of Carl Marx
Gramsci’s observation on the formation and
functions of intellectuals are central to critical theory.
According to him all human beings have the
potential to be intellectuals The hegemony of the
capitalist class in the society is maintained.
Gramsci considers hegemony as powerful than the
repressive forces of the state.
Frankfurt school of Marxism
Frankfurt school stands for social and philosophical
movement it is known as critical theory and the
institute for social research.
The leading Marxists Horkheimer T.W Adorno,
Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse and Erich from
were associated with the Frankfurt school.
They applied basic tenets of the Marxist theory to
analyse society and social relations.
The leaders of the Frankfurt school adopted the
principles of psycho analysis structuralism and the
principles of Hegel.
disting uished from the traditional theory the critical
theory rejects the traditional method of theory.
Frankfurt theorist TW Adorno was influencect not
only by Carl Marx but also by Hegel.
There is a group of people traditionally designed as
intellectuals because of their profession.
Gramsci calls them “traditional intellectuals.
Louis Althusser
French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser
contributed to structural Maxism and the concept of
ideology. Ideology has a historical role to perform in
each society.
Althusser lists ideological state Apparatus as the
religious, educational, family, legal communication,
culturalAccording to Marxists the state Apparatus
(SA) contains the administration the Army the police,
the courts, the prison. Ideology provides identity of
the individual According to Louis Althusier
interpellation is at best when an individual thinks or
believes the values ideas and choice.
New Left
The term new left stands for the different groups of
activists and intellectual movements in 1950s and
1960s in western Europe and north America.
The term is used to left students movements.
Some of the common are as are the anti-war stance
and opposition to nuclear weapon.
Iterbest Marcuse is known as the father of new left
movement. The new left movements were formed in
Asian and African countries also.
The new left is a logical and organic sequel to
classical Marxism.
E.P Thompson, Louis Althusser, Fidel Castro
influenced the new left movement. The new left has
its impact in the fields of culture and art.
The Mes of literature and arts were reoriented to
the burning issues like inequality deprivation and
dehumanism.
Culturalism
Culturalism sees culture as the determining factor
or organizing force in the life of individuals as well as
societies.
Culturalism holds that culture shapes the view of
the individual culturalism takes culture as a political
ideology. Which determines the life of subjects in the
nation.
The concept of culturalism was coined by the
American social philosopher florign znanieki in his
book cultural Reality (1919) Later he developed
culturalism into humanism.
Richard Hoggart Raymond Williams and Edward
Thompson have greatly contabuted to culturalism.
Culturalism recognizes the capacity of common
people to construct culture.
Stuart Hall
Q. the two paradigms within cultural studies?
Ans. Stuart Hall (1932-2014) is a Famous British
cultural theorist. In his essay “cultural studies”. Two
paradigms (1980) Stuart Hall visualizes the existence
of two paradigms within cultural Studies culturalism
and structuralism He traces this paradigms to
Raymond Williams’s book “Long Revolution”.
According to Stuart hall, Williams examines the
concept of culture. According to Stuart Hall two
paradigms are culturalism and structuralism. The
fundamental difference between the two paradigms
is how they understand culture.
According to culturalism the lived experience of
human beings determine culture.
Euro centrism
Euro centrism puts Europe and it’s ways of life. It
divides history, culture and areas of human thought
and activity.
Euro centrism is an ideological view that specifies
that Europe is the seat of all learning and civilization.
As a system of knowledge Euro centrism
exemplifies how Europe is portrayed as the originator
of all development.
Europeans held themselves a superior race.
They thought it was their duty to rule, subjugate,
control, and regulate the barbarians who have no
culture, civilization and desire for refinement.
Cultural Materialism
Cultural Materialism developed on England as a new
way of historical reading of literature.
Cultural Materialists understand the physical world
as infrastructure (inner-structure) structure and
superstructure. Infrastructure is the basic level
which includes the environment with its forces and
laws.Structure is connected with the society’s
economic, social and political organization.
The main characteristics of cultural Materialism
are summarised as ;
a) Historical context b) Theoretical method
c) Political commitment d) Textual analysis
Gyno Criticism
Elaine show alter wrote the essay “Towards a
feminist poetics” which was published in 1979. Gyno
means woman.
Elaine Showalter was born in 1941. She is an
American literary critic and feminist.
In the present essay Showalter says about feminist
criticism with a new language and a new way of
reading.
Showalter truces the history of women’s literature
and divides it into three Phases feminine from 1840
to the death of George Eliot in 1880.
Feminist from 1880 to 1920 and female from 1920
to the present now women reject imitation and
protest as they are forms of dependency.
Women should turn to female experience as the
sources of an autonomous art.
Feminist criticism is divided into two varieties. The
first is concerned with the woman as a reader. The
second type of feminist criticism is concerned with
woman as writer.
Marxist Feminism
Feminism as a movement has several philosophical
historical anthropological and social variations.
Marxist feminism is connected with Marxist
philosophy. Marxism examines the evolution of
society in the struggle of the classes against
domination. Material forces control the world. In
each specific period of history a particular class
dominates the modes of production in the society
and controls the other classes. In addition to the
material condition of suppression they make use of
many ideological apparatus for control and
exploitation of the down trodden. Marxist feminists
believe that empowerment equality for women
cannot be achieved in capitalism. They also believed
that the struggle against patriarchy is not divided
from the struggle against capitalism. Marxist feminist
like Alexandra Kollentai proclaimed revolutionary
concept about sex love and desire.
Black Feminism
Black feminism concentrates on the lived
experiences of black women related to racism Sexism
and class. Black women protested against
marginalization. The Black women’s oppression was
the result of a double discrimination. The black or
Negro women faced a double discrimination- being
woman and being black woman. Feminism opposes
patriarchy and white feminism. Patricia Hill Collins,
Hortense Spillers and Hazel car by were the pioneers
of black feminism. Black feminism dealt with several
issues such as class and labour which concerned the
material lives of the black woman. Black feminism
studies the patriarchal nature of black society and
traditions. The critical race the orists analysed that a
woman has racial socio economic sexual political and
cultural identities. The theorist Alice walker define
that black feminism is termed as womanist
movement. According to wakera woman is a
feminist who loves all woman irrespective of other
identities.
Womanism
Alice walker coined the term “womanism” to
signify a movement of women who stand up for all
the women in the world. Her collection of essay titled
in search of our mothers Gardens. Womanist prose
(1983) is a manifesto of womanism. Alice walker
wanted men and racism of whitemen. The Black
feminists are committed to the welfare of all women
and of humanity. It observes gender descrimiration.
Alice walker Empiasizes (stresses) on the word
“woman” and she understands it as culturally more
significant. According to Alice walker the word
‘woman’ signifies courage and responsibility for the
rights of all women.
Diaspora
Diaspora is an important concept in post
colonialism’s engagement with nationalism. Diaspora
is described as communities of people living together
in one country who acknowledge the “the old
country” a notion in language, religion.
Differences of generations gender race class

QUEER THEORY
Queer theory has been developed as political and
theoretical movement in the 1970s and 1980s. queer
theory is a logical.
The meaning of the word “queer” is odd strange or
peculiar queer theory connects with different
categories of sexuality.
Queer theory develops the scope of its analysis
including all kinds of behaviors related to sex,
sexuality and gender. Judith Butler the American
theorist and activist contributed to queer theory by
her ideas about the capacity of language working
within social construct of gendor (male and female)
In her book “Gender Trouble”:- feminism and the
subversion of identity (1990) Bulter explores the
notion that gender is a social construction.
Gender is constituted by the expression or actions.
This is the function of language.
LGBTQ are explained as given below.
L – lesbian – a woman who is attracted to other.
G – Gay – a man who is attracted to other men.
B – Bisexual – a person who is attracted to both men
T – Transgenders – persons whose gender identity,
expression and role does not conform with their sex.
Many and identity goes beyond the traditional
definition associated with Sexual orientation and
gender identity.
Gender identity is person’s sense of gender. (male
or female) sexual orientation is determined by the
gender of the person.
Post colonialism is the critical analysis of the
history, culture, and literature. That are specific to
the former clonies of England, Spain. France and
other European imperial powers.
These stdies have focused on the third world
countries of Africa, Asia, the Caribbean islands and
South colonialism an important text in the field of
study of post colonialism was “orientalism (1978)
written by Edward said. Post colonialism is a new a
theory appearing about last decades of 20th century
along with other new disciplines like queer theory,
cultural studies and gender studies.
Eco criticism is the study of literature and
environment. In the united states eco criticism is
associated with the Association for the study of
literature and Environment. (ASLE) William Rueckert
coined the term Eco criticism in 1978 to signify an
application of ecological concepts to the study of
literature. Eco criticism gives the special importance
to nature-writing eco critics do not limit to their
inguiry and analysis.They professed their
commitment to the environment and its protection is
manifest in the works of Eco critics.
Orientalism
Edward said’s orientalism (1978) presents the idea
of orientalism he defines “orientalism” as the west’s
representation of the colonized countries of Asia and
Africa. Edward said states that orientalism is
orientalism resides in the imagination of the
depiction of the orient in the western texts.
The manner and method of the representation
change according to different periods in the history.
Hybridity
Homi Bhabha describes ‘hybridity’ as neither the
one nor other coloniser’s representation of carefully
constructed on the basis of exclusion and
displacement of the other is subverted by the
linguistic and cultural plurality.
According to Bhabha hybridity is the fusion of
clear and defined identities.
Concrete identities make the way for hybrid
identities.
Post modernism
The tern “post modernism” was first used by the
Franch philosopher Jean-Francois Lyot and in his book
“the post modern condition” (1978). It influenced the
area of human inquiry, particularly the humanities
and philosophy. Post modernism is a historical
condition after modernism a method of the literary
theory in many branches of knowledge. Post and
practice which has become popular in literature and
arts since the 1980s. post modernist critics seeks
theme tendencies and attitude in texts.
The post modernist critic does not bother about
high or low culture.
Enlightenment
Is an intellectual movement of eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries. It is related to historical events
like the Frwnch Revolution. Post modernism
represents a total rejection of the western values
inherited from the Enlightenment. Post modernism
strengthens the conception of knowledge based on
society. The computer technology has influenced the
modes of knowledge of production distribution and
consumption in post modern society.
feminism
The term “feminism” is understood as a political
cultural or economic movement aimed to establish
equal rights and legal protection to all sexes (males
and females) Feminism involves political and
sociological theories and philosophies concerned
with the issues of gender difference. A vindication
of the Right of woman (1792) written by Mary
Wollstone craft (the wife of English philosopher
William Goldwin) is considered as the earliest work of
feminist philosophy. The first ware feminism begins
with the campaigns for the right of vote for women
and lasts till the passage of the 19th Amendment to
the constitution in 1920. The second ware feminism
refers to the period of 1960-1980 it death with issues
of equality and discrimination. Third ware feminism
began in the 1990s and extended to the 21st century.
Shllow Ecology
Shllow Ecology rejects eco centratrsm. Shllow
ecology is called environmentalism. Nature is a
resource for human welfare.
Shllow ecology understands ecological threats as a
danger to human beings. Climate change is bad
because it will effect human interest. Nature is
variable as it serves human intereste.
Deep Ecology
Deep ecologist assart that our thinking views
and actions. Make man at the centre of the universe
deep ecology signifies basic rethinking of the human
vision on the environment Human life becomes
meaningful only in the natural environment.
Environment ethics is a main part of deep ecology.
Eco-feminism
The main argument of eco feminism is that the
values and belief of partrarchal society have resulted
in the oppression of women and nature. The
partriarchal society ignores women’s work
knowledge and the location in nature. The women’s
relationship with environment is more intimate than
mans.Both women and nature are connected with
regeneration and reproduction. Chnaya Datar
cultural eco feminism, social eco feminism and
socialist eco feminism in her book “ eco feminism
Revisited” (2011) Liberal eco feminists believe that
ecological crises are caused by the problem of
development and men and women can jointly work
for the conservation of nature.
Cultural eco feminism makes equal nature women
and advocates Goddess worship and ecological
spirituality.
New Historicism
New historicism became an important method of
literary criticism in the 1980’s in the united states.
According to Stephen Greenblatt, new historicism
places literary and history text for study. The new
historicist critics like Green blatt and Louis Montrose
formulated their ideas in response and revolt. In
2017 Green blatt published a study on the biblical
story of the origin of man named “the Rise and Fall
Adam and Eve” (the first woman in the Bible story of
the creation). Louis Montrose is other new
historicist his famous dictum “the historicity of text
and textuality is the essence of new historicist literary
theory”. The French philosopher Michel Foucault
declared. The power is everywhere. According to him
power is a structure of action his another observation
“where there is power there is resistance”.
Dalit Feminism
The word ‘Dalit’ means oppressed and broken. The
literature aimed for the liberation of the Dalits is
called Dalit literature. Dalit literature is a product of
new awareness and protest. Dalit literature is not
only of down trodden but also an expression of Dalit
anxiety, and their struggles for liberation.
Dalit movement in India are very active in the social
and is concerned with the experience of women
fighting against stigmas marginalization and
subordination. Dalit feminists accuse feminist critics
of possessing a monufatured ignorance about
marginalization of Dalit women.
The first generation of feminists recorded
autobiographical accounts of their suffering and
strggle. They were social activits who followed Dr.
B.R Ambedkar.
Anthropocentrism
Anthropocentrism places human beings at the
centre of the universe. Anthropocentrism believes
that human beings are the only possessors of all
essential values. Anthropocentrism as a philosophy
is significant in almost all walks of
lifeAnthropocentrism is the offspring of western
philosophy and religion.
Human greed has caused the depletion of the
natural resources, mild life, and caused immense
hardships to the surviving living animals including
men and women of the third world.
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Subaltern studies Subaltern combines two Latin
words sub (under) and altern (other). The word
subaltern means ‘from below’. Subaltern is an
important the oretical formulation of Antonia
Gramsci. Subaltern studies are influenced by carl
Marx and Antonia Gramsci. In the famous essy “can
subaltern speak” Gramsci postulates the idea that
women as subaltern is not an autonomous subject.
The tern subaltern was inspired by Italiam Marxist
Antonia Gramsci. Subaltern is used to indicate
powerlessness in a society. Subaltern studies were
also influenced by the historian. E.T Thompson
subaltern aim is to bring to light the history of the
poor, tribals and the vagabonds.
Jacques Lacan
Q. what are the three stages in the development of
human psycho as explained by lacain?
Ans. Jacques lacan is known as the “French Freud” he
lays out three stages in the development of the
human psycho these are imaginary the symbolic and
the real. He has an important principle of mirror
stage (the stage of the development of ego) lacan’s
studies on the development of the consciousness of
human being led him to the concept of mirror stage.
Mirror stage is a early stage in the development of
the mind when a child six to eighteen months old
begins to recognize his/her own reflection in a mirror.
Lacan remarks that this is a major phase in the
development of the ego of the child.
Ecology?
Ans. ecology is the branch of science that studies the
inter relationship of the living organism and their
physical environment. Deep and Shllow ecology are
two philosophical approaches to nature.
Marxism
Marxism refers to the philosophical economic and
political principles and observations of Carl Marx and
Engels.
In the literary theory it signifies reading and writing
of literature from Marxist philosophical and historical
perspectives (views).
Marx and Engels extended their thoughts and
observation to the region of literature. Arts and also
to the social and culturle condition and context.
According to Carl Marx, the mode of production of
Material life determines the social, political and
intellectual life process.
Marx defined the history as the history of class
struggle between the working class and the
capitalists.
The Forces and the relation of the production
constitute the economic structure of the society.
Thisis called as the base structure on which the
society is built.
The social institutions like law, art, literature and
ideology do not have any independent origin or
existence but they are rooted in the base structure.
They constitute the superstructure.
The superstructure reflects the interests and
ideology of the ruling class.
Carl Marx modified this theory and stated that the
relation between base structure and superstructure
is dialectical.
Dialectical materialism is Carl Marx’s theory
Marxist philosophical approach is based on dialectical
materialism.
Ideology is an important concept in Marxism
originated with Marx and developed by Marxist
theorists.
Cultural Studies
Cultural studies is the field of study concerned with
cultural production and reproduction in a society.
It is dedermined by the social, political and
economic forces acting in that society.
It’s principles and methodology of cultural analysis
is influnced by Marxist critique of culture and society.
Cultural studies critically qestions the common
understandings beliefs and history that shape the
society.
Raymond Williams wrote “culture and society”
which was published in 1958. In was the first major
event in the history of cultural studies.
Richard Hoggart founded the center for
comtemporary cultural studies (CCCS) at the
university of Birmingam in 1964.
The term cultural studies was first used by Richard
Hoggart the works of Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall
and Richard Hoggat made “cultural studies” a
prominent academic and theoretical field all over the
world.
They pioneered enquiries about the practices of the
working class and marginalised sections.
Hoggart studied the cultural habits and peculiarities
of the working class and women of his book “the uses
of Literacy” (1957)
Ferdinand de Saussure
The Swiss linguist and philosopher Ferdinand de
Saussure in augurated a new path in understanding
linguistics throught the patterns and structures of
language.
Saussure’s contributions on literary studies are
summarised as given below.
(a) According to him language is a system of
sign or a structure.
(b)he put forward the idea of linguistic sign as
the combination of signifier . the sound image
and signified the concept.
Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished the system of
speech elements as langue and parole. According to
him langue is the underlying speech system or
structure of language. Parole is the speech of an
individual.
Saussure separated between the synchronic and
diachronic approaches to the study of language.
Synchronic study means the study of language as a
system at any particular time in its history.
Whereas Dia chronic study is the study of origin
and development of and language historically.
Saussure’s book course in General linguistic which
the collection of his lecture notes in the university of
Geneva.
Roland Barthes
A famous French philosopher Roland Barthes
influenced the literary theory and structuralism.
According to Roland the relationship between
signifier (the sound image) and the signified (the
coniept) is motivated.
The author only scripts the text with already
existing meaning.
Barthes rejected the author centric tradition and
the idea of writing self expression.
So there is no author but only the scriptor of text.
Barthes differentiates between the work’ and the
‘text’ in his book from work to text which was
published in 1977.
Barthes applied the structuralist method to the
general field of modern culture.
In his work mythologies which was published in
1957. He attempted a detailed an thropological
studies on modern France’s culture.
Langue
Langue is the underlying speech system or structure
the word langue is a term in linguistic which refers to
a language considered as a communication system of
a particular community.
Parole
Parole is the speech of individual the word parole is
a term inlinguistics which referes to individuals.
Claude-Levi-Strauss
Claude-Levi-Strauss was a French anthropologist
whose work was a key in developing the theory of
structuralism.
Claude-Levi-Strauss is considered as the “Father of
structural anthropology” he argused that family
should not be studied as a single and independent
unit but in relation to other units.
He argued that all cultures are structurally similar
linking cultural anthropology and structural
linguistics.
He also argued that the “savage” mind and
civilized mind had the same structures and human
characteristics are some every where.
Levi Strauss imbibed that the structuralist
philosophy which recognizes all human beings as
fundamentally equal.
He analysed myths and he argued that myths are
just varitions of the same themes which have
common universal structures.
Narratology
Narratology is the structuralist theory and critique
of narration.
Levi-Strauss’s structural analysis of myths led to
the development of structuralist narratology.
In his book “structural an thropology” Levi-Strauss
proposed a new theory that all myths of humanity are
the variation of certain themes.
He holds that myths are certain types of language.
A.J.Greimas analyse the components of narrative
as in dependent entities.
Post structuralism
The term post structuralism refers to a period after
dtructuralism in literary criticism. Post structuralism
questions the structuralist concept of reality.
The pioneer of the post structuralism is Jacques
derrida. Post structuralism sees multiplicity of
meaning. Within the discourse post structuralism also
rijects the concept of the university of the structure.
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