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PRIMA 100 LWD

LIGHT FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER

Produced and supplied by:


Grontmij A/S, Pavement Consultants
Kokbjerg 5, DK-6000 Kolding

www.prima100.com
info@prima100.dk
PRIMA 100
USER MANUAL

DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD


Issue Date Changes Approved
(e.g. change notes, amendments, software function change)

1 June 2008 First issue of revised manual P.-E.


Jakobsen

2 Aug. 2008 Second issue of revised manual P.-E.


Jakobsen

3 Aug. 2009 Third issue of revised manual (sec. 3.2.7) Poul-Erik


Jakobsen

4 November Fourth issue of revised manual Paired devices Finn


2010 Appendix PDA / Bluetooth ( page 24-26) Iversen

5 May Fifth Issue of revised manual. Change of Henny


2011 company name to Grontmij Schøler

6 November Inserted calculated values in tables on page 46 Poul-Erik


2012 Jakobsen

We have reedited our manual for PRIMA 100 LWD. We are still working on the manual and any
good ideas you may have to improve our manual are most welcome.

User manual: PRIMA 100 LWD

© Grontmij A/S, Pavement Consultants

This edition was first published in 2008

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be


reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers.

The English version of the PRIMA LWD user manual is the only authorised manual.
Any other translations of this manual are not valid and Grontmij A/S
cannot be held responsible for the contents of such manuals.

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PRIMA 100
USER MANUAL

Printed in Denmark by Grontmij A/S


Contents

0. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5

1. SAFETY ................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Handling and storage - incidents .................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Ergonomics ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Transport from measuring point to measuring point ............................................................. 6

2. INSTALLATION ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Unpacking the equipment ............................................................................................................ 8
2.1.1 Additional equipment ............................................................................................................. 8
2.2 How to assemble PRIMA 100 ...................................................................................................... 8
2.3 How to choose load plate and change plate ............................................................................... 12
2.3.1 How to change load plate: ................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Verification of calibration............................................................................................................. 13
2.5 Installation of PRIMA 100 data collection programs .................................................................. 13
2.5.1 Installation on portable computer ........................................................................................ 13
2.5.3 Installation of PRIMA 100 data collection program on PDA ............................................... 14
2.6 Setting up of program - Laptop ................................................................................................... 14
2.7 Advanced user setup .................................................................................................................. 15
2.8 Installation of PRIMA Collection software on PDA device .......................................................... 17
2.8.1 PAIRED DEVICES / TRIMBLE JUNO SB AND ................................................................ 24
BLUETOOTH DEVICES B20-9120-A02-3 ................................................................................... 24
2.8.2 Setup before measuring ...................................................................................................... 27

3. OPERATION ........................................................................................................ 29
3.1 PRIMA 100 – application areas .................................................................................................. 29
3.1.2 General factors with influence on measurements with PRIMA 100 .................................... 29
3.2 Setup of PRIMA 100 – Measuring technical instructions ........................................................... 30
3.2.1 How to place PRIMA 100 on the surface ............................................................................ 30
3.2.2 Impact depth – measurements on various surfaces – stress dependency – selection of
drop height .................................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.3 How to perform measurements with PDA ........................................................................... 31
3.2.4 Measuring with 3 geophones .............................................................................................. 34
3.2.4 Measuring with 3 geophones .............................................................................................. 35
3.2.5 Export of data to spread sheet ............................................................................................ 37
3.2.5.1 Create a .fw2 file from a .sdf file. ..................................................................................... 37
3.2.6 Symbol clarifications ............................................................................................................ 38
3.2.7 How to measure with PRIMA 100 and portable computer (cable solution) ........................ 40
– Upstart of program and entering of project data ....................................................................... 40
3.2.8 Data collection window ........................................................................................................ 41
3.2.9 How to start up a project in the user interface ..................................................................... 42
3.2.10 How to perform measurements ......................................................................................... 43
3.2.11 Results – historic data ....................................................................................................... 45
3.3 Evaluation of measured results .................................................................................................. 46
3.4 How to print out results ............................................................................................................... 47
3.4.1 How to import a file to a spread sheet for printout .............................................................. 47

4. MAINTENANCE, SERVICE AND SUPPORT ....................................................... 51


4.1 Calibration of PRIMA 100 ........................................................................................................... 51
4.2 Service and support .................................................................................................................... 51

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4.3 General Sales and delivery specifications: ................................................................................. 52

5. ACCESSORIES AND SPARE PARTS ................................................................. 53


5.1 Accessories for PRIMA 100 ........................................................................................................ 53

6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWINGS ............................................. 56


6.1 Technical specifications – PRIMA 100 FWD System ................................................................. 56
6.2 Sketch of PRIMA 100 ................................................................................................................. 57
6.8.1 Setup of Bluetooth connection VERSION 2 ( page 27-29 ) ................................................ 61

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PRIMA 100
USER MANUAL

0. INTRODUCTION
Grontmij A/S, Pavement Consultants congratulates you on your new PRIMA 100 light falling weight
deflectometer and hopes that you will benefit from using it.

Thank you for choosing PRIMA 100.

We know that you have made the right choice, as PRIMA 100 is based on more than 30 years of
experience with developing and producing large falling weight deflectometers. This is what makes
PRIMA 100 a state-of-the-art product. PRIMA 100 is unique field measuring equipment with the
newest technology.

We recommend reading the entire manual.

PLEASE NOTE:

If you have purchased a PRIMA 100 with PDA setup, the data collection software has already been
installed on the PDA for operation with one geophone. To operate the equipment correctly, Section 3
OPERATION is very important to read. This section describes operation with one and up to three
geophones.

If you have purchased a PRIMA 100 with laptop setup, we recommend consulting Section 3
OPERATION, subsection 3.2.7.

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1. SAFETY

1.1 Handling and storage - incidents

The system should not be subjected to any bumps or blows.

When walking with the equipment in the field and when transporting it in a car, we suggest securing
the drop weight by means of the release handle on the lower part of the guide rod just above the
buffers.

Place the drop weight on the buffers. Place release handle just above
the drop weight, then lock the release handle and hoist the drop weight
until it clicks into the release handle.

In periods where the equipment is not used frequently, we recommend


storing it in a dry place at room temperature.

If the equipment is exposed to moisture over longer periods, this may


cause corrosion on the electric parts.

The mechanical parts should be cleaned frequently in order to ensure


optimum function. If necessary, wash with auto shampoo and a soft
brush and wipe off with a dry cloth.

If the equipment is accidentally exposed to hard bumps or drops, a


control measurement should be performed on one or more reference/
verification points. See 2 INSTALLATION, subsection 2.4 – Verification of calibration.

1.2 Ergonomics

It is not the purpose of this manual to give information about work positions and loads. We refer to the
person at your company responsible for the work environment. The operator should give attention as
to how he works with PRIMA 100.

Using the equipment will involve lifting in connection with transport from measuring point to measuring
point and when operating the equipment.

1.2.1 Transport from measuring point to measuring point


It can be difficult to carry the instrument in an
optimum way. We recommend providing a
transport trolley or finding another way of
moving the instrument from point to point. On
large sites this could be e.g. a small off-roader/
ATV.

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If you choose to carry the instrument, the following is recommended:

1. Leave drop weight on buffers.

2. Lower release handle until it touches drop weight, fix handle.

3. Fix drop weight in release handle. A little click sound proves that drop weight is locked to handle.

4. Lift unit using lifting ring.

In this way it is possible to carry the unit in a reasonably safe way.

Over short distances it is recommended to carry the


instrument: lift the instrument and shift between left side
and right side to protect back and arms. Do not carry
PRIMA 100 by hand over long distances.

Obviously, when using PRIMA 100 you cannot avoid


having to lift the drop weight. It is important to expose
back, arms and legs to equal loading. It is recommended
to bend down in your knees and lift the drop weight with
both hands keeping a straight back.

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PRIMA 100
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2. INSTALLATION
2.1 Unpacking the equipment

PRIMA 100 is supplied unassembled. Please make sure that all parts are present. Below photo shows
all individual parts. The standard equipment consists of:

Body with geophone housing, load cell and


electronics box
Ø100 mm load plate
Ø300 mm load plate
Top with four buffers
Two-split guide rod
10 kg drop weight
Release handle
Communication cable PRIMA 100/laptop
T Allen key
Battery holder
One set of rechargeable batteries

2.1.1 Additional equipment


Furthermore, it is possible to buy Bluetooth antenna and PDA for wireless data collection.

2.2 How to assemble PRIMA 100

PRIMA 100 is supplied unassembled and should be assembled as follows:

Fasten D300 mm load plate to body with enclosed Allen screw using the T Allen key. The load plate
on the body is the D100 mm plate with geophone fixed in the centre of the plate.

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Place top with buffers on top of body with load cell.


Insert the three guide pins with T Allen key.

Mount the lower part of the guide rod and put the drop weight down over
the guide rod. If required, wrap a piece of thick cardboard around the guide
rod and tighten with multi-grip pliers or a small cylinder wrench. Do not
tighten the guide rod harder than it can be disassembled again.

Mount the release handle.

Mount the upper part of the guide rod.

IMPORTANT:

Place batteries with ± pole direction according to instruction in battery holder.

If batteries are not inserted correctly – the fuse will burn and has to be replaced.

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Insert batteries in battery case and mount in the electronics box.

The easiest way to replace batteries is by loosing the lower lock, tip it out, then loosen upper lock and
pull out the battery case.

Notice:

Insert batteries correctly

On/off button

ON: One single push


OFF: Push and hold for a few seconds

Fuse (1 Amp)

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A communication cable is connected to PRIMA100 and PC


respectively.

Cable is mounted in the Lemo plug on PRIMA 100


electronic box on the left side.

You are now ready to work with PRIMA 100.

PDA:
If the PRIMA 100 was supplied with
Bluetooth antenna and PDA, then the
communication cable should not be
mounted. Instead the Bluetooth antenna
is mounted on the electronics box and
the two plugs are inserted.

A complete list and photos of accessories can be found in section 5 ACCESSORIES.

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2.3 How to choose load plate and change plate

PRIMA100 can be applied with three different sizes of load plates. A D300 mm load plate is supplied as
standard, as a D300 mm plate should be the primary choice for all unbound bases.

Load plate D200 mm Load plate D300 mm

Whether or not a plate should be changed depends on the measured deflection. PRIMA100 is equipped
with one geophone placed in the centre of the load plate. The applied geophone can measure deflections
of max. 2200 µm. If this value is exceeded, the plate should either be changed with a larger plate or the
drop height should be reduced.

However, it is recommended not to work with too small deflections. If the measured deflections are
generally below 150 µm, it is recommended to change to a smaller plate in order to obtain higher
deflections.

The below table gives a general survey of combinations of pavement structures and plates.

Load plate Pavement


D 100** Paved road structures
D 200* Base course, crushed concrete/asphalt, weak bound road
structures
D 300 Subsoil, subbase, base course, crushed concrete/asphalt,
Lime stabilized soil, structures with geo-grids.
* D200 mm load plate is not included in the standard equipment.

** Generally it is recommended not to apply PRIMA100 on paved areas, partly because it is difficult to
maintain proper contact with a 100 mm plate and partly because the impact load that PRIMA100 can
transmit will give limited deflections. The depth impact will also be limited, so the measurements will not
give any data on the structure in general, only on the top layers. Hence a survey using PRIMA100 on
bound structures gives solely an indication of strong and weak areas.

2.3.1 How to change load plate:

Place release-handle on top of weight arrangement and fix


it here. Place PRIMA100 in horizontal position as illustrated
on picture.

Unscrew the five bolts underneath the load plate using the
supplied Allen Key size 5. Then mount the selected load
plate.

Please note:
Fasten D300 mm load plate to body with enclosed Allen
screw using the T Allen key. The load plate on
the body is the D100 mm plate with geophone fixed in the centre of the plate.

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When changing load plate size, the operator must change the setup values. See subsection 2.6

2.4 Verification of calibration

When the equipment is delivered from the factory, geophone and load cell have been calibrated. In
order to collect correct data also in the future, geophone and load cell should be calibrated once a
year. This is particularly important with regard to the load cell.

In daily use the calibration can be verified using one or more reference points. The reference points
must be selected where it is certain that the bearing capacity will not change over time. This could
e.g. be a point with well compacted sand/gravel subjected to a minimum of traffic load.

Use the reference point frequently e.g. each month and make a normal measurement with the
instrument. The measured values should be constant from time to time. Please be aware that the
water content may have influence on the bearing capacity.

If, after repeated measurements, the values deviate much from previous measurements, the
instrument should be sent in for calibration at once. A sudden deviation may be caused by the
instrument having been subjected to rough handling or damage.

The frequent verification cannot replace the annual absolute calibration.

Note:

All PDAs have the disadvantage that programs installed will be lost if battery and
backup battery is totally discharged. If the PDA is not being used for 1 to 2 weeks,
there is a risk of loosing programs. Charge the PDA batteries frequently to avoid
this.

2.5 Installation of PRIMA 100 data collection programs

2.5.1 Installation on portable computer

1. Turn on computer and wait for Windows to start.


2. Insert CD. The CD has auto-run function.
3. Follow the installation guide displayed.
4. If the installation does not start automatically, then click Run
below in the left-hand corner under the start button.
5. Select CD drive under “Browse” and select the directory
6. PRIMA 100/Laptop collection v 030902Data collection
7. Double-click “setup.exel”.

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2.5.3 Installation of PRIMA 100 data collection program on PDA

Grontmij A/S, Pavement Consultants, has installed and tested the program on the PDA and the
communication with the Bluetooth before delivery.

A copy of the PRIMA collection program can be found on the supplied:


1. SD card
2. PDA
3. The delivered installation CD

How to install lost programs appears from section 2.8 – Installation of PRIMA collection software on
PDA device.

2.6 Setting up of program - Laptop

Click set-up button or key F10 to open User Setup window.

In the upper box the serial number of the connected PRIMA100 is displayed.

In the next box displayed, the operator can insert the path for the folder in which he wishes to store
data files.

Check off or remove check off in the small field Save Time History. The Time History file contains all
raw data for the data collection program calculations and for the displaying of curves on the screen.

When calculated, results have been displayed on the screen and stored using the Save button or the
F2 key and then the Time History file is of no further interest for the time being. The operator decides,
whether it should be possible to return to the raw data later in order to do further studies or treatment
of data.

For ordinary daily use the Time History file need not be stored.

All white boxes can be edited.


In daily use the following
boxes would normally be
edited.

Load plate radius


Poisson’s ratio
Number of geophones
Radial offset

Load plate radius: The load


plate radius is set to 50 mm
corresponding to D100 mm
load plate from factory. When
changing load plate size, the correct radius must be entered. When the D300 mm plate is mounted, as
described in subsection 2.3.1, the radius in this box must be changed to 150 mm.

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It should be noted, that working with an incorrect radius will still generate correct raw data, but the
calculated values displayed in the result boxes will be incorrect. The error is not serious and can always be
corrected by importing the data to a spread sheet.

Number of geophones:
Indicate the number of geophones connected.

Radial offset D(1) and D(2):


Indicate the distances from the centre geophone to geophones 2 and 3. The distances must be indicated
correctly, to ensure correct calculation of the resulting E0(r) values for the various distances from zero.

Poisson’s ratio:
Poisson’s ratio is the relation between longitudinal and vertical deformation of a material under a given
stress. Hence ‫ = ע‬εx/εz.

Poisson’s ratio for

 asphalt and concrete ~ 0.15


 sand, base gravel, clay ~ 0.35

Poisson’s ratio can be changed by the user. Data can be post processed if a new calculation with another
Poisson’s ratio is required.

Stress distribution factor:


This factor is always set to 2.0, which corresponds to a uniform stress distribution.

2.7 Advanced user setup

Communication port: Setup of computer port for connection of the LWD (normally this is
Com 1 port).

Unit address: 1

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Use filter: If the survey data are to be filtered, one of the two filter types can be
selected (rectangular Window (6dB) or Butterworth).

Note: Normally it is recommended not to apply filter. If filter is not


to be used, check that the field “use filter?” is not checked off.

Filter type: Select Rectangular Window (6dB) or Butterworth. Rectangular Window


damps with 6 dB/octave, while Butterworth damps as indicated by the user
(6, 12, 18 or 24).

Cut-off frequency [Hz]: Select the required frequency for ’cut off’. The program is preset to 60
Hz. The means that frequencies > 60 Hz are cut off in accordance with
the filter setup.

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2.8 Installation of PRIMA Collection software on PDA device

1. Turn on PDA (push ‘start’)

2. Go to File Explorer

3. Go to My Device

4. Go to SD Card

5. Select Version x.x.x.x ( 2.0.0.3 )

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1. Double-click x
51 Prima 200….

2. Files are copied to


PDA from SD card

3. Press Yes
to go on copying

4. Choose a location
to install Collection
Software (Device is
recommended)

5. Files are copied to


PDA from SD card

8. Now the files are copied


to the PDA – ready
to start installation of
collection program

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PRIMA 100
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1. Tap Up

2. Tap Up

3. Select Program Files

4. Tap Prima2006Set…

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1. Tap NETCFv2.wm…..

(NOTE: PDA with Windows Mobile 6


already has a newer
NETCFv2.wm… installed, so this
and installation is made direct as
shown overleaf
(SQLCE30.PPC.w…))

2. Collection file now


starts the installation on the
PDA.

3. Select location for installation of


the collection program
(normally Device)

4. Collection file is now ending


the installation on the PDA.

5. Collection file has finished.

6. Tap OK to restart PDA

7. PDA restarts

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When PDA has restarted,


go to File explorer

1. Tap sqlce30.ppc.w….

2. Sql file is now starting installation


on PDA

3. Select location for installation of


Sql device (normally Device)

4. Sql is now ending installation


on PDA

5. Sql file has finished. Tap OK

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1. Find File explorer. Check and hold the pen on PRIMA 2006 – until dialog box appears – tap
COPY

2. Tap Up –lower left corner

3. Tap Up –lower left corner

4. Tap Start Menu

5. Tap Programs

6. Tap and hold the pen on blank space – until a dialog displays –then tap Paste
shortcut

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1. The file explorer is now visible

2. Tap and hold the pen on Shortcut to PRI until a dialog box displays. Tap Rename

3. Rename the file to Prima 2008

4. Tap the keyboard icon at the bottom (to remove the keyboard from screen) and then tap in
blank space – to finish the rename process.

5. Tap Prima 2008 to start collection program.

6. Prima 100 Collection start screen displays on PDA – Tap OK and the Prima 2008 icon will
now be located and installed under START on PDA start-up screen.

7. Prima 2008 is now available under Start Menu.

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2.8.1 PAIRED DEVICES / TRIMBLE JUNO SB AND


BLUETOOTH DEVICES B20-9120-A02-3

1.

In case of problems with the connections between a Paired PDA and Bluetooth,
it is important not to delete the device shown under Setting on the PDA (example of paired
1005004/523)

Check upset in the programs (refer to section 2)


If the paired device has been deleted,
Follow below guide

Reset the Trimble Juno SB (small button on the right side of the Trimble)

Make sure that both options – shown below – are ticked on

Turn off power for Bluetooth / turn it on again

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When Bluetooth power is re-established, it will normally try to make the new upset automatically as
follows:

Enter passcode: 1111, and press Next

Now it should be connected – please accept / done

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2.

Missing connection between PDA and Bluetooth

Be sure that the box is turned on (black power button on the left side of the box)
Check that the Power flash on the Bluetooth is flashing – if not:

Check that the two Lemo plugs are correctly inserted in the Prima 100 electronic box
(If correctly inserted you should not be able to pull out the plugs without pulling off the cover
of the box)

Please do not pull the cable.

Check that the batteries are fully charged (if only half charged, data cannot be sent to the
PDA)

Check that batteries are inserted correctly in the battery plug-in


Check that the battery plug-in is correctly and fully inserted in the electronic box
(Press the upper and lower side of the battery plug-in)

Check fuse on the upper side of electronic box


(1 ampere, if batteries are not placed correctly they will burn
Shown on battery plug-in how to place them)

Turn on PDA
Go to settings / connections Bluetooth Devices (check there is device found)
Mode (check that Bluetooth is on and device is visible – tick them on)
Com ports (remember which port number is used in Incoming Ports)

Start up the Prima 100 program


Go to tools, press Next
Check that com port number, is the same as in PDA Bluetooth settings
Press Next
Check that GPS com settings – under port number – is chosen as com 4

Continue to Project (open or create a project)

When the two arrows on the button line change to a battery – the Prima 100 program is
connected to the Bluetooth (remember if battery is shown with ½ capacity / please replace
batteries in electronic box).

If you still have problems, please contact Grontmij:

* Finn Iversen – fiv@gmcb.dk


* Poul-Erik Jakobsen – pja@gmcb.dk

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2.8.2 Setup before measuring

Before measuring, a few basic values must be inserted to ensure correct calculation of E moduli.

1. Select PRIMA 2007 on PDA Start screen

2. Select Tools in lower right hand corner

3. Calculation settings – set Poisson’s ratio to 0.35

4. Select number of geophones connected to the electronics box on PRIMA 100

5. Select Com Settings (HTC – Com 6 / Dell Axim – Com 8 / HP Ipaq = Com 1)

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1. Points and Form Settings allows you to insert default values for chainage, auto increment on
chainage and default texts in pavement and remarks boxes (see section 3.2.3)

2. Graph setting options (AggE0 Graph)

3. Graph setting options (Max E0- Graph Line)

4. Drops Form Settings

5. Drops Form Settings (E0 Graph settings)

No reason to change graph settings for everyday use (step 2-5 above).

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3. OPERATION
3.1 PRIMA 100 – application areas

PRIMA 100 measures the dynamic surface E modulus, Eo – surface elasticity module direct.

Eo is an expression of the total bearing capacity of the pavement structure.

PRIMA 100 can be applied for measuring of Eo on all unbound layers e.g.:

formation level
subbase
base
recycled concrete
recycled asphalt
stabilizing layers

PRIMA 100 is applied:

on formation level before asphalt paving in connection with


on subbase before concrete paving excavations and
on base course gravel before construction of reestablishments
on structures with geo industrial floors in connection with
grid in foundation ditches building-in of slag
in connection with lime in connection with in connection with
stabilization construction of sand construction of
cushions recycled concrete
in connection with
construction of
recycled asphalt
in …

In some cases PRIMA 100 can also be applied for rigid pavements (asphalt/concrete) if a general
indication for division of a given area into areas with e.g. good/fair/poor bearing capacity is required.

3.1.2 General factors with influence on measurements with PRIMA 100

There are some basic conditions that influence on the PRIMA 100 measurements. Measurements
should (normally) be carried out at air temperatures between 5 and 50 degrees Celsius.

The measured surface E modulus may depend on the water content in the material. If the water
content is very high, the Eo may be over-estimated. At the time of measuring, the water content should
be as close as possible to the optimum for compaction or the expected future water content.

In connection with measurements in excavations the operator should observe carefully that
measurements are not made on top of pipes, wires or the like, as measurements of this kind will not
be representative.

In general it cannot be recommended to measure on frozen soil, as the bearing capacity measured on
frozen soils are not representative for measurements made on thawed out soil.

In special cases, however, the increased bearing capacity of frozen soil is exploited. In such cases
PRIMA 100 can be applied for determination of this.

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3.2 Setup of PRIMA 100 – Measuring technical instructions

3.2.1 How to place PRIMA 100 on the surface

Before measuring with PRIMA 100, it is important that the entire


measuring plate has contact to the surface. The surface, on which
the load plate is placed, must be smooth, even and uniform. No large
single grains such as stones etc.

Uneven surfaces can with advantage be smoothed with a scraper or


be levelled with a thin layer of dry sand.

In all cases it is recommended letting the drop weight drop down a


few times from low height to let the surface settle. The operator will
soon learn when the contact to the surface is good, as he senses
whether the instrument is steady or not. The initial set drops do not
influence on the following measurements.

3.2.2 Impact depth – measurements on various surfaces – stress dependency – selection of drop
height

The impact depth cannot be described uniquely as it depends on the rigidity of the surface. For
unbound layers the impact depth will as rule-of-thumb be 60-90 cm.

Most materials are stress-dependent. This is why the measured value will often vary with varying drop
heights.

Friction soils are typically positively stress-dependent – the bearing capacity will increase with the
stress.

Cohesion soils are more complicated, as they are stress-dependent. The bearing capacity is reduced
with increasing stress. However, above a certain stress level, they change characteristics and become
positively stress dependent.

On cohesion soils a measuring procedure under which drops are made from various drop heights is
recommended. Start with a low drop height and after 3 – 5 times the drop weight is lifted to full drop
height. Carry out measurements from drop heights of ¼, ½, ¾ up to full drop height (the heights are
marked on the guide rod). In this way the adhesions characteristic for clay layers are refracted and a
curve for E0 as a function of the impact strain σ is recorded.

In general it is, however, often recommended to carry out drops from various heights. Carry
out measurements at half drop height and then at full drop height. In this way it will also show,
whether the structure/base is stress dependent.

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3.2.3 How to perform measurements with PDA

1. Start screen of PDA


New project: Select Create
Existing project: Select Open

2. Enter file name (e.g. Testing). .SDF is automatically added to the file name

3. Select storage location for the file – Main Memory or Storage Card

4. The ‘recycling arrows’ at the bottom of the screen indicate that the PDA is still not connected
to Bluetooth on PRIMA100 (check whether the electronics box is turned on). Diodes on
Bluetooth are on (flashing).

5. The two arrows are replaced by a battery icon when the connection between PDA and
Bluethooth has been established. The battery icon also function as indicator of battery
capacity on the 4 batteries in the battery holder on the electronics box of PRIMA 100

6. Enter data to Client Name / Client Ref. / Project No. in order to continue. When at least one
character is typed in each box, a ‘forward’ arrow will display in the lower left corner of the
screen.

7. After having concealed the key board (key board icon), tap the arrow below pointing to the
right in the lower left corner of the screen.

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8. Display for entering of measuring point data appears. Tap ‘sheet icon’ in the lower left hand
nd
corner (2 icon).

9. Data on chainage, description of material and remarks can now be entered. Please note that
chainaging will appear automatically from Tools setup. This depends on which values have
been set up here. These chainages can, however, be overwritten/corrected manually on this
page. Now TAP ’forward arrow’ to continue the measuring cycle.

10. Tap the icon GO to perform the first drop. See to it that the drop weight is lifted on the PRIMA
100 guide rod before pressing GO. Wait for the battery icon to shift.

11. The battery icon turns into a flashing “lightning” after which the drop weight is dropped. Please
note that from the flashing lighting is displayed and until the drop weight has been dropped,
the time lapse should be max. 10 seconds – otherwise the Bluetooth will loose connection.

12. A few seconds will now lapse before data has been transmitted to the PDA and the program.
If data is OK – then tap GO again to get ready for drop no. 2 in point 1. The procedure is
repeated until stable measuring values have been obtained – approx 5 to 15 drops per point.

PLEASE NOTE: In stead of tapping GO for each drop, there is an option of tapping Auto Drop. The
PDA will then give a BIB-sound each time the program is ready for a new measuring drop.

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1. Continue the procedure by tapping GO or Auto Drop until the required measuring stability has
been obtained. The above display no. 1 illustrates drop 4.

2. Continue the procedure by tapping GO or Auto Drop until the required measuring stability ha
been obtained. The above displays No. 2-4 illustrate drop 5

Please refer to appropriate standard in your country with regard to required amount of drops
or refer to your internal company standard.

3. Tap the ’wave icon’. The curve in screen picture 3 above is a curve for geophone response
and the curve in screen picture 4 illustrates the load cell response of the individual drops.

4. E0 can be read for all drops. Reading stability is also easily checked in this display.

5. When the measurement in point 1 has been done, tap the arrow icon pointing left below in the
display and the next measuring point can be conducted.

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PLEASE NOTE:

IMPORTANT: From having tapped GO to letting the weight go (the weight triggers the load cell)
only 10 seconds should lapse.

Otherwise the connection between PDA and Bluetooth will be disconnected and approx. 30
seconds will lapse before the battery icon will display again and GO can be tapped.

 Battery: ready to tap GO


 Lightning: ready for drop
 Recycling arrows: connection between PDA and Bluetooth interrupted or not established.

Please note:

Work can be continued until data transfer stops even if the battery icon shows that you need to change
batteries.

You need not change batteries after the first warning.

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3.2.4 Measuring with 3 geophones

1. Start display – tap Tool below on the green line in the display
2. Check setup and tap Next on the green line
3. Mark 3 geophones in the drop down menu insert the appropriate offset values (default value for
geophone 2 is 300 mm and for geophone 3 600 mm) and tap OK in the upper right corner
4. Start display – tap Open in the drop down menu
5. Select file name and location for storage of data – end by tapping Save
6. When all spaces have been filled in, tap the arrow icon pointing right
7. Tap sheet icon – on bottom line in display
8. Tap arrow pointing right to continue to the drop display
9. Hoist the drop weight and tap GO – drop weight is now ready to be dropped – see overleaf

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1. Drop 1 – tap GO when the drop weight has been hoisted again
2. Drop 2 – tap GO when the drop weight has been hoisted again
3. Drop 3 – note that the lightning icon indicates that Bluetooth is ready for data transfer
4. Drop 3 – result
Press the wave icon to have graph displayed of the individual measurement
5. Press the wave icon again to have all measurements displayed.
6. All measurements are displayed graphically – press arrow pointing left if and when
measurements have been performed.
7. Tap arrow pointing left
8. The measuring file is now prepared for import to Excel – tap the txt icon
9. Name the file as required. Please note that the file must be stored as fw2 file to be readable.
10. Check in file explorer that there are two files present: Raw file = SDF, IMPORT file = FW2

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3.2.5 Export of data to spread sheet

Go to the opening window

Open the file to export.

3.2.5.1 Create a .fw2 file from a .sdf file.

Open the specific file on the PDA. Below screen picture displays.

The file name is shown in the field.


Tap the icon ’txt’.

Then this screen picture displays.


Insert file name of the .fw2 file and decide where to store the file.

Tap the icon ’save’.

The operation may take some time due to limited processor power, so please have a little patience.
Further tapping may lead to PDA malfunction.

When the .fw2 file has been created then transfer the file to the appropriate Laptop folder.
A file is stored with the suffix .fw2 and can now bee opened in a spread sheet.

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3.2.6 Symbol clarifications

Text icon

Preceding page

Next page

Previous drop

Next drop

No connection

Return

Create new file/create new point

Open existing file

Delete

See curves

Perform drop

Waiting for data

Shot down

Battery level high > 4.75 V

Battery OK > 4.50 – 4.75 V

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Battery level low > 4.00 – 4.50 V

Battery level very low < 4.00 V (flashing)

Application icon

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3.2.7 How to measure with PRIMA 100 and portable computer (cable solution)
– Upstart of program and entering of project data

The program was installed in the following directory

C:\Program files\Prima 100\Data Collection

Find the path to “Data collection.exe.” Make a shortcut to place on your desktop or in the start menu for
future use.

Insert the circular Lemo-plug in the electronics box on the instrument and insert the serial 9-pin plug in the
portable computer’s serial port.

Start Data Collection program.

When starting up, the program asks for a user name. The
purpose is to allow searching for the individual measuring
data. The user name will be stored in the file together with
the measuring data.

Enter user name and press OK.

(The program can be run in demo-mode by pressing <Ctrl>


+ Shift + F12)

The data collection program only has one user interface


where all daily functions are activated.

The cursor can be moved between fields and buttons in the


following way:

 Mouse-click the selected field/button, or


 Activate the tabulator key. The selected field will then be framed with black.
 Apply shortcut keys for the selected field/button.

How to end the entering of data:

 Mouse-click outside the field or


 press Enter

How to undo entering:

Click

Or press the ESC key

The display shows, whether a key is active or not .....

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3.2.8 Data collection window

The symbols in the lower


right corner indicate,
whether computer and
PRIMA 100 are
connected.

The cable icon must be


green.

The battery icon shows


the charge level for the
PRIMA 100 battery.

If the icon is red, please


check whether the
batteries are inserted
correctly in the battery
box. If necessary, replace
batteries (see also section
2.2 under INSTALLATION).

Point Number: Indicate the measuring point to be measured. The point can be entered with
figures and/or letters.

Temperature: Indicate air and/or pavement / soil temperatures.

Pavement Description: Indicate the type of material on which the measurements are made, e.g.:
subsoil, subbase or base course gravel.

Remarks: Indicate any special remarks on the measurement, such as weather


conditions, if the weather has any influence on the material.

Drop Number: When a measurement has been carried out and the new measuring data
has been stored, ‘Drop Number’ will count one forward. If the
measurement is not stored, ‘drop number’ will not change. See also
section 3.2.10 ‘How to perform measurements’.

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3.2.9 How to start up a project in the user interface

Press F9/File and the


window File Handling
will display.

Path and File Name: Before any data and results can be stored, a file must be created.
Indicate path and file name of a new or an existing data file. The browse
button can be applied for navigation in the file structure.

Client Name: Indicate name of the customer

Client Code: Indicate customer number

Project Number: Indicate project number

Then click OK.

Back in the user interface the following data displays below to the left:

File Name: Name of the file


to be worked with

Client Name: Customer


name

Client Code: Customer


number

Project Number: Project


number

Date: Today’s date which will


be recorded in the data file

Time: Actual time recorded in


the data file

Note:

Work can be continued until data transfer stops even if the battery icon shows that you need to change
batteries.

You need not change batteries after the first warning.

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3.2.10 How to perform measurements


The instrument is now ready to record data. Check that PRIMA 100 is place vertically on an even
surface.

Check that there are no hands, feet or tools between drop weight and rubber buffers before dropping
the weight. Lift up the drop weight and fix it in the release handle.

Press the button Make Drop or key F12. The electronics box is now activated and the falling weight
deflectometer waits for the drop weight to be released.

The software is ready for measuring with the falling weight deflectometer
when the text to the right is displayed in the status box.

Press the safety lock with the left index finger as illustrated on the
photo.

Place the right hand on the guide rod above the release handle as
illustrated on the photo. In this way PRIMA 100 is steadied and will
not tip due to any reaction on the surface of the tested pavement.
Let the drop weight steady after a measurement, read the result
and store or delete it.

IMPORTANT! The weight will fall down hard.


Never place anything between the rubber buffers and the
weight – such as hands, feet or tools.

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To store data:

Click Save or key F2

If data should not be stored:


Click Cancel or key Esc

In the result windows in the


upper right corner, force,
impact, pulse time, distance
from centre to geophone,
deflections, resulting E0 for
the actual drop and average
E0 for all drops in the actual
point will display. If more than
one geophone is applied,
more lines with data and
results will display
automatically.

In the window at the upper


left corner the curves for
impact pulse and deflection are displayed. In connection with a normal and well performed drop, both
curves should be smooth without any fluctuations, and they should start in and return to the same
horizontal line. For the deflection curve this does not always hold, but data is correct anyway.

When the measuring work has been conducted:

Key Ctrl+F10 or click Close to shut the program.

The first 1-3 drops in each measuring point should be regarded as test drops with the purpose of
stabilising the PRIMA 100 contact to the surface. The operator decides whether or not to store this
data.

It is recommended to carry out drops until the results are stable within a range of ± 3-5%. Storage of
all data is recommended.

After having carried out the measurement and stored the result, the falling weight deflectometer is
moved on to the next point and the procedure is repeated. It is not necessary to shut down the
program before moving on to the next measuring point.

The measuring point number can now be changed. The new measuring point number will be stored
together with the new measuring results.

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3.2.11 Results – historic data

Laptop:
By keying F11 or clicking Drop History in the daily user interface, a window will display in which historic
data is displayed.

In the box at the bottom Path and File Name file name is selected. Then enter path and file name for the
actual or an earlier measuring file. Click the browse button to select a file.

In Drop Mode:
The measured surface E modulus for
each individual drop will display on
the graph.

Or in Point Mode:
Average surface E modulus for each
individual measuring point displays.

(The example only shows


measurements with centre geophone)

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3.3 Evaluation of measured results

The collected data are displayed in the computer. The operator can in this way assess, whether data
is as expected, while working.

Using the laptop version of the data collection program, the operator must after each drop decide
whether data and results should be stored or not.

With the PDA version data and results are stored automatically. If there is measuring data that should
not be included in the treatment of the measurements, data must be deleted manually.

Below table shows the intervals for typical material E moduli for various types of material:

Material Material E modulus

Subgrade 5-60 Mpa


Subbase 100-150 Mpa
Base course 300-350 Mpa
gravel/crushed asphalt
Crushed concrete 350-400 Mpa
Pavement stones 1500-2500 MPa
Cement stabilised sand 3000-10000 MPa
Cement stabilised gravel 6000-15000 MPa
Asphalt 2000-8000 MPa
Concrete 10000-30000 Mpa

Examples on structures:

Structure – below material moduli are indicated in MPa Resulting deflection and E0
Subgrade 20; subbase 120; base course gravel 330 399 82
Subgrade 10; subbase 120; base course gravel 330 572 58
Subgrade 5; subbase 120; base course gravel 330 846 39

Structure – below material moduli are indicated in MPa Resulting deflection and E0
Subgrade 20; subbase 150; base course gravel 350 371 89
Subgrade 10; subbase 120; base course gravel 330 572 58
Subgrade 5; subbase 100; base course gravel 300 899 37

All above examples are calculated with 30 cm subbase and 15 cm base course gravel in order to give
an indication of influence of the variation in the properties of the individual layers on the total result.

Structure – below material moduli are indicated in MPa


Subgrade 10; subbase 120; base course gravel 330 Resulting deflection and E0
30 cm subbase – 15 cm base course gravel 572 58
30 cm subbase – 30 cm base course gravel 421 78
50 cm subbase – 30 cm base course gravel 361 91

The above calculations are examples of the structure’s influence on the resulting deflection and
surface E modulus, E0. Deflection in µm and E0 in MPa.

All calculations were carried out using RoSy Compaction allowing estimation of expected E0 value by
entering actual values. The calculations have been carried out using a D300 mm load plate.

RoSy Compaction is a part of the PRIMA 100 package.

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3.4 How to print out results

The best way to print out collected data is via a spread sheet. It is, however, also possible to print out
from word processing programs such as e.g. NotePad.

Below follows an instruction in how to import files to a spread sheet. The example is based on Danish
conditions. Below settings depend on country/region setup of the PC.

3.4.1 How to import a file to a spread sheet for printout

3.4.1.1 Importing .fwd file to Excel. A file from a laptop

Open a blank work sheet. Open the specific file, then the windows below appear and follow the below
steps:

1. Select ‘Windows ANSI’. Click Next.

2. Check off ‘Tab’ and the ‘Semicolon field’. Click Next.

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3. Click Finish and data is imported to the spread sheet.

3.4.1.2 Import of a .fw2 file to Excel from PDA

Open a blank work sheet Open the specific file, then the windows below appear and follow the below
steps:

1. Select ‘Windows ANSI’.

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2. Check off the field ‘Tab’ only

3. Click ’Advanced’

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4. Decimal separator: Select ‘dot’ and blank as separators. Click OK

5. Then click Finish and data are imported to the spread sheet.

Open PDA file handling on the CD ROM and follow the instructions.

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4. MAINTENANCE, SERVICE AND SUPPORT

4.1 Calibration of PRIMA 100

Grontmij recommends annual absolute calibration of PRIMA 100. A calibration certificate will be issued
with the calibration data. The absolute calibration will be performed by Grontmij, Pavement Consultants.

Please note:
Geophones must be calibrated every year, and the load cell every other year. For calibration at the
Grontmij workshop the housing with geophone and load cell should be sent in.

Grontmij can offer to calibrate at the customer’s site.

4.2 Service and support

Provided that a production error is the cause of problems with equipment then support from Grontmij
is with out costs for the customer within the warranty period. Before contacting Grontmij, setup and
connections on the equipment should be checked. Also check, whether there is any power on the
battery.

Please contact Fiv@gmcb.dk for details for this recalibration


Have serial number ready when contacting Grontmij.

Items w need for a normal check and calibration – are shown below:

Please send parts to:


Grontmij | Carlbro
Kokbjerg 5
6000 Kolding
Denmark
0045 82 28 14 00

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4.3 General Sales and delivery specifications:

1 Printer: If a printer is supplied with the FWD system, GMCB reserves the right to any changes in
specifications in order to ensure that the printer complies with the FWD system
requirements.

On printers supplied by GMCB a warranty of 6 months is granted.


2 Software: Data collection software is supplied on a CD ROM with instructions in how to install the
software on a computer.
3 Accessories: Accessories are optional and not part of the standard FWD system. Accessories can be
selected and ordered as a part of the order.
4 Manuals: PRIMA100 LWD equipment is supplied with one manual in English.

5 Warranty on On LWD equipment supplied by GMCB a warranty of 24 months is granted. GMCB does not
PRIMA100 warrant any parts, computers or other instruments that are not supplied by GMCB. Neither
LWD shall GMCB cover any malfunctions on computers not approved by GMCB on which GMCB’s
equipment software has been installed.

GMCB issues a warranty certificate to the customer, which is delivered together with the
equipment. A warranty certificate can only be valid with signature and GMCB stamp and
issuance date.
6 GMCB Should problems occur due to manufacturing defects, GMCB offers free support.
support: If the problem could have been solved by consulting the manual, GMCB will charge the
time spent.
7 Calibration: GMCB recommends that LWD equipment be calibrated minimum every 12/24 months. A
system is always delivered calibrated. During the first 12 months from delivery of the
LWD system, the system will be supported according to the warranty conditions.
8 Insurance: The GMCB product and liability insurance does not cover any damage resulting from
misuse or careless handling of the equipment, use of the equipment by unskilled persons
or persons, who have not had a basic training course, any manipulation with the
system’s safety precautions, if a user lets an unauthorised workshop maintain or repair
the equipment, freight damage that causes errors on the equipment, except from the
transportation from factory to customer in case of a CIF or CIP delivery.
9 Fatal errors If GMCB discovers hardware or software parts with fatal errors, GMCB reserves the right
on equipment to replace these parts at any time. This is of course done for the cost of GMCB. If the
and software. customer discovers a fatal error, he shall be obligated to contact GMCB at once. If
GMCB considers the reported error fatal, the error will be corrected at GMCB cost.
Otherwise the customer will be contacted by GMCB.
10 User If a user does not use the LWD equipment or any software delivered in accordance with
operation instructions and user manuals, this shall not be considered as the responsibility of GMCB
errors: but shall be solely the responsibility of the customer in case of fatal consequences.
11 Disputes: A dispute arising out of or in connection with a contract shall be finally settled in
accordance with the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of
Commerce.

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5. ACCESSORIES AND SPARE PARTS

5.1 Accessories for PRIMA 100

1. 200 mm load plate

2. Extra weight at 5 kg each (1 x 5 kg weight can be mounted)

3. Extra geophone including house for fitting on beam (two extra


geophones can be connected)

4. Geophone beam 600 mm (for mounting of extra geophones)

5. Extra geophone including “stand alone” housing

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6. Transport and storage box (standard) 765 x 362 x 400 mm (material


thickness 4 mm)

7. Transport and storage box (reinforced) 765 x 362 x 400 mm With


moulded foam rubber (material thickness 9 mm)

8. Geophone tower (stacking tower) for verification of 2-3 geophones

9. PDA – Dell x 51V and Bluetooth antenna (class 2)

10. GPS antenna

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11. Battery charger for 4 x AA batteries (12 volt/220 volt)

12. Extra set of rechargeable batteries type AA (4 pcs)

13. Trolley

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6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWINGS


6.1 Technical specifications – PRIMA 100 FWD System

Dimensions:
Height : 1.40 m
Weight, standard equipment : < 20 kg
Weight including all weights : < 30 kg
Drop weight : 10, (15) kg
Max. drop height : 85 cm

Loading characteristics
Load plate : 100 - 200 - 300 mm Ø
Load range : 1 – 20 kN
Pulse time : 15 – 30 ms
Pulse curve : Half sine-curve
Pulse rise time : Approx. 8 - 15 ms

Load cell
Load cell accuracy : 1 % ± 0.1 kN
Resolution of forces : 0.1 kN (1 KPa)
Frequency range : 0-400 Hz

Deflection sensors
Sensor type : Seismic velocity transducer
Number of geophones : 1–3
Geophone accuracy : Better than ± 2%
Geophone resolution : 1  (1/1000 mm)
Geophone interval : 2200  (1/1000 mm)
Frequency range : 0.2 – 300 Hz

Data collection system


Data collection : Data collection box (PRIMA)
Time-history (real time) : On all geophones and force
Resolution : 16 BIT on all analogue channels (force and geophones)
Sampling : 16 kHz, simultaneous sampling (force and geophones)
Sampling period : 1 – 750 ms (user setup)
Storage of data (peak value) : ASCII format
Storage of data (time-history) : ASCII or binary format (comp. software)

Power supply and data transfer


Power supply : 4 x AA batteries 1.5 volt rechargeable and PS/2 port
Battery power for approx. 360 measurements with time-history
data. Automatic battery check and presentation.
PS/2 port : Data transfer via RS-232/USB
Wireless Bluetooth data transfer
Wireless PDA data transfer
GPS unit : Integrated

Data collection software


Operative system : MS Windows 98/2000/NT/ME/XP/PDA
Easy data and sequence setup File processing modules with view function
Time-history and peak value present. Historic data presentation in point and drop mode
E-moduli presentation Full access to Poisson’s ratio and stress distribution factor
Measuring sequence historic
Easy system configuration

Safety
EU : CE marking (EMC)

Calibration standard
Load cell : DANAK FORCE Institute
Geophones : AREPA Test & Calibration A/S

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6.2 Sketch of PRIMA 100

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PAIRED DEVICES / TRIMBLE JUNO SB AND BLUETOOTH DEVICES B20-9120-A02-3


1.

In case of problems with the connections between a Paired PDA and Bluetooth,
it is important not to delete the device shown under Setting on the PDA (example of paired
1005004/523)

Check upset in the programs (refer to section 2)


If the paired device has been deleted,
Follow below guide

Reset the Trimble Juno SB (small button on the right side of the Trimble)

Make sure that both options – shown below – are ticked on

Turn off power for Bluetooth / turn it on again

When Bluetooth power is re-established, it will normally try to make the new upset automatically as
follows:

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Enter passcode : 1111, and press Next

Now the device should be connected – please accept / done

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2.

Missing connection between PDA and Bluetooth

Be sure that the box is turned on (black power button on the left side of the box)
Check that the Power flash on the Bluetooth is flashing – if not:

Check that the two Lemo plugs are correctly inserted in the Prima 100 electronic box
(If correctly inserted you should not be able to pull out the plugs without pulling off the cover
of the box)

Please do not pull the cable.

Check that the batteries are fully charged (if only half charged, data cannot be sent to the
PDA)

Check that batteries are inserted correctly in the battery plug-in


Check that the battery plug-in is correctly and fully inserted in the electronic box
(Press the upper and lower side of the battery plug-in)

Check fuse on the upper side of electronic box


(1 ampere, if batteries are not placed correctly they will burn
Shown on battery plug-in how to place them)

Turn on PDA
Go to settings / connections Bluetooth Devices (check there is device found)
Mode (check that Bluetooth is on and device is visible – tick them on)
Com ports (remember which port number is used in Incoming Ports)

Start up the Prima 100 program


Go to tools, press Next
Check that com port number, is the same as in PDA Bluetooth settings
Press Next
Check that GPS com settings – under port number – is chosen as com 4

Continue to Project (open or create a project)

When the two arrows on the button line change to a battery – the Prima 100 program is
connected to the Bluetooth (remember if battery is shown with ½ capacity / please replace
batteries in electronic box).

If you still have problems, please contact Grontmij:

* Finn Iversen – fiv@gmcb.dk


* Poul-Erik Jakobsen – pja@gmcb.dk

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6.8.1 Setup of Bluetooth connection VERSION 2 ( page 27-29 )


ONLY FOR USE WITH SERIAL NUMBERS B20-9120-A02-2 - XXXXXXX

1. Start PDA

2. Tap the setting icon

3. Select Bluetooth under Connections

4. Check Bluetooth

5. Check off Turn on Bluetooth

6. Go to Devices and select Add new device

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1. Wait until all devices have been located

2. Select Prima 100 (xxxx ) and tap Next

3. IMPORTANT – select Next without entering anything in the space Passcode


.
4. Tap Yes when PRIMA 100 xxxx asks to connect

5. IMPORTANT – Passcode will display again. Now enter the figure 1 (one) 4 times (1111) and
tap Next

6. A screen picture now displays in which Serial port can be checked off

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7. Check off Serial port and finish

8. HTC now displays that PRIMA 100 xxxx is connected

9. The screen picture displaying Serial port may pop up again.


Should this happen then check off Serial port again
.
10. Tab the tab Com.port and select New outgoing port

11. Mark PRIMA 100 xxxx and tap Next

12. Select Com 6 with HTC and remove ”check mark” in Secure connection and tap FINISH.

NOTE:
Dell Axim x51 = Com 8

HP Ipaq = Com 1

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