Logistics Report

For

High Resolution Helicopter Magnetic and

Gamma-ray Spectrometric Geophysical Survey

Flown over

Pimentón Block

From

San Filipe, Valparaiso, Chile

Carried out on behalf of

FQM Exploration (Chile) S.A.

by

New Sense SpA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
AMENDMENT RECORD ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
2. SURVEY LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................... 6
3. PERSONNEL .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1 FIELD OPERATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 OFFICE DATA PROCESSING AND OFFSITE QA/QC ................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................... 8
4. SURVEY PARAMETERS .............................................................................................................................................. 9
5. AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................... 11
5.1 SURVEY EQUIPMENT SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 11
5.2 AIRCRAFT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
5.3 AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................................... 12
5.3.1 Magnetometer ................................................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.2 Fluxgate Magnetometer .................................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.3 GPS Navigation ................................................................................................................................................ 12
5.3.4 Radar Altimeter ................................................................................................................................................ 12
5.3.5 Laser Altimeter ................................................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.6 Geophysical Flight Control System ................................................................................................................... 13
5.3.7 Spectrometer.................................................................................................................................................... 13
5.3.8 iDAS Digital Recording ..................................................................................................................................... 13
5.3.9 Pressure and Temperature ............................................................................................................................... 14
5.3.10 Spectrometer Digital Recording .................................................................................................................. 14
5.4 GROUND MONITORING SYSTEM ........................................................................................................................................ 14
5.4.1 Base Station Magnetometer ............................................................................................................................ 14
5.4.2 Recording ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.5 FIELD COMPILATION SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................................ 14
6. PRE-SURVEY MAGNETIC COMPENSATION AND SPECTROMETER CALIBRATIONS .................................................... 15
6.1 MAGNETIC COMPENSATION ............................................................................................................................................. 15
6.2 SPECTROMETER CALIBRATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 16
6.2.1 Energy Windows ............................................................................................................................................. 17
6.2.2 Calibration Pad Test ......................................................................................................................................... 17
6.2.3 Cosmic Flight Test ............................................................................................................................................ 18
6.2.3.1 Setup and Measurement Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 18
6.2.3.2 Results from Cosmic Flight Test ............................................................................................................................... 19
6.2.4 Altitude Attenuation Test ................................................................................................................................. 19
6.2.4.1 Results from Altitude Attenuation Test ................................................................................................................... 19
6.2.5 Radioelement System Sensitivities ................................................................................................................... 20
7. OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................ 21
7.1 FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT PATH.................................................................................................................................. 21
7.2 BASE STATION ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
7.3 DATA COMPILATION ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
7.3.1 Flight Path Corrections ..................................................................................................................................... 23
7.3.2 Magnetic data Corrections............................................................................................................................... 24
7.3.2.1 Removing of Spikes .................................................................................................................................................. 24
7.3.2.2 Filtering and Compensation ..................................................................................................................................... 24
7.3.2.3 Diurnal Corrections .................................................................................................................................................. 24

2
 7.3.2.4 Heading Corrections ................................................................................................................................................ 25
7.3.2.5 Lag Corrections ........................................................................................................................................................ 26
7.3.2.6 IGRF Corrections ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.3.2.7 Leveling Corrections ................................................................................................................................................ 27
7.3.2.8 Microleveling ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
7.3.3 Gridding ........................................................................................................................................................... 28
7.3.4 Vertical Derivative ............................................................................................................................................ 28
7.3.5 Analytic Signal .................................................................................................................................................. 28
7.3.6 Radiometric Data Corrections .......................................................................................................................... 28
7.3.6.1 Pre-filtering, Spectrum Calibration and Spectral Smoothing ................................................................................... 28
7.3.6.2 Live Time Corrections .............................................................................................................................................. 30
7.3.6.3 Aircraft and Cosmic Background .............................................................................................................................. 31
7.3.6.4 Compton Stripping ................................................................................................................................................... 31
7.3.6.5 Equivalent Height at STP .......................................................................................................................................... 32
7.3.5.6 Height Attenuation Corrections ............................................................................................................................... 32
7.3.6.7 MicroLeveling of corrected data .............................................................................................................................. 33
7.3.6.8 Conversion to Apparent Radioelement Concentrations .......................................................................................... 33
7.3.6.9 Air Absorption Dose Rate ........................................................................................................................................ 34
7.3.7 Gridding ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
7.3.8 Ratio eTh / K% .................................................................................................................................................. 34
7.3.9 Ternary MAP .................................................................................................................................................... 35
7.4 DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL ................................................................................................................................................. 35
8. DIGITAL DATA DELIVERABLES ................................................................................................................................. 36
9. SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................................. 37
APPENDIX A: BACKGROUND, COSMIC AND ALTITUDE ATTENUATION TEST CHARTS.................................................. 38
APPENDIX B: FOM RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 42
APPENDIX C: DATABASE DESCRIPTIONS .................................................................................................................... 44
APPENDIX E: IMAGES OF FINAL MAPS ....................................................................................................................... 47
APPENDIX F: MICROLEVELLING DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................... 59
APPENDIX G: COPY OF THE PROPOSAL .................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
APPENDIX H: SPECIFICATION SHEETS ......................................................................................................................... 61

3
AMENDMENT RECORD

Rev Date Description Report Section Prepared by

DOCUMENT RECORD

Document Identification
HMR191203
Document Custodian
Field Operations Manager
Relates To
Final Deliverables
Original Date Issued
2020-05-07

4
1. INTRODUCTION

A high sensitivity helicopter-borne Magnetic and Gamma-ray Spectrometric geophysical survey

was carried out for FQM Exploration (Chile) S.A. (Client) over survey area of Pimentón. (see
Figure 2.1).

New Sense SpA (NSG) flew the survey under the terms of an agreement with Client dated
December 3, 2019.

The properties were flown from December 13, 2019 to December 22, 2019.

Project Line km Area– (Km)2

Pimentón 694.3 63.3

Over 8 days, 11 survey flights were needed to complete the acquisition of data.
A total of 694.3 survey line kilometers of airborne magnetic and radiometric data was flown,
collected, processed and finalized.

The geophysical equipment comprised of one high-sensitivity Cesium-3 magnetometer and a

1024-channel spectrometer with four downward-looking crystals (total 16 liters) and one
upward-looking crystal (total 4 liters). The airborne ancillary equipment included digital
recorders, a fluxgate magnetometer, radar and laser altimeters and a global positioning system
(GPS) receiver, which provided accurate real-time navigation and subsequent flight path
recovery. Ground equipment included a magnetic base station with GPS time synchronization
and a PC-based field workstation, which was used to check the data quality and completeness
on a daily basis.

The technical objective of the survey was to provide high-resolution total field magnetic and
radiometric maps suitable for anomaly delineation, detailed structural evaluation, and
identification of lithologic trends. The fully corrected magnetic and radiometric maps were
prepared by New Sense SpA in their Toronto office, after the completion of survey activities.

This report describes the acquisition, processing, and presentation of data for the airborne
survey over Pimentón area flown from San Felipe, Chile.

5
2. SURVEY LOCATION

Projection method: WGS84 / NAD83 Zone 19S

Datum: WGS84
Local Datum Transform: WGS84
Length units: meters

Table 2.1: Pimentón Block coordinates

Corners Easting - X Northing - Y Latitude Longitude

WGS 84 (m) WGS 84 (m) (°) (°)
1 383250 6400600 -32.525799 -70.243139
2 383250 6410650 -32.435158 -70.241894
3 389550 6410650 -32.435801 -70.174892
4 389550 6400600 -32.526444 -70.176070

6
Figure 2.1 Location map depicting flown Pimentón (red) over a SRTM1 – South America South -
resolution of 30m (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission grid) from Geosoft Public DAP Server (also
available from http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/).

7
3. PERSONNEL

3.1 FIELD OPERATIONS

New Sense SpA: Chris Evans (Operations Manager)

Juan Pablo Ureta (Field Lead)
Nelson Larrachea (Field Lead)

Helicopter Company: Ecocopter S.A.

Pilot: Victor Alarcon

3.2 OFFICE DATA PROCESSING AND OFFSITE QA/QC

Data QA/QC: Chris Evans

Lily Manoukian

Data Processing and Grids: Chris Evans

Lily Manoukian

Maps: Lily Manoukian

Logistics Report: Lily Manoukian

Chris Evans

3.3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

New Sense SpA: William E.S. (Ted) Urquhart, Ph.D.,

President

FQM Exploration (Chile) S.A.: Steve Boucher

Regional Geophysicist – South
America

8
 4. SURVEY PARAMETERS

Traverse Traverse Control Control Ground Measurement Measurement

Line Line Line Line speed spacing (av.) spacing (av.)
Area
spacing Direction Spacing Direction (av.) Magnetic Radiometric
(m) (°) (m) (°) (Km/h) (m/0.1 sec) (m/0.1 sec)
Pimentón 100 0/180 1000 90/270 73.1 2.03 20.3

Flying Specifications
Nominal survey Height: 60 m
Actual Radar Altimeter (av.): 66.3 m
Actual Laser Altimeter (av.): 79.2 m

Data recorded
Navigation: GPS

Sample Rates (Acquisition / Database)

Magnetometer: 0.02/0.1 sec (50/10 Hz)
Radiometric: 1.0 sec (1 Hz)
Base Magnetometer: 0.02/0.1 sec (50/10 Hz)
Radar Altimeter: 1.0 sec (1 Hz)
GPS: 0.1 sec for GPS

Airborne Digital Record: Line Number

Flight Number
Time (System and GPS)
Raw Global Positioning System (GPS) data
Radar Altimeter
Total Field Magnetics
Magnetic compensation parameters (fluxgate mag.)
Down Live Time
Up Live Time
Thorium counts
Potassium counts
Uranium counts
Upward det. Uranium counts
Cosmic counts
Down Spectrum

9
 Up Spectrum
Total Counts

Base Station Record: Ambient Total Field Magnetics

Raw Global Positioning System (GPS) data
Time (System and GPS)

10
5. AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENT

5.1 SURVEY EQUIPMENT SUMMARY

The following equipment was used in the survey.

Survey Platform: Bell 206 Long Ranger Helicopter

Data Acquisition and Survey System: NSG iNAV
Magnetometer Sensor: Scintrex CS-3
Fluxgate Magnetometer: Bartington Three – Axis Magnetic Field Sensors
Magnetic Base Station: Scintrex CS-3
Spectrometer: RS-500
Temperature and Barometric Pressure: Stellar Pressure and Temperature Sensor
GPS and DGPS Receiver: NovAtel OEM628
Laser Altimeter: ILM-1200-R
Radar Altimeter: TRA 3500
In-Field Software: Geosoft Oasis Montaj

The specification sheets for all the equipment above are provided in Appendix H

5.2 AIRCRAFT

The aircraft used was an AS350 B3 helicopter with call sign CC-AFR equipped with a Cesium
magnetometer mounted in a fixed stinger assembly, and an RS-500 airborne spectrometer
that is mounted in the helicopter cabin behind the front seats. The aviation company providing
the aircraft service was Ecocopter S.A., based out of Santiago, Chile.

11
5.3 AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL SYSTEM

5.3.1 MAGNETOMETER

Two Scintrex CS-3 optically pumped Cesium split beam sensors were mounted in a fixed
stinger. The magnetometer’s Larmor frequency output was processed by a KMAG-4
magnetometer counter, which provides a resolution of 0.15 ppm (in a magnetic field of
50,000 nT, resolution equivalent to 0.0075 nT). The raw magnetic data was recorded at
50 Hz, anti-aliased with a 51-point cosine filter and resampled at 10 Hz.

5.3.2 FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETER

One Bartington Three – Axis Magnetic Field Sensor was mounted in the fixed stinger
assembly. The raw fluxgate data was recorded at 50 Hz, anti-aliased with a 51-point
cosine filter and resampled at 10 Hz.

5.3.3 GPS NAVIGATION

A NovAtel state of the art OEM628 GPS board was used for navigation and flight path
recovery. The OEM628 is designed with NovAtel’s new 120 channel ASIC, which tracks
all current and upcoming GNSS constellations and satellite signals including GPS,
GLONASS, Galileo and Compass.

The channels were configured for GPS: L1, L2.

5.3.4 RADAR ALTIMETER

A TRA 3500 radar altimeter was mounted inside the stinger. This instrument operates
with a linear performance over the range of 0 to 2,500 feet and records the terrain
clearance of the sensors. The raw radar altimeter data was recorded at 50 Hz, anti-
aliased with a 21-point cosine filter and re-sampled at 10 Hz.

5.3.5 LASER ALTIMETER

A Renishaw Plc. ILM-1200-R laser altimeter was mounted to the base of the stinger. This
instrument operates with a linear performance over the range of 0 to 4,000 feet (1200
m) and records the terrain clearance of the sensors. The raw laser altimeter data was
recorded at 10 Hz, anti-aliased with a 21-point cosine filter.

12
5.3.6 GEOPHYSICAL FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

New-Sense’s iNAV V4 geophysical flight control system recorded and monitored the
performance of the magnetometer, altimeter, and GPS equipment. Input from the
various sensors was monitored every 0.005 seconds for the precise coordination of
geophysical and positional measurements. The input was recorded fifty times per second
(ten times per second in the case of GPS data).

GPS positional coordinates and terrain clearance information were made available to the
pilot by means of a panel mounted LCD indicator display. The magnetometer response,
fluxgate profiles, the altimeter profiles and equipment performance were also accessible
through a netbook computer via Ethernet cable for real-time monitoring.

5.3.7 SPECTROMETER

The RS-500 Airborne Spectrometer with RSX-5 detector pack, manufactured by

Radiation Solution’s Inc. (RSI), was used for the survey. The RS-500 spectrometer has a
multi-peak gain stabilization algorithm and is capable of recording 1024 channels with
an accuracy of 0.1 to 10 counts/second.

The RS-500 is connected to a crystal pack comprising four downward-looking crystals (16
liters total) and one upward-looking crystal (4 liters total). The downward crystals record
the radiometric spectrum from 410 KeV to 2810 KeV over 1024 discrete energy windows,
as well as from a cosmic ray channel that detects photons with energy levels above 3.0
MeV. From these 1024 channels, the standard Total Count, Potassium, Uranium and
Thorium channels are extracted. The upward crystal is used to measure and correct for
atmospheric Radon interference. The shock-protected Sodium Iodide (Thallium) crystal
package is unheated and automatically stabilizes with respect to multiple peaks. The RS-
500 provides raw data that has been automatically corrected for gain, base level, ADC
offset, and dead time.

5.3.8 IDAS DIGITAL RECORDING

The output of the CS-3 magnetometer, fluxgate

magnetometer, radar and laser altimeters, GPS
coordinates, and time (system and GPS), were
recorded digitally on a solid-state drive (SSD) at a
sample rate of fifty times per second (ten times
per second for GPS) by the NSG iNAV system.

13
 5.3.9 PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

A Stellar Instruments pressure and temperature sensor, model PT1702-20A-101, was

used to record the ambient pressure and temperature during the survey. The instrument
was used to record the absolute pressure and temperature during the survey, and was
mounted in the helicopter stinger. The sensor’s units of measure were recorded in mbars
(pressure), and degrees Celsius (temperature).

5.3.10 SPECTROMETER DIGITAL RECORDING

The output of the RS-500 spectrometer, GPS coordinates and time (UTC) were recorded
digitally on an internal RS-500 flash drive at a sample rate of 1 Hz. After each flight, the
data was copied and synchronized using UTC clock with the iDAS digital records.

5.4 GROUND MONITORING SYSTEM

5.4.1 BASE STATION MAGNETOMETER

A Scintrex CS-3 optically pumped cesium split beam sensor was used at a remote base
installation in vicinity of Wild Horse Resort, Nevada. The station was set up in an area of
low magnetic gradient as well as low cultural electric and magnetic noise sources. The
sensitivity and absolute accuracy of the ground magnetometer is +/- 0.01 nT. Data was
recorded continuously at fifty times per second throughout all survey operations in
digital form on a solid-state hard drive (SSD). Both the ground and airborne magnetic
readings were synchronized based on the GPS clock.

5.4.2 RECORDING

The output of the magnetic and GPS monitors was recorded digitally on a solid-state
hard drive (SSD). A visual record of the last three hours was graphically maintained on
the computer screen to provide an up-to-date appraisal of magnetic activity. At the
conclusion of each production flight, raw GPS and magnetic data were transferred to the
main field compilation computer, then uploaded for office compilation and processing.

5.5 FIELD COMPILATION SYSTEM

A field laptop computer was used for field data processing and verification of data quality
and completeness. Data checks were carried out at the end of every survey day / flight.
The raw data was imported to Geosoft Oasis montaj for QA/QC and processing purposes.

14
6. PRE-SURVEY MAGNETIC COMPENSATION AND SPECTROMETER CALIBRATIONS

6.1 MAGNETIC COMPENSATION

The proximity of the aircraft to the magnetic sensor creates a measurable anomalous response
as a result of the aircraft’s movement. The orientation of the aircraft with respect to the sensor
and the motion of the aircraft through the earth’s magnetic field are contributing factors to the
strength of this response. A special calibration flight, Figure of Merit (i.e., FOM), was flown to
record the information necessary to compensate for these effects.

The FOM maneuvers consist of a series of calibration lines flown at high altitude to gain
information in each of the required line directions. During this procedure, pitch, roll and yaw
maneuvers are performed on the aircraft (typical angle ranges are 15° pitch, 15° roll, and 15°
yaw). Each variation is conducted three times in succession (first pitch, then roll, then yaw),
providing a complete picture of the aircraft’s effects at designated headings in all orientations.

A three-axis Bartington fluxgate magnetometer (recorded at 50 Hz) was used to measure the
orientation and rates of change of the magnetic field of the aircraft, away from localized
terrestrial magnetic anomalies. QC Tool’s digital compensation algorithm was then applied to
generate a correction factor to compensate for permanent, induced, and eddy current magnetic
responses generated by the aircraft’s movements.

FOM test was conducted on December 15, 2019. The FOM maneuvers consisted of a series of
calibration lines flown at high altitude (14,500+ ft. above sea level) to gain information in each
of the required line directions. During this procedure, pitch, roll, and yaw maneuvers were
performed on the aircraft.

Table 6.1 FOM test results summary

December 14, 2019

Total noise (nT) 1.82
Noise envelope (nT) 0.24

See Appendix B for more detail information.

15
Figure 6.1 Calibration test locations

6.2 SPECTROMETER CALIBRATIONS

The calibration and testing of the RS-500 (S/N 5509) airborne gamma-ray spectrometry system
were carried out as specified in the table 6.2 below. The installed equipment and
configurations were selected to conform to contract’s technical specifications.

The calibration of the spectrometer system is a vital process to airborne gamma-ray

spectrometry, which consists of three tests:

Calibration Pad measurements are used to determine the “spectral overlap” (Compton
scattering) coefficients. The calibration test was performed by the manufacturer (Radiation
Solutions Inc.), at its headquarters in Mississauga, Ontario.

Cosmic Flight Test, is used to determine cosmic coefficients and aircraft background noise.

16
Height Attenuation Test, determines the altitude attenuation coefficients and the radio-
element sensitivity of the airborne spectrometer system.

Table 6.2 Calibration and test dates

Calibration Pad Cosmic Flight Height Attenuation

RS 5509 June 25, 2019 December 15, 2019 December 15, 2019

6.2.1 ENERGY WINDOWS

The airborne radiometric technique requires measurement of count rates for specific
energy regions or windows in the natural gamma-ray spectrum. The standard energy
regions (in accordance with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 323), and
their corresponding channel limits are:

Table 6.2.1 Downward spectrometer energy windows

Energy Limit
Channel Limit (inclusive)
(keV)
Designation
Unit Values
Lower Upper
Lower Upper
Total Count (TC) 410 2810 137 937
K 1370 1570 457 523
U 1660 1860 553 620
Th 2410 2810 803 937
U (upward) 1660 1860 553 620
Cosmic 3200 infinity

6.2.2 CALIBRATION PAD TEST

The Compton stripping coefficients, as provided by RSI, are listed below:

17
 Table 6.2.2 Compton stripping coefficients

Spectrometer “normal”
Stripping Ratios
(SN 5509) values
Th into U (alpha = a23/a33) 0.265 0.250
Th into K (beta = a13/a33) 0.448 0.400
U into K (gamma = a12/a22) 0.73 0.810
U into Th (a = a32/a22) 0.034 0.060
K into Th (b = a31/a11) -0.002 0
K into U (g = a21/a11) 0.002 0.003

6.2.3 COSMIC FLIGHT TEST

In each of the spectral windows, the radiation increases exponentially with height due to
radiation of cosmic origin. As well, the aircraft itself contributes a constant background
to the count rate. By completing a series of flights within the same region, over a range
of altitudes, these background contributions can be determined.

6.2.3.1 SETUP AND MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE

1. A resolution test was completed at the aircraft base prior to the cosmic
test to insure the sensitivity and accuracy of the spectrometer.
2. Once the aircraft reached the desired altitude (first at ~17,700 feet),
survey data were recorded for approximately ten minutes.
3. Step 2 was then repeated at the following remaining altitudes (see Table
6.2.3.1).

Table 6.2.3.1 Cosmic Test data

RSI 5509 (average counts)

Altitude (feet) Cosmic UU K U Th TC
17681.1 612.3 8.8 47.4 33.1 38.4 742.9
16718.4 538.7 8 42.8 28.7 33.1 665.8
15671.6 467 7 39.6 25.8 29.2 588.5
14673.7 408.4 6.2 35.1 23 25.9 522.9

18
 6.2.3.2 RESULTS FROM COSMIC FLIGHT TEST

At each altitude, the raw data for the five windows of interest (Th, K, U, TC, and U
upward) were evaluated for quality. The mean raw values were extracted and
plotted against the cosmic background window (see Appendix A). The result is a
linear trend where the slope and intercept represent the cosmic stripping ratio and
the aircraft background, respectively. The results from the graphs are summarized
below.

Table 6.2.3.2 Cosmic and aircraft background coefficients

Element Cosmic Aircraft Background

K 0.0585 11.6031
U 0.0487 2.9919
Th 0.0607 0.8898
TC 1.0781 83.8515
UU 0.0129 0.9892

6.2.4 ALTITUDE ATTENUATION TEST

The height attenuation of the spectrometer systems was calculated by hovering over a
flat ground. The test range was flown by acquiring data over a series of five hover
altitudes at a fixed point for the following altitudes:

60, 80, 120, 150 and 190 meters above ground.

6.2.4.1 RESULTS FROM ALTITUDE ATTENUATION TEST

The airborne data from the altitude attenuation test was checked for quality,
edited and divided into lines, where each line represented a pass. The radiometric
windows were then corrected for background (aircraft and cosmic) and stripped of
Compton contributions. After averaging the data for each line, four windows of
interest (K, U, Th, and Total Count) were plotted against the altimeter in order to
obtain the height attenuation. The results were obtained using an exponential
regression, where the slope represents the attenuation coefficient and the ‘y’
intercept represents the counts at 0 feet (see Appendix A).

19
 Table 6.2.4.1 Height Attenuation coefficients

Element RSI 5509

K -0.0055
U -0.0052
Th -0.0046
TC -0.0042

6.2.5 Radioelement System Sensitivities

The radiometric sensitivities were obtained through the Praga software, calculated from
the height attenuation test results and natural attenuation by air at 60m STP altitude:

20
7. OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES

7.1 FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT PATH

The block outline coordinates (section 2.0) were used to generate pre-calculated navigation
files. The navigation files were then used to plan flights at the designated traverse line spacing
of 100 meters and control lines of 1000 meters.

Preliminary flight paths were used to monitor coverage of the survey area.

7.2 BASE STATION

The magnetic base station (BS 5400) was set up in a magnetically quiet area close to town of
San Filipe – shown below:

7.2 Base Station Location

Base Location Latitude (°) Longitude (°)

San Felipe -32.794108 -70.574137

Mag Base station location (Courtesy of Google Earth)

21
The base station readings were monitored to ensure that the diurnal variations were within the
peak-to-peak envelope of 15 nT over a long chord distance equivalent to a period of two
minutes.

7.3 DATA COMPILATION

At the conclusion of each survey flight, the data recorded by the airborne and base station
systems were transferred to the field compilation system. The magnetic data, diurnal data,
radar altimeter, GPS height data and flight path are checked for noise, spikes, inconsistencies
and deviations. The flight data was merged daily into the Geosoft database.

The flight data was presented daily on a unique NSG service ‘Dashboard’, which provides both
summarized, at-a-glance, up-to-the-minute views of many aspects of the project status and
progress, as well as the ability—with a click or two—to see highly-detailed results, statistics, and
preliminary.

The following are the applications available

for display to the Client and NSG personnel:

- Emergency response plan and

block-specific safety plans:
- Aircraft and crew location
- Daily survey flight plans
- Current survey coverage (flown
and un-flown)
- Live magnetic base signal, plus
remote weather station data and
camera feed
- Images of the grids surveyed, up
to and including the previous day’s
flights

22
7.3.1 FLIGHT PATH CORRECTIONS

The navigational correction process yields a flight path expressed in WGS84, World and
transformed to corresponding project to WGS84 UTM Zone 19S.

23
7.3.2 MAGNETIC DATA CORRECTIONS

7.3.2.1 REMOVING OF SPIKES

50 Hz Cesium-3 raw data (MAG_RAW) was visually inspected for spikes in the
data. They were removed and interpolated using the ‘prediction’ interpolation
method.

The spikes corrected data were stored under MAG_RAW_clean channel.

7.3.2.2 FILTERING AND COMPENSATION

After correcting the magnetic data for spikes, the data was filtered along with the
fluxgate magnetometer data, with a 51-cosine anti-aliasing algorithm and re-
sampled at 10 Hz.

The filtered and re-sampled data was stored in the MAG_FILT channel.
Then the MAG_FILT data was compensated for permanent, induced, and eddy
current magnetic noise generated by the aircraft using data from the fluxgate
magnetometer (see Appendix B).

The compensated magnetic data was stored in the MAG_COMP channel.

7.3.2.3 DIURNAL CORRECTIONS

The compensated magnetic data was adjusted to account for diurnal variations.
The magnetic variations recorded at the base station recognized to be caused by
man-made sources (such as equipment or vehicles passing by the sensor) was
removed/filtered and gaps interpolated.

The base station diurnal data was recorded at 50Hz and filtered with a 51-point
Cosine filter. The filtered base station data is merged with aeromagnetic data.
This data is further filtered with Lowpass of 20 fiducials. The average of diurnal
from the base station’s value is obtained for all flights (23573 nT). This data is
then subtracted directly from the aeromagnetic measurements to provide a first
order diurnal correction.

Diurnal Corrected Data = Compensated Magnetic data – Diurnal Measurements

+ Av. of Base Station measurements (23573 nT)

24
The resulting base station corrected data was stored in the
MAG_DIURNAL_CORR channel.

7.3.2.4 HEADING CORRECTIONS

The optically-pumped magnetic sensors have an inherent heading error, typically

1 to 2 nT peak-to-peak, as the sensor is rotated through 360 degrees. On flight
line directions of the opposite heading, the effect is reasonably predictable.

The heading test flight was flown in a magnetically quiet area at 8,300+ ft. above
sea level altitude on December 14, 2019 with the following results:

Table 7.3.2.4.1 Summary of Heading test flight results

Direction Mean on line Mean in direction Mean in heading Error

(°) (nT) (nT) (nT) (nT)
270 23671.5
23666.6 13.4
270 23671.8
23680.1
90 23700.5
23693.5 -13.4
90 23586.5

Note: The heading test was not flown in the direction of the traverse lines. The
heading offsets tend to vary from flight-to-flight due to various wind and
topography conditions. For that reason, the heading offsets for the traverse lines
where empirically determined instead.

Table 7.3.2.4.2 Applied Heading corrections

Line Type Applied correction (nT) Applied correction (nT)

FLT # 0° heading 180° heading
5-7 Traverse 5 -5
8 Traverse 2 -2
9 Traverse 4 -5
11,12 Traverse 6 -6

Applied correction (nT) Applied correction (nT)

270° heading 90° heading
Control -13 13

25
With some additional adjustment in these values for individual lines and control
lines, the heading corrected magnetic data was stored in MAG_HEADING_CORR
channel.

7.3.2.5 LAG CORRECTIONS

There are two potential types of Lag offsets when collecting airborne data: time
lag and distance lag.

NSG ensures that there is no time lag in the data acquisition system. By recording
unique markers every second which is based on the GPS time stamp (associated
with the exact change in GPS positioning). This information is used to realign (if
necessary) the individual data records.

The distance lag is determined by dividing the distance from the GPS antenna to
the sensor head by the averaged sample rate distance.

Lag = D / sample rate (m/sample)

Where D (= 5.16 m) Distance between Mag sensor (in stinger) to GPS sensor
(mounted on the roof of aircraft)

Due to speed of the aircraft, the lag corrections of 2 records were applied to the
MAG_HEADING_CORR channel and stored in the MAG_LAG_CORR channel.

7.3.2.6 IGRF CORRECTIONS

The total field strength of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF)
was calculated for every data point, based on the spot values of Latitude,
Longitude and Height and using the ‘auto’ date when each line was flown. This
IGRF was removed from the measured survey data on a point-by-point basis from
the lag corrected channel.

26
The IGRF field variations were calculated by subtracting the region’s average IGRF
value from the calculated IGRF field at each record position. The IGRF variation
data were then subtracted directly from the aeromagnetic lag corrected data.

IGRF Corrected Data = Lag Corrected Magnetic Data – IGRF variations

+ Average of IGRF (23390 nT)

The IGRF corrections were applied to the MAG_LAG_CORR channel and stored in
the MAG_IGRF_CORR channel.

7.3.2.7 LEVELING CORRECTIONS

A survey traverse/control line intercepts array/matrix (i.e., Simple Leveling) was

created for determining differences in magnetic field at the intersection points.
The somewhat rugged terrain of the survey blocks, which resulted in some line-
to-line difference in altitude, and relatively strong magnetic anomalies made
magnetic signal at some Traverse/Control line intersection points quite different.
As a result, some of those intersection points needed to be manually adjusted in
order to reduce line-to-line magnetic differences.

7.3.2.8 MICROLEVELING

This procedure is carried out in order to remove any low-amplitude component

of flight line noise that is still remaining in survey data after tie line levelling.

27
 Table 7.3.2.8 Microlevelling parameters for TMI

Line Line Grid Decorrugation Amplitude Amplitude Naudy Filter

Property name Spacing Direction Cell Size Cutoff Limit Limit Length
(m) (°) (m) (m) (nT) Mode (m)
Pimentón 100 0/180 10 600 15 clip 10

The resulting microleveled magnetic data was stored in MAG_FIN channel.

7.3.3 GRIDDING

The final TMI was produced from the MAG_FIN. For Pimentón area, the data was
gridded using a Bi-Directional line gridding method with a grid cell size of 25 meters and
a Trend angle of -15°.

7.3.4 VERTICAL DERIVATIVE

A First Order Vertical Derivative (VD) data was calculated using a 2D FFT2 algorithm
based on microleveled final magnetic gridded data (MAG_FIN). The resulting VD grid was
sampled directly into the database. A Lowpass filter of 55 fiducials (equivalent of 5 fids
for 1 Hz data) was applied for the resampled channel.

This data was stored under VD channel.

7.3.5 ANALYTIC SIGNAL

Analytic_Signal was calculated using the TMI the grid obtained from MAG_FIN channel.
The resulting Analytic Signal grid was sampled directly into the database. A Lowpass filter
of 65 fiducials (equivalent of 6 fids for 1 Hz data) was applied for the resampled channel.

7.3.6 RADIOMETRIC DATA CORRECTIONS

7.3.6.1 Pre-filtering, Spectrum Calibration and Spectral Smoothing

The cosmic channel data was processed with a 15-point low pass filter to remove
spikes.
The radar altimeter channel while recorded at 50 Hz was filtered with a 21-point
cosine filter and then sampled to 1Hz.

28
To perform the channel-to-energy calibration of the input spectra, an average of
spectral responses (Praga4 resampled the 1024 channel array to 512 as it works
only on either 256- or 512-channel array) from many survey lines was compared
to a spectrum composed of model detector responses. The peak positions of
both model and averaged input spectra were identified and a 2nd-order
polynomial was computed to translate the peak positions of the input spectrum
to the peak positions of the model spectrum, assuming that the photopeaks of
individual radionuclides stay at the same position throughout the entire dataset.
The input spectra were physically stretched to match the channel-to-energy
definition of the model response, maintaining a constant channel width across
the spectrum.

The Noise Adjusted Singular Value Decomposition (NASVD), a spectral

smoothing technique, was applied on the calibrated 512 channel spectrum with
9 Eigenvectors for inversion (see Figure 7.3.6.2).

Figure 7.3.6.1 PRAGA 4 Geosoft Radiometric processing

29
 Figure 7.3.6.2 NASVD settings.

All the consequent corrections were performed on the window counts sampled
from the calibrated and NASVD smoothed spectra.

7.3.6.2 LIVE TIME CORRECTIONS

The spectrometer uses the notion of “live time” to express the relative period of
time during which the instrument registers new pulses per sample interval.

The live time correction was applied to the NASVD corrected raw total count,
potassium, uranium, thorium, upward uranium, and cosmic channels.

The formula used to apply the correction is as follows:

C LT = C raw / LT

Where:
 C LT is the live time corrected channel in counts/sec
 C raw is the raw channel in counts/sec
 LT is the Live Time channel in seconds

30
7.3.6.3 AIRCRAFT AND COSMIC BACKGROUND

Aircraft background and cosmic stripping corrections (see section 6.3.2) were
applied to the live-corrected total count, potassium, uranium, thorium and
upward uranium channels using the following formula:

Cac = CLT – (ac + bc x cof)

Where:
 Cac is the background and cosmic corrected channel
 CLT is the live time corrected channel
 ac is the aircraft background for this channel
 bc is the cosmic stripping coefficient for this channel
 cof is the filtered cosmic channel

7.3.6.4 COMPTON STRIPPING

Following the background and cosmic corrections, the potassium, uranium and
thorium were corrected for spectral overlap (see section 6.2). First, the stripping
ratios, α, β, and ɣ were modified with respect to altitude. Then, an adjustment
factor based on the reversed stripping ratio (a), uranium into thorium was
calculated.

αh = 𝛼 + ℎ𝑒𝑓 x 0.00049
βh = β + hef x 0.00065
ɣh = γ + hef x 0.00069

Where:
 α,β,ɣ are the Compton stripping coefficients
 αh, βh, ɣh are the height corrected Compton stripping coefficients
 hef is the height above ground in meters

The stripping corrections are then carried out using the following formulas:

1
ar 
1  a h

Thc = ( Thbc – aUbc ) x ar

Uc = ( Ubc - Thbc αh ) x ar

31
 Kc = Kbc – βhThc - ɣhUc

Where:
 Uc , Thc, and Kc are corrected Uranium, Thorium and Potassium
 αh, βh, ɣh are the height-corrected Compton stripping coefficients
 Ubc, Thbc, and Kbc are background and cosmic corrected Uranium,
Thorium and Potassium
 ar is the backscatter correction
 a is the reverse stripping ratio U into Th

7.3.6.5 EQUIVALENT HEIGHT AT STP

The following formula was used to calculate Equivalent Height at STP:

.
Hc = H x ( )x( )
. .

Where:
 H is the observed height
 Hc is the equivalent height at STP
 T is the temperature in degrees Celsius
 P is the barometric pressure in mbars

7.3.5.6 HEIGHT ATTENUATION CORRECTIONS

The Total Count, Potassium, Uranium and Thorium data were then corrected to
a nominal survey altitude of 80 m (see section 6.2.4.1) using the following
equation:

Ca = C x e – μ ( h – h )
o e

Where:
 Ca is the output altitude corrected channel
 C is the input channel
 μ is the attenuation correction for that channel
 he is the STP height
 ho is the nominal survey altitude

32
 7.3.6.7 MICROLEVELING OF CORRECTED DATA

The resulting NASVD corrected data were microleveled using the following key
parameters (see Appendix F for full description of the procedure).

Table 7.3.6.7 Microlevelling parameters for Radiometrics – Pimentón Property

Line Line Grid Cell Decorrugation Amplitude Amplitude Naudy Filter

Radioelement Spacing Direction Size Cutoff Limit Limit Length
(m) (°) (m) (m) (cps) Mode (m)
K 100 0/180 20 600 20 Clip 50
Th 100 0/180 20 600 7 Clip 50
U 100 0/180 20 600 2 Clip 50
TC 100 0/180 20 600 160 Clip 20

The resulting microleveled, altitude attenuation corrected line data were then
stored in the final K_FIN, U_FIN, Th_FIN and TC_FIN channels.

Note: No microlevelling was applied to the control lines data.

7.3.6.8 CONVERSION TO APPARENT RADIOELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS

The next step is to convert the corrected potassium (K_FIN channel), uranium
(U_FIN channel) and thorium (Th_FIN channel) to apparent radioelement
concentrations (see section 6.6) using the following formula:

eE = Ccor / s

Where:
 eE is the element concentration K% and equivalent element
concentration of Uppm & Thppm
 s is the experimentally-determined sensitivity
 Ccor is the fully-corrected channel

The resulting apparent concentration data were stored in K_Percent, eU and eTh
channels.

Note 1: The sensitivities, as per table in section 6.2.5, were used when
calculating the above apparent radioelement concentrations. These channels
were used to produce the corresponding grids.

33
 7.3.6.9 AIR ABSORPTION DOSE RATE

Finally, the natural air absorption dose rate was determined using the following
formula:

E = 13.078 x K% + 5.675 x eUppm + 2.494 x eThppm

Where:
 E is the air absorption rate (nGy/h)
 K% is the concentration of Potassium (%)
 eUppm is the equivalent concentration of Uranium (ppm)
 eThppm is the equivalent concentration of Thorium (ppm)

The resulting natural air absorption rate data were stored in E channel.

Note 1: K_percent, eU and eTh channels (Section 7.3.5.8) were used when
calculating the above air absorption rate. This channel was used to produce the
corresponding grid.

A detailed description of how most of the procedures, formulas and constants

were determined could be found in:

I.A.E.A. Report, Airborne Gamma Ray Spectrometer Surveying, Technical Report

Series No. 323, 1991.
and
I.A.E.A Guidelines for Radioelement Mapping Using Gamma Ray Spectrometry
Data, Technical Document No. 1363, 2003.

7.3.7 GRIDDING

The apparent radioelement concentration grids were made from the corresponding
K_Percent, eTh, eU and E channels.

The data were gridded using Minimum Curvature gridding method with a grid cell size of
25 meter.

7.3.8 RATIO ETH / K%

The ratio of eThppm to K% channels is calculated from dividing the grids:

34
 Ratio = eTh / K%

The resultant grid is sampled back into database and gridded appropriately for each
area with 25 m cell size.

7.3.9 TERNARY MAP

The radioelement ternary map was produced by creating individual grids for each of the
three radioelements (potassium, thorium and uranium) then assigning a specific colour
to each. Cyan/red represents Potassium, blue/yellow Uranium, and green/magenta
Thorium. The relative concentrations of the radioelements are represented by the blends
of the three colours.

Ternary maps were produced for RGB (red-green-blue) scheme.

7.4 DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL

The Digital Terrain Model is calculated:

DTM = GPS Height – Laser Altimeter

Table 7.4 Microlevelling parameters for DTM

Line Line Grid Cell Decorrugation Amplitude Amplitude Naudy Filter

Project Spacing Direction Size Cutoff Limit Limit Length
(m) (°) (m) (m) (cps) Mode (m)
Pimentón 100 0 / 180 50 600 3 Clip 10

The data was gridded using a Minimum Curvature gridding method with a grid cell size
of 25 meters.

35
8. DIGITAL DATA DELIVERABLES

The following is a list of items being delivered digitally (Online Access) to FQM Exploration
(Chile) S.A.:

1) Operations Logistics Report:

2) Maps @ 1:25,000

 Flight Path
 Digital Terrain Model
 Total Magnetic Intensity IGRF corrected
 First Vertical Derivative of TMI
 Analytic Signal
 Equivalent concentration of Potassium
 Equivalent concentration of Thorium
 Equivalent concentration of Uranium
 Ternary Image (eTh, eU and K%)
 Ratio (eTh/K%)
 Total Count
 Dose Rate

3) Grids:

 TMI - Total Magnetic Intensity (nT)

 VD - Calculated 1st order Vertical Derivative (nT/m)
 AS - Analytic Signal
 K% - Apparent Potassium concentrations (%)
 eTh - Estimated Equivalent Thorium concentrations (ppm)
 eU - Estimated Equivalent Uranium concentrations (ppm)
 TC - Total Count (cps)
 eTh_K% - Ratio eTh / K % (ppm/%)
 Dose Rate - Air Absorption Dose Rate (nGy/h)
 DTM - Digital Terrain Model (m)

4) Databases (see Appendix C for details):

 Magnetics data database:

Pimentón _2019_Magnetic_Data.gdb
 Radiometric data database:
Pimentón 2019_Radiometric_Data.gdb

36
9. SUMMARY

This report details the logistics of the survey, the equipment used, the field procedures, the
data acquisition and a presentation of the results.

The various maps included with this report display the magnetic and radiometric properties of
the survey area. It is recommended that the survey results be reviewed in detail and in
conjunction with all of the available geophysical, geological and geochemical information.

A further processing of the data may enhance subtle features that can be of importance for
exploration purposes.

Respectfully submitted,

Lily Manoukian
Chris Evans
New Sense SpA
Dated: May 7, 2020

37
APPENDIX A: BACKGROUND, COSMIC AND ALTITUDE ATTENUATION TEST
CHARTS

Background & Cosmic - RSI 5509

Element Cosmic Slope AC Background

K 0.0585 11.6031
U 0.0487 2.9919
Th 0.0607 0.8898
TC 1.0781 83.8515
UU 0.0129 0.9892

K vs Cosmic y = 0.0585x + 11.603

R² = 0.9912
50
40
K counts

30
Series1 Linear (Series1)
20
10
0
0 200 400 600 800
Cosmic counts

Th vs Cosmic
y = 0.0607x + 0.8898
R² = 0.9953
45
40
35
30
Th counts

25 Series1 Linear (Series1)

20
15
10
5
0
0 200 400 600 800

Cosmic counts

38
 U vs Cosmic y = 0.0487x + 2.9919
R² = 0.9932
35
30
25
U counts

20
Series1 Linear (Series1)
15
10
5
0
0 200 400 600 800
Cosmic counts

UU vs Cosmic y = 0.0129x + 0.9892

R² = 0.9968

10
9
8
7
UU counts

6
5 Series1 Linear (Series1)

4
3
2
1
0
0 200 400 600 800
Cosmic counts

TC vs Cosmic y = 1.0781x + 83.851

R² = 0.9998
800
700
600
TC counts

500
400 Series1 Linear (Series1)

300
200
100
0
0 200 400 600 800

Cosmic counts

39
 Altitude Attenuation Test - RSI 5509

Altitude Attenuation
Coefficients
Element Slope
K -0.0055
U -0.0052
Th -0.0046
Tc -0.0042

y = 188.67e-0.005x
Potassium vs Height R² = 0.998

160.00
140.00
120.00
100.00 Series1
K (count)

80.00 Expon. (Series1)

60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00
Altitude (m)

y = 51.014e-0.005x
Thorium vs Height R² = 0.9921

45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
Th (count)

25.00 Series1

20.00 Expon. (Series1)

15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00
Altitude (m)

40
 y = 34.017e-0.005x
Uranium vs Height R² = 0.9937

30.00
25.00
20.00
U (count)

15.00 Series1

10.00 Expon. (Series1)

5.00
0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00
Altitude (m)

y = 2019.5e-0.004x
Total Count vs Height R² = 0.9967

1800.00
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
TC (count)

Series1
1000.00
800.00 Expon. (Series1)

600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00
Altitude (m)

41
APPENDIX B: FOM RESULTS

FLIGHT 4 – December 15, 2019

42
43
 APPENDIX C: DATABASE DESCRIPTIONS

Magnetic Database

Database Name: Pimentón_2019_Magnetic_Data.gdb

Format: Geosoft.gdb
Number of Channels: 33

Note: If the database is opened in Oasis montaj, please load included “Magnetic Geosoft Channel
Display.dbview” file to ensure that ALL the channels are displayed in the same order as listed below
(Database menu -> Get Saved View).

Channel Name Units Description

LINE number Line number
DATE date Date flown (YYYY/MM/DD)
FLIGHT number Flight number
FIDUCIAL number Fiducial count (flight specific)
TIME hh:mm:ss.s Operating System time
SYSTEM_CLOCK milsec KANA8 (A/D converter) counter
X_WGS84 meters Easting, WGS84, UTM Z19S
Y_WGS84 meters Northing, WGS84, UTM Z19S
LATITUDE_WGS84 degrees GPS latitude, WGS 84, World
LONGITUDE_WGS84 degrees GPS longitude, WGS 84, World
GPS_HEIGHT_WGS84 meters GPS height (orthometric) above MSL, WGS 84, World
UTC_DAYSEC decimal seconds UTC daily second counter (0-86399.9)
FLUX_X volts Fluxgate x-axis
FLUX_Y volts Fluxgate y-axis
FLUX_Z volts Fluxgate z-axis
RAD_ALT_m meters Radar altimeter, height above ground
Laser_ALT meters Laser altimeter, height above ground
DTM_FIN meters Microlevelled Digital Terrain Model
SRTM_1arc meters SRTM – South America South 30m
MAG_RAW nT Raw magnetometer data
MAG_RAW_clean nT De-spiked raw magnetometer data
MAG_FILT nT Filtered raw magnetometer data
MAG_COMP nT Compensated magnetometer data
DIURNAL nT Base station magnetometer data
MAG_DIURNAL_CORR nT Base station (diurnal) corrected magnetometer data
MAG_HEADING_CORR nT Heading corrected magnetometer data
MAG_LAG_CORR nT Lag corrected magnetometer data
IGRF nT Calculated IGRF, using auto Year model and Date channel
MAG_IGRF nT IGRF corrected magnetometer data
MAG_LEV nT Conventionally (simple) leveled magnetometer data
MAG_FIN nT Micro-leveled magnetometer data
VD nT/m Calculated 1st order Vertical Derivative
Analytic_Sig nT/m Calculated Analytic Signal

44
 Radiometric Database

Database Name: Pimentón_2019_Radiometric_Data.gdb

Format: Geosoft.gdb
Number of Channels: 39

Note: If the database is opened in Oasis montaj, please load included “Radiometric Geosoft Channel
Display.dbview” file to ensure that ALL the channels are displayed in the same order as listed below
(Database menu -> Get Saved View).

Channel Name Units Description

LINE number Line Number
DATE date Date flown (YYYYMMDD)
FLIGHT number Flight Number
FID number Fiducial count (line specific)
X_WGS84 meters Easting, WGS84 UTM Zone Z19S
Y_WGS84 meters Northing, WGS84 UTM Zone Z19S
LATITUDE_WGS84 degrees GPS latitude, WGS 84, World
LONGITUDE_WGS84 degrees GPS longitude, WGS 84, World
GPS_HEIGHT_WGS84 meters GPS height (orthometric) above MSL, WGS 84, World
SMPL_UTC seconds Seconds since midnight 1 Jan 1970
UTC_DAYSEC seconds UTC daily second counter (0-86399)
RAD_ALT_m m Radar altimeter, height above ground
Laser_ALT meters Laser altimeter, height above ground
PRESSURE mbar Ambient pressure output
TEMPERATURE °C Ambient temperature output
DOWN_LIVE_TIME seconds Downward Live time channel
UP_LIVE_TIME seconds Upward live time channel
RAW_Potassium counts/sec Raw Potassium channel
RAW_Thorium counts/sec Raw Thorium channel
RAW_Uranium counts/sec Raw Uranium channel
RAW_TotCount counts/sec Raw Total Count channel
RAW_UpDet counts/sec Raw upward looking crystal Uranium channel
DOWN_COSMIC counts/sec Raw Cosmic channel from downward looking crystals
UP_COSMIC counts/sec Raw Cosmic channel from upward looking crystals
DOWN_SPECTRUM counts/sec 1024 channel down spectrum
UP_SPECTRUM counts/sec 1024 channel up spectrum
NASVD-smoothed, Live Time, Background, Cosmic, Compton Scattering and
K_NASVD counts/sec
Altitude Attenuation corrected Potassium counts
NASVD-smoothed, Live Time, Background, Cosmic, Compton Scattering and
Th_NASVD counts/sec
Altitude Attenuation corrected Thorium counts

45
 NASVD-smoothed, Live Time, Background, Cosmic, Compton Scattering and
U_NASVD counts/sec
Altitude Attenuation corrected Uranium counts
NASVD-smoothed, Live Time, Background, Cosmic, Compton Scattering and
TC_NASVD counts/sec
Altitude Attenuation corrected Total counts
K_ FIN counts/sec Microlevelled K_NASVD
Th_FIN counts/sec Microlevelled Th_NASVD
U_FIN counts/sec Microlevelled U_NASVD
TC_FIN counts/sec Microlevelled TC_NASVD
K_Percent % Estimated concentration of Potassium
eTh ppm Estimated equivalent concentrations of Thorium
eU ppm Estimated equivalent concentrations of Uranium
Dose_Rate nGy/h Natural air absorption Dose Rate
eTh_Kpercent eTh / K%

46
APPENDIX E: IMAGES OF FINAL MAPS

Pimentón Block – Image of Flight Path map

47
Pimentón Block – Image of DTM map

48
Pimentón Block - Image of TMI map

49
Pimentón Block - Image of Calculated First Vertical Derivative map

50
Pimentón Block - Image of Calculated Analytic Signal map

51
Pimentón Block - Image of Potassium concentration map

52
Pimentón Block - Image of Equivalent concentration of Thorium map

53
Pimentón Block - Image of Equivalent concentration of Uranium map

54
Pimentón Block - Image of eTh / K% map

55
Pimentón Block - Image of Total Counts map

56
Pimentón Block - Image of Ternary (RGB) Map

57
Pimentón Block - Image of Dose Rate Map

58
 APPENDIX F: MICROLEVELLING DESCRIPTION

As per PGW Microlevelling GX help file available through Geosoft Oasis montaj

DECORR.GX Version 3.0

Paterson, Grant & Watson Limited
March 2003

PARAMETERS: (miclev group parameters are used, so that values set will be passed to MICLEV.GX)

.Xchan = x channel (default "x")

.Ychan = y channel (default "y")
.Ochan = original data channel (no default)
.Nchan = decorrugation noise channel (default "dcor_noise")
.Space = flight line spacing
.Dir = flight line direction in degrees azimuth (clockwise from North)
.Cell = cell size to use for gridding (default = line spacing/5)
.Wlen = decorrugation high-pass wavelength (default = 4 * line spacing)
.Ogrid = original output grid, new or existing
.Nnoise = decorrugation noise grid
.XY = Xmin,Ymin,Xmax,Ymax (optional)
.LOGOPT = Log option (optional)
.LOGMIN = Log minimum (optional)
.DSF = Low-pass desampling factor (optional)
.BKD = Blanking distance (optional)
.TOL = Tolerance (optional)
.PASTOL = % pass tolerance (optional)
.ITRMAX = Max. itterations (optional)
.ICGR = Starting coarse grid (optional)
.SRD = Starting search radius (optional)
.TENS = Internal tension (0-1) (optional)
.EDGCLP= Cells to extend beyond data (optional)

DESCRIPTION:

decorr.gx and miclev.gx implement a procedure called micro-levelling which removes any low-amplitude component
of flight line nois still remaining in airborne survey data after tie line levelling. Micro-levelling calculates a correction
channel and adds it to the profile database. This correction is subtracted from the original data to give a set of levelled
profiles, from which a final levelled grid may then be generated. Microlevelling has the advantage over standard methods
of decorrugation that it better distinguishes flight line noise from geological signal, and thus can remove the noise without
causing a loss in resolution of the data.
To microlevel data, first run decorr.gx, then miclev.gx. decorr.gx offers two options for the grid of the channel to be
microlevelled. If a grid prepared from this channel already exists, it may be specified, and when prompted to overwrite,
the user should answer no. If the user wishes to prepare a new grid of the channel to be microlevelled, the minimum
curvature gridding algorithm (rangrid.gx) is applied. The advanced button provides access to the standard minimum
curvature gridding parameters. Once the gridding is completed, decorr.gx applies a directional high-pass filter (see end
note) perpendicular to the flight line direction, in order to produce a decorrugation noise grid.
(The default grid cell size is 1/5 of the line spacing. The user may specify a different cell size if desired. A smaller cell size
will give a more accurate result, but a larger cell size will make the gx run faster and use less disk space.) The noise grid is
then extracted as a new channel in the database (default name is "dcor_noise"). This channel contains the line level drift
component of the data, but it also contains some residual high-frequency components of the geological signal.

59
miclev.gx applies amplitude limiting and low-pass filtering to the noise channel in order to remove this residual geological
signal and leave only the component of line level drift, which is then subtracted from the original data to produce a
levelled output channel named "miclev".

decorr.gx calculates default amplitude limit and filter length values for use in miclev.gx, but the skilled user may be
able to set better values for these parameters based on an inspection of the noise grid. (The micro-levelling process is
broken up into two separate GXes in order to allow the user to do this.) Flight line noise should appear in the
decorrugation noise grid as long stripes in the flight-line direction, wheras geological anomalies should appear as small
spots and cross-cutting lineaments, generally with a higher amplitude than the flight line noise, but with a shorter
wavelength in the flight-line direction. The user can estimate the maximum amplitude of the flight line noise, and set the
noise amplitude limit value accordingly. Similarly the user can estimate the minimum wavelength of the level drift along
the flight lines, and set the low-pass Naudy filter width to half this wavelength. The defaults are to set the amplitude limit
equal to the standard deviation of the noise grid, and to set the filter width equal to five times the flight line spacing.
There is an option of using either of two kinds of amplitude limiting. In "clip" mode any value outside the limit is set
equal to the limit value. In "zero" mode any value outside the limit is set equal to zero. The clip mode makes more sense
intuitively, but it has been found in practise that the zero mode may reject geologic signal better, depending on the
particular data set. As a rule the zero mode works better on datasets in which the noise grid contains a lot of high-
amplitude geological signals (e.g. shallow basement areas). For datasets in which the noise grid contains mainly flight line
noise (e.g. sedimentary basins), the clip mode works better.

Microlevelling applies a level correction to the traverse lines only. If it is desired to grid the tie lines together with the
microlevelled traverse lines, then it may be necessary to also apply a level correction to the tie lines so that their values
agree with the micro-levelled traverse lines at the intersections. This may be done as follows:

1) Copy the tie line values to the microlevelled channel.

2) Use intersct.gx to find cross-difference values for the microlevelled data.

3) Use xlevel.gx to load these cross-difference values to the tie lines.

4) Apply fulllev.gx to the tie lines. The output will be a set of tie lines that matches the microlevelled traverse lines at all
inter-sections.

5) Copy the microlevelled traverse line values into the same channel as the corrected tie line values.

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Decorrugation Filter:

The decorrugation noise filter is a sixth-order high-pass Butterworth filter with a default cutoff wavelength of four times
the flight line spacing, combined with a directional filter. The directional filter coefficient as a function of angle is F = (sin
(a))^2, where a is the angle between the direction of propagation of a wave and the flight line direction, i.e. F=0 for a wave
travelling along the flight lines, and F=1 for a wave travelling perpendicular to them. (Note this is the exact opposite of
what is usually called a decorrugation filter, since the intention here is to pass the noise only, rather than reject it.)

The default cutoff wavelength (4 * line spacing) gives good results if the data is already fairly well levelled to start with. In
cases where many lines are badly mis-levelled, it may be necessary to set a longer cutoff wavelength, at the risk of
removing more geological signal.

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