Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh

Vjku`hs9
3. Vrbd. Lr.Hr. N. Qhkhcth V.].
=. Uhth Kurbshycn, U.\V.
5. ]cenoct Qhlycktb, U.\V.

HUMK 81>.46=.58=.5>8.= j-HUMK 81>.46=.58=.586.>

Vjkj`ccn Octjrh9 Hr. Ausoc`hkh, O.Uh.

Vjkajomcka Ljschk Hkstrugshbkc`9 Hr. Crojhk Uyugrh, O.Uh.
Vjkyukthka 9 3. CCrrytc
rrytc Eckty, U.J.
=. Hr. Crojhk Uyugrh, O.Uh.
Vjrckecka Gbvjr lck H`ustrcsh 9 Uukcrth, U.Ljs.
Vjkctc @jtcg 9 Ucprhyclh, U.HV.

Vjkjrmht9
Zkhvjrshtcs \jrmugc
Ic`ck Ecmj ]cyc, Vbklbg Ecmj, Vcou`cka, \ckajrcka Uj`ctck - 3:<3>

Mcktjk ― Hklbkjshc
\j`p.9 (6=3) 1<868<3 (nukthka)7 Dcx.9 (6=3) 1<863<1
@cock9 www.ut.ce.hl.

Jlhsh gjluc
Ejtcgck pjrtcoc, Djmrucrh =638

=638 b`jn Zkhvjrshtcs \jrmugc

Ncg ehptc lh`hklukah Zklcka-Zklcka clc pclc Vjkjrmhtck Zkhvjrshtcs \jrmugc

Gjojktjrhck ]hsjt, \jgkb`bah, lck Vjklhlhgck \hkaah

Lh`crcka ojkauthp sjmcahck ctcupuk sj`urun mugu hkh

lc`co mjktug cpc puk tckpc hzhk lcrh pjkjrmht

Gctc`ba Lc`co \jrmhtck (GL\)

Kcoc 9 Qhkhcth V.].

Iulu` 9 Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh (MOV)7 3“4 / VCKA<5=< / =UGU / Vrbd. Lr.Hr. N. Qhkhcth
V.]., Uhth Kurbshycn, U.\V., ]cenoct Qhlycktb, U.\V.
Jlhsh 9 = | Ejtcgck 9 3
Ljsgrhpsh 9 \ckajrcka Uj`ctck 9 Zkhvjrshtcs \jrmugc, =638
=63 8 | =14 nc`cock 7 =
=33 eo
(tjrocsug lcdtcr rjdjrjksh)
HUMK 9 81>.46=.58=.5>8.= j-HUMK 9 81>.46=.58=.586.>
Uumyjg 9 3. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh (Vckack)
=. Ujksbry jvc`ucthbk (Dbbl)
Kbobr g`cshdhgcsh 9 44<.61= W=5_ =638666=:
 hhh

Lcdtcr Hsh

\HKICZCK OC\C GZ@HCN ................................

...........................................................
........................... hx

OBLZ@ 39 JTC@ZCUH UJKUB]H LCK VJ]GJOMCKACKKX

VJ]GJOMCKACKKXCC 3.3
Gjahctck Mj`cicr 39
Vjkajrthck Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ........................
..........................................
.......................................
..................... 3.<
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 3.:
]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 3.:
\js Dbrocthd 3 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 3.4

Gjahctck Mj`cicr =9
Vjrgjomckack
Vjrgjomckack Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ...................
........................................
.....................................
................ 3.>
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 3.33
]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 3.33
\js Dbrocthd = ……………
……………………………..…
………………..……...................
…..............................
........... 3.3=

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 59
Cp`hgcsh Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ...........................
.............................................
.....................................
......................
... 3.3<
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 3.==
]ckaguock ………………
…………………………………
………………….........................
....................................
........... 3.==
\js Dbrocthd 5 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 3.=:

Gjahctck Mj`cicr <9

Vjlbock Vj`cgsckcck Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ......................
..........................................
......................
.. 3.=1
@cthnck …………………
……………………………………
……………………….................
……...............................
.............. 3.5=
]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 3.5=
\js Dbrocthd < ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 3.5<

GZKEH ICQCMCK \JU DB]OC\HD ....................

..........................................
.........................
... 3.54
LCD\C] VZU\CGC .......................................
......................................................................
.................................
.. 3.51
hv

OBLZ@ =9 VCKECHKL]C LCK C\]HMZ\ UJKUB]H =.3

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 39
Vckechklrc uktug Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ........................
........................................
......................
............
...... =.<

@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. =.3:
]ckaguock ………………
…………………………………
………………….........................
....................................
........... =.3:
\js Dbrocthd 3 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... =.31

Gjahctck Mj`cicr =9
Ctrhmut Ujksbrh lck Ecrc Vjkh`chckkyc..............................................
Vjkh`chckkyc.............................................. =.=6
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. =.5<
]ckaguock ………………
…………………………………
………………….........................
....................................
........... =.5:
\js Dbrocthd = ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
….............................
............ =.54

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 59
]jspbks Comcka Uthou`us ( \nrjsnb`l) ...................
............................................
......................... =.58
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. =.<3
]ckaguock ………………
…………………………………
………………….........................
....................................
........... =.<3
\js Dbrocthd 5 ……………………………..…
……………………………..……...................
…..............................
........... =.<=

GZKEH ICQCMCK \JU DB]OC\HD ....................

..........................................
.........................
... =.<<
LCD\C] VZU\CGC .......................................
......................................................................
.................................
.. =.<:

OBLZ@ 59 VJKAZIHCK UJKUB]H LCK DCG\B] XCKA

OJOJKAC]ZNHKXC 5.3
Gjahctck Mj`cicr 39
Vjrsycrctck @cmbrctbrhuo Ujksbrh.....................
Ujksbrh...........................................
.................................
........... 5.=
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 5.:
]ckaguock …………………………………....................................
………………………………….......... .......................... 5.4
\js Dbrocthd 3 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 5.1

Gjahctck Mj`cicr =9

Vjrsycrctck Ucopj` .........................

.............................................................
...................................................
............... 5.8
@cthnck …………………………………………...............................
…………………………………………............................... 5.3=
 v

]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 5.35
\js Dbrocthd = ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 5.3:

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 59
Vjrsycrctck Vckj`hs ...........................
................................................................
.................................................
............ 5.31
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 5.==
]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 5.=5
\js Dbrocthd 5 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 5.=<

Gjahctck Mj`cicr <9

Dcgtbr ycka Ojojkacrunh Gjputusck lc`co Vjkauihck Ujksbrh .... 5.=4
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 5.5:
]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 5.5:
\js Dbrocthd < ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
….......................
...........
....... 5.51

GZKEH ICQCMCK \JU DB]OC\HD ....................

..........................................
.........................
... 5.<6
LCD\C] VZU\CGC .......................................
......................................................................
.................................
.. 5.<3

OBLZ@ <9 OJ\BLJ ZIH UJKUB]H <.3

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 39
Vjkauihck Vjomjlcck ...........................
.............................................................
..............................................
............ <.:
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. <.31
]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... <.3>
\js Dbrocthd 3 ……………………………..……..............................
……………………………..……..... ......................... <.==

Gjahctck Mj`cicr =9
Vjkauihck Cdjgthd Vjkjrhocck .........................
............................................
...................................
................ <.=<
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. <.=8
]ckaguock …………………………………....................................
…………………………………................. ................... <.56
\js Dbrocthd = ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... <.5=

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 59
Ckc`hshs Ljsgrhpthd ................................
..............................................................
..............................................
................ <.5<
@cthnck …………………………………………...............................
…………………………………………............................... <.<=
vh

]ckaguock ………………
…………………………………
………………….........................
....................................
........... <.<5
\js Dbrocthd 5 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... <.<<

GZKEH ICQCMCK \JU DB]OC\HD ....................

..........................................
.........................
... <.<4
LCD\C] VZU\CGC .......................................
......................................................................
.................................
.. <.<1

OBLZ@ :9 U\ZLH GBKUZOJK :.3

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 39
Vjrshcpck Utulh Gbksuojk .....................................
.................................................................
............................ :.5
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
………………………...................
………...............................
............ :.>
]ckaguock ………………
…………………………………
………………….........................
....................................
........... :.>
\js Dbrocthd 3 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... :.8

Gjahctck Mj`cicr =9
\uiuck Utulh Gbksuojk ........................
...................................................................
.............................................
.. :.3=
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. :.3:
]ckaguock ………………
…………………………………
………………….........................
....................................
........... :.34
\js Dbrocthd = ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... :.31

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 59
Vj`cgsckcck Utulh Gbksuojk .................................
............................................................
........................... :.38
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. :.=1
]ckaguock ………………
…………………………………
………………….........................
....................................
........... :.=1
\js Dbrocthd 5 ……………………………..……..............................
……………………………..……. ............................. :.56

GZKEH ICQCMCK \JU DB]OC\HD ....................

..........................................
.........................
... :.5=
LCD\C] VZU\CGC .......................................
......................................................................
.................................
.. :.55

OBLZ@ 49 CV@HGCUH LCK U\ZLH GCUZU LC@CO

JTC@ZCUH UJKUB]H 4.3
Gjahctck Mj`cicr 39

Vjkauihck Gjtjrcklc`ck Vckj`hs .............................

.................................................
............................
........ 4.=
@cthnck …………………
………………………………… ……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 4.4
 vhh

]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
..............................
...........
...... 4.4
\js Dbrocthd 3 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 4.1

Gjahctck Mj`cicr =9
Utulh Hkvjsthacsh \chkt pclc Vckack ................................
.................................................
................. 4.8
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 4.31
]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 4.3>
\js Dbrocthd = ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 4.38

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 59
Ckc`hshs Ljsgrhpthd uktug Vjkacwcsck Outu ..................................... 4.=3
@cthnck …………………
……………………………………
………………………...................
……...............................
............ 4.=<

]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 4.=<
\js Dbrocthd 5 ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 4.=:

Gjahctck Mj`cicr <9

Utulh Vjkjktuck Zour Uhopck ....................................
.......................................................
......................
... 4.=1
@cthnck …………………
…………………………………
……………………….................
………...............................
.............. 4.<6
]ckaguock ……………………
…………………………………
…………….........................
....................................
........... 4.<3
\js Dbrocthd < ………………
……………………………..…
……………..……...................
…..............................
........... 4.<5

GZKEH ICQCMCK \JU DB]OC\HD ....................

..........................................
.........................
... 4.<:
A@BUC]HZO
A@BUC]HZO .................................
...............................................................
..................................................
.................... 4.<4
LCD\C] VZU\CGC .................................
.........................................................
.......................................
............... 4.:5
LCD\C] ]HQCXC\ NHLZV ..........................
...................................................
................................
....... 4.::
 hx

\hkicuck Octc Gu`hcn

ctc gu`hcn hkh ojrupcgck sc`cn sctu octc gu`hcn lcscr lc`co prbarco

O
stulh H`ou lck \jgkb`bah Vckack ycka ncrus lhpj`cicrh lck wcihm
lhcomh` b`jn sjthcp ocncshswc tjgkb`bah pckack. Octc gu`hcn hkh
ojomjrhgck pjkajtcnuck ojkajkch gbksjp lcscr jvc`ucsh sjksbrh, ctrhmut
sjksbrh lck pjkjrhocckkyc, pjkauihck sjksbrh lck dcgtbr ycka
ojojkacrunhkyc,
ojojkacrun hkyc, ojtblj uih sjksbrh. Uj`chk htu, lhebktbngck cp`hgcsh ckc`hshs
sjksbrh, sjpjrth survjh gbksuojk lck stulh gcsus lc`co jvc`ucsh sjksbrh.
Ujtj`cn ojkyj`jschgck octc gu`hcn hkh Cklc lhncrcpgck ocopu
ojkajtcnuh lck ojocncoh octjrh ycka lhpj`cicrh sjnhkaac lcpct
ojkij`csgck gbksjp lcscr, ctrhmut sjksbrh lck pckechklrc ockushc sjmcach
hkstruojk uih, pjlbock lck ojtblj, dcgtbr ycka o ojojkacrunh
jojkacrunh pjkauihc
pjkauihck k
sjksbrh, sjrtc cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh uktug ojocktcu outu pckack.
Gjocopuck lh ctcs cgck lcpct Cklc oh`hgh ljkack ojkaucsch
gbopjtjksh-gbopjtjksh
gbopjtjksh-g bopjtjksh gnusus sjmcach mjrhgut.
3. Ocopu ojkij`csgck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lck pjrgjomckackky
pjrgjomckackkyc. c.
=. Ocopu ojkij`csgck pjrckck pckechklrc lc`co pjkh`chck ctrhmut outu
sjksbrh.
5. Ocopu ojkij`csgck pjkauihck sjksbrh lck dcg dcgtbr
tbr y
ycka
cka ojojkacrun
ojojkacrunhh
kyc.
<. Ocopu ojkij`csgck ojtblj uih sjksbrh.
:. Ocopu ojkij`csgck pjrckck gbksuojk lc`co jvc`ucsh sjksbrh suctu
prblug pckack.
pckack.
4. Ocopu ojkij`csgc
ojkij`csgckk cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh, sjpjrth lh ebktbngck pclc
mjmjrcpc stulh gcsus.
gcsus.

Zktug ojkecpch tuiuck lh ctcs, octjrh octc gu`hcn hkh lhsusuk lc`co
jkco oblu`, ljkack susukck gjtjrgchtck cktcrob
cktcroblu`
lu` sjmcach mjrhgut.
x

Vjtc Gbopjtjksh
Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh/VCKA<5=</= sgs

\uiuck Octc Gu`hcn9

Ocncshswc ocopu ojkij`csgck tjktcka cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh
prblug pckack lc`co ojocktcu
ojocktcu outu
outu pckack lck
pjkajomckack prblug

Oblu` : Oblu` 4
Ocncshswc ocopu ojkij`csgck tjktcka Ocncshswc ocopu ojkij`csgck tjktcka
stulh gbksuojk pclc prblug pckack oj`hputh mjmjrcpc cp`hgcsh lck stulh gcsus
gcsus lc`co
pjrshcpck, tuiuck lck pj`cgsckcckkyc
pj`cgsckcckkyc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh

Oblu` <
Ocncshswc ocopu ojkij`csgck tjktcka
pjkaaukcck ojtblj pjkauihck lc`co
jvc`ucsh sjksbrh prblug pckack

Oblu` = Oblu` 5
Ocncshswc ocopu ojkij`csgck tjktcka Ocncshswc ocopu ojkij`csgck tjktcka
pjrckck pckechklrc uktug jvc`ucsh ctrhmut pjrsycrctck rucka, pckj`hs lck pjkyhcpck
sjksbrh scopj` sjrtc dcgtbr-dcgtbr ycka turut
mjrpjkacrun lc`co gjahctck
gjahctck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh

Oblu` 3
Ocncshswc ocopu ojkij`csgck tjktcka
pjkaaukcck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lck
pjrgjomckackkyc
 xh

Cacr Cklc mjrncsh` o ojocncoh

jocncoh oblu` hkh sjecrc ocgshoc`, pj`cicrh`
pj`cicrh`cn
cn
sjthcp gjahctck mj`cicr ljkack tuktcs! Cklc ncrus ojkajricgck `cthnck lck
tjs dbrocthd ljkack mchg, sjmcm nc` hkh cgck ojomcktu ojopjrshcpgck lhrh
Cklc lc`co pjomcncsck sj`ckiutkyc ctcu ojkh`ch sjklhrh sjicun ockc
pjocncock Cklc
Cklc tjrnclc
tjrnclcp
p octjrh mcncsck.
Clc`cn pjkthka Cklc ncrus pcnco mjtu` sjthcp gctc gukeh ycka Cklc
tjougck. \jrutcoc uktug `jmhn ojocncoh gbksjp-gbksjp sjksbrh ycka
sjlcka Cklc pj`cicrh ocgc gctc gukeh sckact ojomcktu. Zktug htu, oblu`
hkh lh`jkagcph ljkack a`bscrhuo. A`bscrhuo clc`cn guopu`ck
pjrmjklcncrcck
pjrmjklcncrcck gctc gukeh, ycka tjrlcpct pclc mcahck cgnhr Mugu Octjrh
Vbgbg (MOV) hkh.

Uj`coct Mj`cicr!
 Oblu` 3

Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh lck Vjrgjomckackkyc

Vrbd. Lr. Qhkhcth V. ]cncyu

Uhth Kurbshycn, U.\V.

VJKLCNZ@ZCK

V
ckack, sjpjrth lhocgsul lc`co Zklcka-Zklcka Kbobr 3> \cnuk =63=
tjktcka Vckack clc`cn sjac`c sjsuctu pckack clc`cn sjac`c sjsuctu ycka
mjrcsc` lcrh suomjr ncycth prblug pjrtckhck, pjrgjmukck, gjnutckck,
pjrhgckck, pjtjrkcgck, pjrchrck, lck chr, mchg ycka lhb`cn ocupuk thlcg
lhb`cn ycka lhpjruktuggck sjmcach ocgckck ctcu ohkuock mcah gbksuosh
ockushc, tjrocsug mcnck tcomcnck pckack, mcnck mcgu pckack, lck mcnck
`chkkyc ycka lhaukcgck lc`co prbsjs pjkyhcpck, pjkab`cnck, lck/ctcu
pjomuctck ocgckck
ocgckck ctcu ohkuo
ohkuock.
ck.
Ucct hkh gbksuojk ojopukych pjkajtcnuck ycka `jmhn mchg tjktcka
pckack sjnhkaac ojrjgc sjocghk ocopu oj`hnct, ojomjlcgck lck
ojkuktut gjtjrsjlhcck pckack ycka mjroutu sjrtc cock. Jgspjgtcsh outu
lcpct lh`hnct lcrh sjah gcklukack kh`ch ahzh, kh`ch dukashbkc` tjrnclcp
gjsjnctck lck outu sjksbrh. B`jn gcrjkc htu, pjrsjpsh gbksuo
gbksuojk,
jk, tjrocsug lh
lc`cokyc dcgtbr gjsugcck tjrnclcp gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh suctu prblug
pckack, ncrus lhpjrthomckagck
lhpjrthomckagck b`jn hklustrh pckack lck pjlcacka ( rjtch`jr)
prblug-prblug
prblug-prblu g pckack, lc`co upcyckyc cacr prblug pckack lhohkcth
gbksuojk. Lc`co `hkagup mhskhs pjocscrck prblug pckack ihgc pj`cgu
hklustrh pckack thlcg ojopukych pjkajtcnuck ojkajkch jvc`ucsh sjksbrh
ycka ojoclch ocgc rhshgb gjacac`ck lc`co oj`cgugck pjocscrck cgck
sjocghk thkaah. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojrupcgck suctu nc` ycka sckact lhpjr`ugck
uktug oj`hnct/ojkajtcnuh gjmutunck pcscr sjmj`uo prblug lhpcscrgck.
Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lhncrcpgck ocopu ojomjrhgck kh`ch tcomcn uktug
pjruscncck pckack, mchg sjmcach dukash hktjrkc` lc`co pjkicohkck outu
pckack ocupuk sjmcach lcscr pjkacomh`ck gjputusck lc`co gchtckkyc
ljkack pjocscrck prblug pckack. Ncsh` jvc`ucsh sjksbrh iuac lcpct
 lhaukcgck sjmcach lcscr crauojk uktug ojkag`cho pjkthkakyc suctu
gjahctck pjkajomckack prblug ycka ncrus lh`cgugck ctcu ojkaupcycgck
pjkjouck prblug mcru ycka mjrpbtjksh ojoh`hgh kh`ch gbojrshc` thkaah.

3.= Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh cgck ojoulcngck prblusjk ojkjktugck ecrc prblugsh

pckack ycka tjrmchg ycka cg cgck
ck lhph`hn uktug lhcp`hgcshgck lh hklustrh
hklustrh pckack.
pckack.
Oblu` hkh ojkij`csgck ojkajkch jvc`ucsh sjksbrh sjecrc tjrpjrhkeh.
Ujtj`cn ojomcec lck ojopj`cicrh ljkack scgscoc oblu` hkh ocgc Cklc
lhncrcpgck cgck ocopu ojkicwcm pjrtckycck-pjrtckycck ojklcscr tjktcka
jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ljkack mchg. Vjrtckycck-pjrtckycck tjrsjmut lh cktcrckyc
clc`cn sjmcach mjrhgut hkh.
3. Cpcgcn jvc`ucsh sjksbrh htu lck uktug cpc ncrus lhpj`cicrh2
=. Cpc scic pjrtckycck ycka lcpct lhicwcm oj`c`uh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh2
5. Ojkacpc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ncrus lh`cgugck lck cpc scic gjuktukac
gjuktukackkyc2
kkyc2
<. Mcachockc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lcpct ojomcktu pjkhkagctck outu pckack2
:. Lcrh ockc gjahctck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ncrus lhou`ch2

Outu pckack ojrupcgck sjpjrckagct shdct ctcu dcgtbr pclc prblug

pckack ycka ojomjlcgck thkagct pjkjrhocck gbksuojk tjrnclcp prblug
tjrsjmut. Outu pckack mjrshdct ou`thlhojksh lck ojopukych mckycg cspjg.
Cspjg-cspjg outu pckack tjrsjmut, cktcrc `chk clc`cn cspjg ahzh (sjpjrth
gcrmbnhlrct, prbtjhk, `jocg, ohkjrc`, vhtcohk, lck `chk-`chk)7 cspjg sjksbrh
(sjpjrth jkcg, ojkcrhg, sjacr)7 cspjg mhskhs (stcklcr outu lck grhtjrhc outu)7
sjrtc cspjg gjsjnctck (icsockh lck rbnckh). Gjpucsck gbksuojk mjrgchtck
ljkack gjsj`urunck cspjg outu tjrsjmut.
Lc`co oblu` hkh cgck lhmcncs cspjg outu ycka mjrgchtck ljkack shdct
sjksbrh (outu sjksbrh). Outu sjksbrh ojrupcgck shdct gboblhtcs/prblug
pckack ycka lhugur ljkack prbsjs pjkahklrc
pjkahklrcck
ck ojkaaukcg
ojkaaukcgck ck pjka`hnctck
(octc), pjkehuock (nhluka), pjkajecp (`hlcn), pjrcmcck (uiuka icrh tckack
lck pjrougcck rbkaac ou`ut tjrocsug `hlcn), lck/ctcu pjkljkacrck
(tj`hkac). Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lhaukcgck sjmcach c`ct pjojrhgsc tjrnclcp outu
prblug pckack ycka lhnumukagck ljkack pjkajklc`hck prbsjs pclc
sjpckicka rcktch prbsjs prblug pckack.
Mjmjrcpc pcrcojtjr pjkthka lc`co outu sjksbrh, cktcrc `chk clc`cn
mjktug, ugurck, wcrkc, tjgstur, crboc lck rcsc. Gjgncsck outu sjksbrh
clc`cn pjkaaukcck ockushc sjmcach hkstruojk pjkaugur ycka lhsjmut
ljkack pckj`hs. B`jn gcrjkc htu, ncsh` rjcgshkyc mjrshdct dhshgb-pshgb`bahg lck
sjrhka gc`h su`ht lhljsgrhpshgck. Uj`chk htu, pjkab`cnck hkdbrocsh ycka
lhpjrb`jn lcrh suctu gjahctck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh mjrshdct spjshdhg. Uhdct outu
sjksbrh sjoctc lhejrohkgck lcrh shdct outu sjksbrh ycka thlcg mjrnumukack
ljkack shdct dhshgkyc. Ohsc`kyc, shdct outu sjksbrh ycka ojkukiuggck

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.5

gj`jzctck (`jzct - thlcg `jzct), ycka mjrshdct sckact sumijgthd lck pjkh`chckkyc
lhpjkacrunh b`jn `ctcr mj`cgcka, trclhsh, gjmhcscck, pjkac`cock, pjklhlhgck,
acyc nhlup lck prjsthaj. Ujlckagck shdct outu sjksbrh iuac clc ycka
mjrgbrj`csh `ckasuka
`ckasuka ljkack shdct dhshg, sjpjrth tjgstur mjrupc gjgjrcsck
gjgjrcsck ycka
lhugur ljkack uiuka icrh sjmcach shdct outu sjksbrh lcpct lhgbrj`cshgck
ljkack shdct tjgstur ycka lhugur ljkack hkstruojk/c`ct sjmcach shdct dhshg.
Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lcpct lhaukcgck uktug ojkicwcm pjrtckycck ojkajkch
thkagctck outu prblug. Ljkack jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lcpct lhgjtcnuh clckyc
pjomjlcck (lhddjrjkej), gjsugcck (prjdjrjkej) ctcupuk ljsgrhpsh suctu
prblug pckack. Vjomjlcck, ebktbnky
ebktbnkycc clc`cn prblug pckack C mjrmjlc
ljkack prblug pckack M. Dcgtbr pjomjlc clc`cn shdct outu sjksbrh ycka
lcpct mjrupc wcrkc, crboc, rcsc, tjgstur ctcupuk shdct sjksbrh `chkkyc.
Gjsugcck, ojkukiuggck prblug C clc`cn prblug ycka pc`hka lhsugch lh

cktcrc mjmjrcpc prblug `chk ycka lhuih lck ycka ojkyjmcmgck prblug
pckack C `jmhn lhsugch lh cktcrc prblug pckack `chkkyc clc`cn shdct outu
sjksbrh sjpjrth nc`kyc sshdct
hdct outu sjksbrh pclc
pclc pjomjlcck.
pjomjlcck. Ljsgrhpsh cclc`cn
lc`cn
urchck suctu shdct outu sjksbrh sjecrc vjrmc`.
Vjkauihck pjomjlcck pclc uouokyc lhaukcgck mh`c hkahk lhgjtcnuh
clckyc pjrmjlcck cktcr scopj` ycka lhuih. Mhcsckyc pjkauihck pjomjlcck
lhcp`hgcshgck uktug gjahctck pjkacwcsck outu prblug ( prbluet quc`hty
ebktrb`), pjkjktuck uour shopck, lck hkvjsthacsh clckyc ejocrck ehtc
rcsc/mcu (tchkt). Lc`co cp`hgcshkyc, nc` tjrsjmut sckact lhtjktugck b`jn
gjocopuck pckj`hs uktug ojkljtjgsh lck ojkajkc`h clckyc pjrmjlcck lh
cktcrc scopj`-scopj` ycka lhuih. Gjpjgcck ycka mchg lcrh sjbrcka pckj`hs
sckact lhmutungck pclc pjkauihck hkh gcrjkc mhcsckyc pjrmjlcck cktcr
scopj` nckyc sjlhght scic, ycka oukaghk thlcg lcpct tjrljtjgsh b`jn pckj`hs
ycka thlcg tjr`cthn.
Vjkauihck gjsugcck ctcu pjkjrhocck mhcsckyc lhcp`hgcshgck uktug
ojkjktugck thkagct pjkjrhocck sjrtc gjsugcck gbksuojk tjrnclcp suctu
prblug pckack. Vjkauihck gjsugcck mhcsc lhaukcgck uktug ojrhsjt gjsugcck
gbksuojk tjrnclcp suctu prblug pckack tjrtjktu ljkack pckj`hs ycka
ojwcgh`h gbksuojk sjecrc uouo.
Ckc`hshs ljsgrhpsh mhcsckyc lhcp`hgcshgck uktug pjkajomckack prblug
cacr gjahctck pjkajomckack tjrsjmut ojkancsh`gck prblug ycka sjsuch
ljkack tcrajt ycka lhhkahkgck. Uj`chk htu, ckc`hshs
c kc`hshs ljsgrhpsh lcpct mjrockdcct
 lc`co rjdbrou`csh prblug ojkaaukcgck hkarjlhjkt ctcu prbsjs mcru, sjrtc
uktug ojkahkvjsthacsh clckyc pjrmjlcck cktcrc prblug ncsh` pjkajomckack
ljkack prblug gbojrshc` ycka sulcn clc lh pcscr. Zktug lcpct oj`cgugck
ckc`hshs ljsgrhpsh lhpjr`ugck pckj`hs ycka sckact tjr`cthn lck ojkajrth mjtu`
gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh prblug ycka lhuih.

3.< Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 3

Vjkajrthck Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh

J
vc`ucsh sjksbrh ojrupcgck sc`cn sctu mhlcka ycka sckact lhgjkc`,
pbpu`jr, lck pjkthka uktug hklustrh pckack. Kcouk ljohghck, ocshn
clc ycka mjrpjklcpct mcnwc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojrupcgck pjkajtcnuck
hkdbroc` ycka sjljrnckc oj`hputh pjkauihck ehtc rcsc ctcu pjkyjmcrck
gujshbkjr scic. Mcngck clc ycka mjrpjklcpct mcnwc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh nckyc
uktug oj`hnct rckghka prblug mjrlcscrgck ctcs cpc ycka ojrjgc rcscgck.
Vjklcpct `chk ojkyctcgck mcnwc cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lc`co hklustrh
pckack ojrupcgck
ojrupcgck nc` ycka ocnc` lck gcrjkckyc
gcrjkckyc lhckaacp ncky
nckycc lhpjr`ugck
uktug mcahck rhsjt lck pjkajomckack ( ]&L Ljpcrtojkt) lc`co suctu
hklustrh pckack. \jktu scic pjklcpct nc` tjrsjmut thlcg sj`urunkyc tjpct.
Ujksbrh mjrcsc` lcrh gctc sjksbry ycka mjrcrth brack hklrc. Jvc`ucsh
sjksbrh ojrupcgck hsth`cn ycka lhaukcgck uktug ojkukiuggck gjahctck
pjkh`chck/jvc`ucsh
pjkh`chck/jv c`ucsh tjrnclcp suctu bmyjg ljkack ojkaaukcg
ojkaaukcgck ck brack hklrc.
Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lhgjkc` iuac ljkack hsth`cn pjkh`chck hklrcwh ctcu pjkh`chck
brackb`jpthg. Ujecrc sjljrnckc, jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojrupcgck prbsjs, lh ockc
ctrhmut-ctrhmut tjrtjktu suctu prblug lhhljkthdhgcsh lck lhkh`ch/lhugur, uktug
sj`ckiutkyc lctckyc lhckc`hshs lck lhhktjrprjtcshgck. Ctrhmut-ctrhmut tjrsjmut
lcpct lhcocth oj`c`uh pckechklrc, sjpjrth pjka`hnctck (octc), pjkehuock
(nhluka), pjkajecp (`hlcn), pjrcmc (uiuka icrh) lck pjkljkacrck (tj`hkac).
Ocshka-ocshka hklrc tjrsjmut ojopukych pjrck ycka pjkthka lc`co prbsjs
hljkthdhgcsh lck pjkh`chck ctrhmut outu pckack. Ljkack ljohghck, sckact ij`cs
mcnwc mhlcka h`ou hkh ojkecgu
ojkecgup p spjgtruo ycka `jmhn `ucs lcrh sjgjlcr
‐pjkauihck ehtc rcsc‟
rcsc‟ ctcu pjkauopu`ck bphkh sjecrc sugcrj`c oj`c`uh
gujshbkjr, sjpjrth pjkajrthck ycka sj`coc hkh lhycghkh
lh ycghkh b`jn sjmcahck brcka.

Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh clc`cn suctu gjahctck h`ohcn ycka oj`hputh

prbsjs hljkthdhgcsh, pjkaugurck, pjkauihck, lck hktjrprjtcsh
ctrhmut outu suctu prblug pckack ycka lhtjrhoc b`jn `hoc
 pckechklrc ychtu pjka`hnctck, pjkehuock, pjkajecp ehtc rcsc,
pjrcmc, lck pjkljkacrck.
pjkljkacrck.

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.:

Hsth`cn sjksbrh mckycg lhmcncs lc`co mhlcka h`ou dhshb`bah ockushc

gcrjkc ojkyckagut
ojkyckagut brack hklrc lck dukashkyc sjrtc shstjo scrcd sjksbrh ycka

tjr`hmct lc`co prbsjs

nhkaac ojkiclh gjsck. pjkab`cnck
Ljkack brack rckasckack ycka
hklrc hkh`cn lhtjrhoc
ockushc brack
lcpct hklrc
ojkajkc`
mjklc-mjklc lh `hkagukackkyc sjrtc lcpct ojkh`ch mcrcka
mcrcka-mcrcka
-mcrcka gjmutunck
nhlupkyc, tjrocsug gjmutunck pckack ojrjgc. H`ou sjksbrh thlcg scoc
ljkack h`ou jvc`ucsh sjksbrh. H`ou sjksbrh ojkecgup ckctboh, nhstb`bah,
mhbghohc, lck dhshb`bah brack hklrc tjrocsug shstjo scrcd sjksbrh lck mcahck-
mcahck brack ycka ojkackluk
ojkackluka a sj`-sj` pjgc ycka lhsjmut rjsjptbr. H`ou
jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojomcncs sjac`c pjkajtcnuck ycka mjrnumukack ljkack
dukash pckechklrc, tjrutcoc ycka ojkyckagut 5 djkbojkc utcoc ychtu
thmckyc rckasckack (sthou`us), prbsjs pjkahklrcck ( sjkscthbk), lck

tckaacpck (rjspbksj
hkh clc pclc prbsjs )dhshgb-pshgb`bahg
ockushc tjrnclcplck
rckasckack tjrsjmut.
hkthkyc pclc \hthg
prbsjs mjrct h`ou
pjkahklrcck
sjrtc mjrgchtck jrct ljkack pj`cgsckcck uih sjksbrh lck jvc`ucsh shdct-shdct
sjksbrh tjrnclcp suctu bmyjg.

@C\HNCK

Zktug ojopjrlc`co pjocncock Cklc ojkajkch octjrh lh ctcs,

gjricgck`cn `cthnck mjrhgut!

3) Cpcgcn jvc`ucsh sjksbrh htu2

=) Cpcgcn pjkauihck pjomjlcck lck cpcgcn pjkauihck gjsugcck2
5) Cpcgcn h`ou sjksbrh lck cpcgcn h`ou jvc`ucsh sjksbrh2

Vjtukiug Icwcmck @cthnck

Zktug ojkicwcm sbc`-sbc` `cthnck lh ctcs, Cklc lcpct ojopj`cicrh

gjomc`h octjrh ycka ojomcncs tjktcka9 Vjkajrthck Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh.
 ]CKAGZOCK

Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh clc`cn suctu gjahctck h`ohcn ycka oj`hputh prbsjs

hljkthdhgcsh,, pjkaugurck, pjkauihck, lck hktjrprjtcsh ctrhmut suctu prblug
hljkthdhgcsh
pckack ycka lhtjrhoc b`jn `hoc pckechklrc ychtu pjka`hnctck,

3.4 Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

pjkehuock, pjkajecp ehtc rcsc, pjrcmc, lck pjkljkacrck

pjkljkacrck.. Jvc`ucsh
sjksbrh ojrupcgck hsth`cn ycka lhaukcgck uktug ojkukiuggck gjahctck
pjkh`chck/jvc`ucsh
pjkh`chck/jv c`ucsh tjrnclcp suctu bmyjg ljkack ojkaaukcg
ojkaaukcgck ck brack
hklrc. Hsth`cn `chk jvc`ucsh sjksbrh clc`cn pjkh`chck hklrcwh ctcu pjkh`chck
brackb`jpthg.. H`ou sjksbrh thlcg scoc ljkack h`ou jvc`ucsh sjksbrh. H`ou
brackb`jpthg H` ou
sjksbrh ojomcncs ojkajkch ckctboh, nhstb`bah, mhbghohc, lck dhshb`bah
brack hklrc tjrocsug shstjo scrcd sjksbrh lck mcahck-mcahck brack ycka
ojkackluka sj`-sj` pjgc ycka lhsjmut rjsjptbr. Ujlckagck h`ou
jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojomcncs sjac`c pjkajtcnuck ycka mjrnumukack
ljkack dukash pckechklrc, tjrutcoc ycka ojkyckagut thac djkbojkc
utcoc ychtu thmckyc rckasckack (sthou`us), prbsjs pjkahklrcck
(sjkscthbk), lck tckaacpck (rjspbksj) ockushc tjrnclcp rckasckack
tjrsjmut. \hthg mjrct h`ou hkh pclc prbsjs dhshgb-pshgb`bahg lck hkthkyc
pclc prbsjs pjkahklrcck sjrtc mjrgchtck jrct ljkack pj`cgsckcck uih
sjksbrh lck jvc`ucsh shdct-shdct sjksbrh.

\JU DB]OC\HD 3

Vh`hn`cn sctu icwcmck ycka pc`hka tjpct!

3) Vckechklrc ycka icrcka lhaukcgck lc`co jvc`ucsh sjksbrh y

ychtu
chtu ....
C. pjkehuock
M. pjkajecp
E. pjrcmc
L. pjkljkacrck

=) Ujksbrh mjrcsc` lcrh gctc sjksbry ycka mjrcrth ....

C. brack hklrc
M. rjspbks
E. brack pjrcmc
L. brack pjkajecp

5) H`ou jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojomcncs tjktcka ....

C. ckctboh brack hklrc
M. nhstb`bah brack hklrc
E. mhbghohc lck dhshb`bah brack hklrc
L. shdct hklrcwh

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.1

<) Mcahck brack y

ycka
cka o
ojkackluka
jkackluka sj`-sj` yc
ycka
ka pj
pjgc
gc tj
tjrnclcp
rnclcp rc
rckasckack
kasckack
lhsjmut ....
C. sthou`ck
M. rjsjptbr
E. rjspbks
L. cgsjptbr

:) Gjthac nc` mjrhgut ycka ojrupcgck djkbojkc utcoc dukash pckechklrc

lc`co h`ou jvc`ucsh sjksbrh clc`cn ....
C. hklrcwh, sthou`us, rjspbks
M. ckctboh, sjkscsh, sthou`us
E. sthou`us, sjkscsh, lck rjspbks
L. pjkahklrcck
pjkahklrcck,, sthou`us, sjkscsh

Ebebggck`cn icwcmck Cklc ljkack Gukeh Icwcmck \js Dbrocthd 3 ycka

tjrlcpct lh mcahck cgnhr oblu` hkh. Nhtuka`cn icwcmck ycka mjkcr.
Gjoulhck, aukcgck ruous mjrhgut uktug ojkajtcnuh thkagct pjkaucscck
Cklc tjrnclcp octjrh Gjahctck Mj`cicr 3.

Iuo`cn Icwcmck ycka Mjkcr

\hkagct pjkaucscck ?  366%
Iuo`cn
Iuo`cn Ubc`

Crth thkagct pjkaucscck9 86 - 366% ? mchg sjgc`h

>6 - >8% ? mchg
16 - 18% ? eugup
0 16% ? gurcka

Cpcmh`c ojkecpch thkagct pjkaucscck >6% ctcu `jmhn, Cklc lcpct

ojkjrusgck ljkack Gjahctck Mj`cicr =. Mcaus! Ihgc ocshn lh mcwcn >6%,
Cklc ncrus ojkau`ckah octjrh Gjahctck Mj`cicr 3, tjrutcoc mcahck ycka
mj`uo lhgucsch.
lhgucsch.
3.> Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

Gjahctck Mj`cicr =

Vjrgjomckack Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh

V
jkauihck sjksbrh tj`cn lhaukcgck sjicg `coc ychtu sjicg clckyc
gjnhlupck ockushc lh c`co hkh. Ljkack ojkaaukcgck sjksbrkyc,
ockushc ojkajvc`ucsh gbklhsh `hkagukack tjrocsug pckack ycka ojkiclh
gjmutunck prhojrkyc lck ncrus lhgbksuosh sjthcp ncrh. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh
tjrnclcp pckack lhocgsulgck uktug ojkjktugck pckack ockc ycka mchg,
`cycg lck cock ctcu gurcka mchg, thlcg `cycg lck thlcg cock uktug
lhgbksuosh. Ujmcach mugth mcnwc ockushc tj`cn ojkaaukcgck gjocopuck
sjksbrkyc sjicg `coc lcpct lh`hnct lcrh mugu-mugu sjicrcn ycka ojkij`csgck
mcnwc ocsycrcg
ocsycrcgct
ct purmc tj`cn ocopu ojkjktugck mcnck-mcnck c`co lcrh
tuomunck ycka lcpct lhocgck ocupuk ycka ojopukych gncshct sjmcach
bmct. Ojrjgc ocopu ojomjlcgck mcnck ycka mjrgncshct lcrh mcnck c`co
ycka mjrceuk nckyc oj`c`uh pjkehuock/pjomcuck ljkack nhluka. \jktukyc
h`ou tjrsjmut tjrus mjrgjomcka sjhrhka ljkack pjrgjomckack pjrclcmck
ockushc lck gjmutunckkyc. H`ou sjksbrh hkh`cn ycka ghkh lhgjomckagck
ojkiclh sjmucn lhshp`hk h`ou uktug ojkajvc`ucsh pckack lck lhgjkc` sjmcach
h`ou „jvc`ucsh sjksbrh pckack‘. Lhshp`hk h`ou hkh cgck lhpj`cicrh oj`c`uh
oblu` hkh sjecrc `jmhn lc`co lck tjrpjrhkeh. Zktug lcpct ojocncohkyc
ljkack `jmhn mchg, ojomcec rjdjrjksh `chkkyc ycka ojkluguka sckact
lhckiurgck.
Gbksuosh pckack lukhc tjrus ojkhkagct lck mjrvcrhcsh sjsuch ljkack
pjrtuomunck
pjrtuomun ck pjklulug ycka pjsct lck tuktutck pjrohktcck ocsycrcgct ycka
sjocghk mjscr. Ujic`ck ljkack nc` hkh, hklustrh pckack sjmcach sc`cn sctu
pjkyjlhc gjmutunck pckack pjklulug iuac mjrgjomcka ljkack ejpct lck
pcsth sjnhkaac sjgtbr pjrlcackack
pjrlcackack pckack puk ojkhkag
ojkhkagctct tcico. Vjkhkagctck
sjgtbr pjrlcackack pckack mchg sjecrc „guc`htcs‘ ocupuk „guckthtcs‘, tj`cn
ojkiclh hksphrcsh mcah pjrgjomckack pjkauihck sjksbrh sjecrc dbroc`.
Ujbrcka gbksuojk mjrncrcp mcnwc prblug pckack ycka ojrjgc mcycr
ojopukych outu ycka mchg lck `cycg lhgbksuosh. Ujmcach ebktbn, scct
pjomj`h ojkajecp sjpbtbka ockaac ycka ockhs lh pcscr trclhshbkc` ocgc
lhc mjrncrcp nc` tjrsjmut ojwcgh`h sjmckycg oukaghk ockaac ycka cgck
lhmj`hkyc, sjlckagck lcrh sulut pcklcka ycka `chk, sjbrcka pjkiuc` cgck
ojkjktugck ncrac prblug mjrlcscrgck outukyc. Ujmcach ebktbn, uktug
ockaac ycka sckact ockhs (ockaac „ockc`cah‘ ohsc`kyc), pjkiuc` cgck

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.8

ojkjtcpgck ncrac ycka `jmhn thkaah lhmcklhkagck ockaac ijkhs `chkkyc ycka
thlcg tjr`c`u ockhs. Ebktbn `chkkyc clc`cn wcrkc ockaac ycka sckact
ojkcrhg (ockaac „ajlbka ahkeu‘ ohsc`kyc), pjkiuc` cgck ojkjtcpgck ncrac
ycka `jmhn thkaah pclc ockaac „ajlbka ahkeu‘
ahkeu‘ ycka sulcn mjrwcrkc brckyj
lhmcklhkagck ljkack ockaac „ajlbka ahkeu‘
ahkeu‘ ycka ocshn mjrwcrkc
gjnhicuck. Nc` hkh mjr`cgu iuac uktug sjouc ijkhs pckack ycka `chk, mchg
prblug sjacr,
sjacr, sjtjkacn iclh o
ocupuk
cupuk prblug pckack shcp g
gbksuosh.
bksuosh.
Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh tj`cn mjrgjomcka ljkack pjsct ojkahguth gjhkahkck
ockushc uktug ojojkunh gjmutunckkyc cgck pckack. Mjrlcscrgck
pjrspjgthd pjkj`hthck ycka lh`cgugck lh Cojrhgc Ujrhgct tjktcka gbksuojk
pckack lh jrc cmcl =3, j`csthshtcs pjrohktcck gbksuojk tjrnclcp pckack
sckact lhpjkacrunh b`jn dcgtbr ehtcrcsc. Gbksuojk ojkahkahkgck pckack
ljkack grhtjrhc sjksbrh tjrtjktu tjrutcoc ehtcrcsc ycka jkcg sjmcach dcgtbr
utcoc. B`jn gcrjkc htu, pjkajomckack prblug-prblug pckack tjrus
lh`cgugck uktug ojojkunh gjhkahkck tjrsjmut. Vjkajomckack hkh thlcg mhsc
`jpcs lcrh gjahctck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh cacr lcpct lhncsh`gck prblug pckack
ljkack gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh ycka bpthoc`.
Vjrgjomckack jvc`ucsh sjksbrh tj`cn ojkyjmcmgck pjkhkagctck iuo`cn
gbksu`tck cn`h lck „pjkajecp
pjkajecp‘‘ (tcstjr) prbdjshbkc` sjmcach sc`cn sctu tu`cka
pukaauka pclc hklustrh pckack sjicg cwc` tcnuk 3866-ck. Lc`co
gjkyctcckkyc, pjkauihck hkh sjrhka gc`h mjrshdct sumijgthd gcrjkc sjiuo`cn
pjkauih gurcka mjrpjkac`cock sjnhkaac pj`ucka hktjrprjtcsh mjrlcscrgck
prcsckagc `jmhn mjscr. Kcouk, ljkack pjomcguck ojtblj, ncsh` jvc`ucsh
sjksbrh lcpct lhpjrtckaaukaicwcmgck sjecrc h`ohcn. Nc` hkh lhou`ch b`jn
Vckambrk pclc tcnuk 384< ycka ojkectct pjrgjomckack jvc`ucsh sjksbrh
mjrlcscrgck pclc pjkjrhocck pckack b`jn tjktcrc Cojrhgc Ujrhgct sj`coc
pjrcka tcnuk 38<4-38<1. Ljohghck iiuac
uac pjkajomcka
pjkajomckack ck pjkauihck sjah thac
lh Uecklhkcvhc ycka ojkiclh pjrncthckkyc. Uj`ckiutkyc, pclc tcnuk 38<> lh
Cojrhgc Ujrhgct lhtjrmhtgck mugu „Vjlbock Vj`cgsckcck Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh‘
Ujksbrh‘
sjmcach mcahck gjahctck h`ohcn ycka lhtjrmhtgck b`jn Ljpcrtjojk H`ou
 Vckack pclc Zkhvjrshty bd Ec`hdbrkhc lh Lcvhs.
Vcrc h`ouwck tjrus ojkajomckagck h`ou jvc`ucsh sjksbrh, uktug
sj`ckiutkyc pjrgjomckack tjrmcru lhdbrou`cshgck, lhsusuk strugturkyc sjrtc
lhsjopurkcgck lck lhtu`hs ojtbljkyc. Vcrc cn`h tjrus ojkajomckagck
ojtblj-ojtblj
ojtblj-ojt blj mcru lck ojkyjopurk
ojkyjopurkcgck
cgck ojtblj ycka sulcn clc. Ojtblj-
ojtblj tjrsjmut lhgjomckagck sjmcach mcahck lcrh rckagchck prbsjs uktug
ojkhkagctgck kh`ch jgbkboh prblug pckack. Ljkack pjomcguck sjecrc

3.36 Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

h`ohcn ocgc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh thlcg `cah lhckaacp mjrshdct sumijgthd, tjtcph
sulcn lcpct lhsjtcrcgck ljkack shdct bmijgthd wc`cupuk lc`co pjkh`chckkyc
lhaukcgck brack ockushc sjmcach hkstruojk. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh iuac lcpct
lhaukcgck uktug ojkjtcpgck gjukaau`ck lcrh suctu gboblhtcs/prblug.
Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojrupcgck c`tjrkcthd uktug pjkjktuck ecrc pc`hka bpthoc`
lc`co prbsjs pckack ycka lcpct ojkancsh`gck prblug ljkack kh`ch
jgbkbohs ycka thkaah. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lhaukcgck lc`co mhlcka
pjkajklc`hck outu, pjkajomcka
pjkajomckackck prblug, lck rhsjt (Acomcr 3.3). Uj`chk
cp`hgcshkyc uktug oj`hnct gcrcgtjr lck uktug jvc`ucsh prblug pckack, h`ou
hkh lcpct iuac lhaukcgck pclc mhlcka `hkagukack, nhahjkj prblug, lhcakbshs
pjkycght, pjkauihck ghohc
ghohc lck mhlcka-mhlcka `chkkyc. Dukash prhojr jvc`ucsh
jvc`ucsh
sjksbrh clc`cn uktug ojklcpctgck lctc ycka vc`hl lck rj`hcm`j/lcpct
lhpjrtckaaukaicwcmgck sjnhkaac lcpct lhaukcgck sjmcach `cklcsck
pjkacomh`ck gjputusck.
gjputusck.

Vj`cyckck
Jvc`ucsh ]hsjt Nuguo
Ujksbrh Vjocscrck
Vjocscrck

Ljschk lck ]hsjt Vjkiuc`ck

Vjkajocsck Vrblug

Vjomuctck

Gjcockck
Vjkajomckack Vjomj`hck
lck
\jgkhg lck
\bgshgb`bah
prbsjs Gbktrb`
prblug
guc`htcs

Acomcr 3.3
Numukack lck Gjtjrgchtck Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ljkack Mhlcka `chk
` chk

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.33

@C\HNCK

Zktug ojopjrlc`co pjocncock Cklc ojkajkch octjrh lh ctcs,

gjricgck`cn `cthnck mjrhgut!

3) Ojkacpc pjkauihck sjksbrh mjrgjomcka ljkack pjsct2

=) Cpcgcn ncsh` jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lcpct lhpjrtckaaukai
lhpjrtckaaukaicwcmgck
cwcmgck sjecrc
h`ohcn2
5) Cpc gjukaau`ck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lhmcklhkag
lhmcklhkagck
ck ppjkauihck
jkauihck `chkkyc2

Vjtukiug Icwcmck @cthnck

Zktug ojkicwcm sbc`-sbc` `cthnck lh ctcs, Cklc lcpct ojopj`cicrh

gjomc`h octjrh ycka ojomcncs tjktcka9 Vjrgjomcka
V jrgjomckack
ck Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh.

]CKAGZOCK

Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh tj`cn lhgjkc` sjicg lcnu`u gc`c. Ockushc

ojkaaukcgck sjksbrkyc uktug ojkjktugck mcnck-mcnck ycka
mjrockdcctt ctcu ycka ojomcncy
mjrockdcc ojomcncycgck
cgck mcah tumunkyc
tumunkyc,, tjrutcoc ljkack
ojkaaukcgck hklrc pjkehuockkyc. Vjrohktcck gbksuojk tjrnclcp
pckack sckact lhpjkacrunh b`b`jn
jn dcgtbr rcsc lck nc` hkh tj`cn lhmugthgck
oj`c`uh suctu pjkj`hthck lh Cojrhgc Ujrhgct. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojrupc
ojrupcgck
gck
gjahctck h`ohcn gcrjkc tj`cn lh`cgugck pjomcguck lcrh ojtblj-ojtblj
ycka lhaukcgck lc`co jvc`ucsh sjksbrh. Vjomcguck hkh lh`cgugck ou`ch
sjghtcr tcnuk 384< lh Cojrhgc Ujrhgct. Ljkack jvc`ucsh sjksbrh,
gjukaau`ck lcrh suctu gboblhtcs lcpct lhtjtcpgck. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh
lhaukcgck lc`co mhlcka pjkajklc`hck outu, pjkajomckack prblug, lck
rhsjt. Uj`chk lhcp`hgcshgck uktug oj`hnct gcrcgtjr lck uktug jvc`ucsh
 prblug pckack,
pckack, h`ou hkh iuac lhauk
lhaukcgck
cgck pclc mhlcka `hkagukack, nhahjkj
prblug, lhcakbshs
lhcakbshs pjky
pjkycght,
cght, pjkauihck gho
ghohc,
hc, lck sjmcachkyc.

3.3= Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

\JU DB]OC\HD =

Vh`hn`cn sctu icwcmck ycka pc`hka tjpct!

3) Vclc cwc` pjrou`cck clckyc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh b`jn ockushc, gjahctck hkh
mjrtuiuck uktug
uktug ....
C. ojkajomckag
ojkajomckagck ck prblug pckack mcru
M. ojkjktugck pckack ycka `cycg lhgbksuosh
E. ojklhcakbsh
ojklhcakbshss pjkycght
L. ojkicac nhahjkj prblug pckack

=) Dcgtbr utcoc ycka ojojkac

ojojkacrunh
runh j`csthshtcs pjrohktcck gbksuojk
tjrnclcp pckack lh jrc cmcl gj-=3 clc`cn ....
C. ncrac
M. ugurck (iuo`cn/mjrct)
E. wcrkc lck mjktug
L. rcsc

5) Vckj`hs lcpct mjrshdct sumijgthd gcrjkc ....

C. lh`cgugck sjbrcka prhc
M. pckj`hs sulcn mjrpjkac`cock
E. ojkaaukcgc
ojkaaukcgck k prcsckagc uktug ojkh`ch
L. sulcn mhcsc oj`cgugck pjkauihck sjijkhs

<) Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojrupcgck

ojrupcgck pjkaugurck h`ohcn gcrjkc ....
C. ojtbljkyc sulcn lhmcgugck
M. ojkaaukcgc
ojkaaukcgck k pckechklrc sjecrc gjsj`urunck
E. ncsh`kyc sj`c`u lhectct
L. ojkaaukcgc
ojkaaukcgck k c`ct bmijgthd

:) Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh thlcg pjr`u lhaukcgck uktug ....

C. oj`ucsgck pjocscrck prblug pckack
M. ojkajomckag
ojkajomckagck ck prblug pckack
E. pjkyj`jgsh pjacwch lh pjruscncck pckack
L. rhsjt pjkajomcka
pjkajomckack
ck prbsjs prblugsh

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.35

Ebebggck`cn icwcmck Cklc ljkack Gukeh Icwcmck \js Dbrocthd = ycka

tjrlcpct lh mcahck cgnhr oblu` hkh. Nhtuka`cn icwcmck ycka mjkcr.
Gjoulhck, aukcgck ruous mjrhgut uktug ojkajtcnuh thkagct pjkaucscck
Cklc tjrnclcp octjrh Gjahctck Mj`cicr =.

Iuo`cn Icwcmck ycka Mjkcr

\hkagct pjkaucscck ?  366%
Iuo`cn
Iuo`cn Ubc`

Crth thkagct pjkaucscck9 86 - 366% ? mchg sjgc`h

>6 - >8% ? mchg
16 - 18% ? eugup
0 16% ? gurcka
Cpcmh`c ojkecpch thkagct pjkaucscck >6% ctcu `jmhn, Cklc lcpct
ojkjrusgck ljkack Gjahctck Mj`cicr 5. Mcaus! Ihgc ocshn lh mcwcn >6%,
Cklc ncrus ojkau`ckah octjrh Gjahctck Mj`cicr =, tjrutcoc mcahck ycka
mj`uo lhgucsch.
lhgucsch.
3.3< Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

Gjahctck Mj`cicr 5

Cp`hgcshh Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh

Cp`hgcs

J
vc`ucsh sjksbrh pckack lcpct lhaukcgck uktug mjrmcach oceco gjahctck
pjkacwcsck outu ctcupuk uktug tuiuck rhsjt, gnususkyc lh mhlcka
pckack. Gjaukcck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh mchg lc`co pjkacwcsck outu ocupuk
uktug tuiuck rhsjt lcpct lhpjrhkeh ojkiclh mjrmcach gjahctck sjsuch ljkack
tuiuck ycka cgck lhecpch ljkack lhclcgckkyc gjahctck tjrsjmut. Lc`co
cp`hgcshkyc, ncsh` lcrh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh sckact mjracktuka lcrh gjocopuck
pjkauih ctcu pckj`hs uktug ojkljtjgs
ojkljtjgshh lck ojkajkc
ojkajkc`h
`h clckyc pjrmjlcck ctcu
ojomjrhgck rjspbkskyc tjrnclcp gjsugcck lcrh suctu ctrhmut outu ctcupuk
ojomjrhgck pjkh`chckkyc
pjkh`chckkyc sjecrc ljsgrhpthd
ljsgrhpthd..

Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ycka lhcp`hgcshgck pclc hklustrh pckack pclc

uouokyc ojopukych mjmjrcpc gjaukcck ctcu tuiuck. \uiuck cp`hgcsh
jvc`ucsh sjksbrh pclc hklustrh pckack ojkecgup nc`-nc` mjrhgut.
3. Ojkajtcnuh gjsugcck lck pjkjrhocck prblug b`jn gbksuojk.
=. Upjshdhgcsh lck pjkacwcsck outu.
5. Vjojtcck lck pjomcklhkac
pjomcklhkack k prblug.
<. Vjkajomck
Vjkajomckackack prblug mcru lck rjdbrou`csh prblug.
:. Hkvjsthacsh clckyc ejocrck.
4. Vjkjktuck uour shopck.

Ljsgrhpsh ocshka-ocshka tuiuck ctcu pjkaaukcck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh

tjrsjmut sjecrc tjrpjrhkeh clc`cn sjmcach mjrhgut.

C. OJKAJ\CNZH GJUZGCCK C\CZ VJKJ]HOCCK V]BLZG

 B@JN GBKUZOJK

Vjkauihck sjksbrh lcpct lhcp`hgcshgck uktug oj`hnct gjsugcck ctcu

pjkjrhocck gbksuojk tjrnclcp suctu prblug. Vjrtckycck ycka ncrus
lhicwcm uktug ojkajtcnuh thkagct gjsugcck ctcu pjkjrhocck tjrnclcp suctu
prblug sckact sjljrnckc lck thlcg mjrshdct ckc`hths. Nc` hkh lh`cgugck nckyc
uktug ojkaacomcrgck sjmjrcpc mjscr gjsugcck ctcu pjkjrhocck ojkiclh
pjrthomckack
pjrthomckack gbksuojk uktug ojkjrhoc suctu prblug. B`jn gcrjkc htu,
pjoh`hnck lck pj`cthnck ec`bk pckj`hs thlcg lhpjr`ugck gcrjkc tckpc

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.3:

gjmjrclcck pckj`hs tjr`cthn puk nc` hkh lcpct lh`cgugck. Vj`cthnck iustru lcpct

ojkyjmcmgck mhcs lc`co ncsh`kyc lck gbktrcprblugthd. Lc`co nc` hkh, ycka
lhpjr`ugck clc`cn pjoh`hnck gj`bopbg rjspbkljk ycka lcpct ojwcgh`h
pbpu`csh tcrajt
tcrajt lcrh pcrc pjka
pjkaaukc
aukc prblug (gbksuojk tc
tcrajt).
rajt).
Gjsugsjsck suctu pjruscncck pckack clc`cn cpcmh`c prblug ojrjgc
tjriuc` lck ojkancsh`gck pjkhkagctck gjuktukack. B`jn gcrjkc htu,
pjomuctck ljschk lck pjocscrck prblug ycka sjsuch ljkack gjhkahkck
gbksuojk ojkiclh nc` ycka sckact pjkthka ycka pjr`u lh`cgugck b`jn sjthcp
hklustrh pckack. Vjkajrthck tjrnclcp gjmutunck gbksuojk, pjkaugurck outu
sjecrc ljsgrhpthd, lck hop`jojktcsh gjmutunck tjrsjmut lc`co suctu
pjkajomckack
pjkajomcka ck prbsjs prblugsh ojrupcgck cp`hgcsh ycka sckact pjkthka lcrh

suctu gjahctck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh.

M. UVJUHDHGCUH LCK VJKACQCUCK OZ\Z

Vjkaaukcck spjshdhgcsh prblug lc`co hklustrh pckack lck sup`ch prblug

pckack tjrtjktu clc`cn nc` ycka pjkthka lck pjr`u lhpjrncthgc
lhpjrncthgck.
k. Ljdhkhsh
uouo lcrh guc`htcs clc`cn guopu`ck shdct-shdct lck gcrcgtjrhsthg prblug ctcu
icsc ycka ojomjrhg
ojomjrhgck
ck gjpucsck lck lcpct ojojkun
ojojkunhh gjhkahkck gbksuojk.
Vjkjktuck spjshdhgcsh prblug lc`co hklustrh lck pjocscrck prblug pckack
sckact pjkthka lc`co prcgthg pjrlcackack. Lc`co nc` hkh, outu ojrupcgck

guopu`ck lcrh mjrmcach shdct ( djcturjs) lck gcrcgtjrhsthg suctu mcrcka ctcu
icsc lc`co gchtckkyc uktug ojojkunh gjpucsck ctcu gjmutunck
pjkaaukckyc.
pjkaaukcky c. Cpcmh`c lhcp`hgcshgck pclc prblug pckack, ljdhkhsh hkh tjr`hnct
lcrh luc j`jojk sjksbrh ychtu (3) ctrhmut sjksbrh ycka lhhkahkgck lc`co suctu
shdct/gcrcgtjrhsthg
shdct/gcrcgtjrhsthg prblug lck (=) pjrsjpsh sumijgthd b`jn gbksuojk ctcs suctu
prblug (gjpucsck/gjmu
(gjpucsck/gjmutunck).
tunck). Upjshdhgcsh outu sjksbrh suctu prblug clc`cn
 gjahctck ycka ojkahljkthdhgcsh sjecrc ij`cs gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh ycka pjkthka
lc`co suctu prblug lck lcpct lhwuiulgck ctcs lcscr gjsjpcgctck cktcrc
pjomj`h lck pjkiuc`/prblu
pjkiuc`/prblusjk
sjk prblug tjrsjmut. Upjshdhgcsh suctu prblug
tjrlhrh lcrh mjrmcach gcrcgtjrhsthg ycka thlcg nckyc mjrgchtck ljkack dcgtbr

sjksbrh tjtcph iuac nc` `chk, sjpjrth pj`cmj`ck, stcklcr ahzh, lck sjmcachkyc.
@hoc pcrcojtjr outu ycka mjrgchtck ljkack dcgtbr sjksbrh clc`cn
pjkcopcgck
pjkcopcg ck (wcrkc), ehtc rcsc (rcsc lck crboc/mcu
crboc/mcu),
), tjgstur, ugurck, lck
mjmcs lcrh gjecectck.
gjecectck.
Upjshdhgcsh sjksbrh lhkyctcgck oj`c`uh gjsjpcgctck ojkaaukcgck
ghscrck guc`htcs prblug uktug ojkaacomcrgck mctcs gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh

3.34 Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

ycka lcpct lhtjrhoc lck thlcg lcpct lhtjr

lhtjrhoc.
hoc. Gcrcgtjrhsth
Gcrcgtjrhsthgg sjksbrh prblug
mjrnumukack ljkack mctcs-mctcs pjkjrhocck ycka lhij`csgck ljkack ecrc
mjrnumukack
ycka bmijgthd lck lhaukcgck sjmcach lcscr lc`co shstjo arclhka prblug.
Ckc`hs sjksbrh ojojacka pjrckck pjkthka lc`co ojkljdhkhshgck
gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh oj`c`uh ecrc-ecrc ycka bmijgthd. Utcd lh mcahck
pjkacwcsck outu ncrus sulcn ojklcpctg
ojklcpctgck ck trchkhka sjnhkaac lcpct
ojkyctcgck hktjrprjtcshkyc tjrnclcp suctu gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh lck lcpct
ojkahop`jojktcshgck pclc shstjo arclhka ljkack ceuck ycka tj`cn
lhsjpcgcth. \rchkhka ycka
ycka lhmjrhgck gjpclc stcd lh mcahck pjkacwcsck outu
ncrus lh`cgugck sjecrc ruthk, sjnhkaac gcrycwck tjrsjmut lcpct sj`c`u
ojomjrhgck pjkh`chckkyc
pjkh`chckkyc sjecrc bmijgthd lck gbkshstjk. Clckyc pjkac`cock

ycka tjrgcht ljkack guc`hdhgcsh outu tjrtjktu lcrh sjbrcka stcd lh mcahck
pjkacwcsck outu cgck ojomjojomjrhgck
rhgck pj`cicrck lck gjocopuck uktug
ojkajkc`h lck ojkahljkthdhgcsh prblug ycka mjrclc lh `ucr ghscrck kbroc`
ycka lcpct lhtjrhoc. Gjocopuck uktug ojkajkc` ghscrck prblug ycka lcpct
lhtjrhoc mchg lc`co `bt ctcu mcten ycka scoc ocupuk cktcr `bt sckact
lhpjr`ugck lh lc`co pjkjrcpck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh mcnck lck prblug pckack.

E. VJOJ\CCK LCK VJOMCKLHKACK V]BLZG

Vjojtcck prblug (prbluet ocpphka) ojrupcgck sc`cn sctu gjahctck

ycka pjr`u lh`cgugck uktug ojkajtcnuh cpcgcn outu sjksbrhkyc ocshn

tjrocsug lc`co mctcsck ycka tj`cn lhtjtcpgck sjmj`uokyc. Vjojtcck prblug
sjecrc sjksbrh lh`cgugck ljkack ojkaaukcgck ojtblj ckc`hshs ljsgrhpthd.
Uj`ckiutkyc, prbdh` lctc sjksbrhkyc lhuih ojkaaukcgck ojtblj pjkauihck
stcthsthg ou`thvcrhct uktug ojojtcgck outu sjksbrh lh cktcrc prblug pckack
sjijkhs. Vjojtcck prblug mjrlcscrgck prbdh` sjksbrhkyc lcpct ojomcktu
ojkahljkthdhgcsh pbshsh suctu prblug lhmcklhkagck ljkack prblug
gbopjthtbr lck iuac uktug ojkahljkthdhgcsh gjsjkickack ycka clc ljkack
prblug ycka tj`cn sugsjs lh pcscrck. Vjojtcck suctu prblug mjrlcscrgck
prbdh` sjksbrh lcpct ojomck
ojomcktu
tu prblusjk uktug oj`hnct pjkacrun pjrumcnck

prbsjs ctcu dbrou`csh

dbrou`csh tjrn
tjrnclcp
clcp outu prblug
prblug..
\uiuck gjahctck pjomcklhkack prblug clc`cn uktug ojkahljkthdhgcsh
clckyc gjsjtcrcck prblug ( prbluet octenhka) ychtu cacr prblug ycka
lhncsh`gck lh suctu hklustrh pckack tjtcp mjroutu pc`hka mchg ctcu pc`hka
lhsugch gbksuojk. Lc`co hklustrh pckack nc` hkh lcpct lhciugck b`jn mcahck
prblugsh, pjocscrck ctcu pjkajomcka
pjkajomckack
ck prblug. Vjrohktcck ycka lctcka

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.31

lcrh mcahck prblugsh lcpct lhtuiugck uktug ojkicohk lck ojopjrtcnckgck

ctcu ojkyjtcrcgck outu prblug ycka lhncsh`gck ljkack outu prblug sjijkhs
ctcu prblug ycka `jmhn ukaau` lh pcscrck. Uj`chk htu, tuiuck lcrh pjkyjtcrcck
prblug hkh iuac uktug ojopjrtcnckg
ojopjrtcnckgck ck cacr outu pckack ycka lhncsh`gck
gbkshstjk lcrh suctu mcten gj mcten prblugsh mjrhgutky
mjrhgutkyc.c. Mcah
Mcahck
ck pjocscrck
ojkaaukcgck pjkauihck pjomcklhkack uktug lcpct ojomcklhkagck lck
ojkyjsuchgck
ojkyjsuchg ck prblug ojrjgc ljkack prblug gbopjthtbrkyc.
gbopjthtbrkyc.
Vjkajomckack prblug ojkaaukcgck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lh`cgugck uktug
ojomuct dbrou`csh, sjrtc ojkyjsuchgck outu prblugkyc ljkack dbrou`csh
mcru ctcu hkarjlhjkt lcrh mjrmcach pjocsbg ycka mjrmjlc. Mhcsckyc lc`co
pjkyjsuchck prblug, gcrcgtjrhsthg tcrajt lcrh suctu prblug ycka lhhkahkgck
lhhljkthdhgcsh tjr`jmhn lcnu`u. Hkdbrocsh ctrhmut sjksbrh sjecrc hklhvhlu lcpct
ojomjrhgck hklhgcsh ycka ij`cs tjktcka ctrhmut ycka pc`hka mjrgbktrhmush
lc`co pjomjlcck cktcr prblug. Hkdbrocsh tcomcnck tjktcka pcscr lck
gjsugcck gbksuojk (prjdjrjkej) ycka lhgbomhkcshgck ljkack pjojtcck lck
gjsjtcrcck prblug hkh lcpct lhaukcgck uktug ojkahljkthdhgcsh ctrhmut ycka
ojkiclh gukeh gjsugcck gbksuojk tjrnclcp suctu prblug ycka ojkyjmcmgck
ojrjgc ojomj`h prblug tjrsjmut.

L. VJKAJOMCKACK V]BLZG MC]Z LCK ]JDB]OZ@CUH

V]BLZG

Hklustrh pckack scct hkh ojrupcgck sjgtbr mhskhs ycka mjrgjomcka pjsct.
Mckycg prblusjk lck pjocscr mjr`bomc-`bomc lc`co ojkehptcgck lck
ojocscrgck prblug pckackkyc. Gbopjthshkyc sckact gjtct lck ojrupcgck
pcscr ljkack pjrschkack tjrmugc sjnhkaac ojocgsc prblusjk uktug lcpct
 ojkicac/ojopjrtcnckgck lck ojkhkagctgck outu prblugkyc. Jvc`ucsh
sjksbrh mjrgbktrhmush lc`co hklustrh pckack uktug ojkajomckagck lck
ojkancsh`gck prblug pckack ljkack guc`htcs ycka thkaah. Vjkajomckack
prblug ojrupcgck prbsjs ljschk, pjkehptcck, lck pjocscrck suctu hlj uktug
ojkajomckagck ctcu ojkehptcgck prblug mcru. Vrblug tjrsjmut lcpct
mjrupc prblug ycka mcru oukeu` lh pcscr ctcu pjkajo
pjkajomckack
mckack lcrh prblug
tjrmcru lc`co suctu hklustrh pckack. Clckyc c`csck jgbkboh ojkyjmcmgck
gclcka gc`c lhpjr`ugck pjkaackthck mcnck mcgu ctcu mcnck tcomcnck ycka
sj`coc hkh tj`cn lhaukcgck ljkack mcnck mcgu ctcu mcnck tcomcnck `chk
ycka `jmhn ourcn. Uj`chk c`csck jgbkboh, c`csck `chk uktug ojkaackth mcnck
mcgu ctcu mcnck tcomcnck clc`cn gcrjkc clckyc hkdbrocsh prblug

3.3> Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

gbopjthtbr cgck ojkacomh` c`hn pckasc pcscr prblug ycka sj`coc hkh tj`cn
lhoh`hgh. Ujouc ocsc`cn tjrsjmut ojojr`ugck mjmjrcpc tcncpck rjdbrou`csh
pclc suctu prblug ljkack tuiuck uktug ojkaumcn ctcu ojopj ojopjrtcnckgck
rtcnckgck
pbshsh prblug pclc pcscr y
ycka
cka sj`coc hkh tj`cn lhgucschky
lhgucschkyc.
c.
Lc`co pjkajomckack prblug mcru, jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lhaukcgck uktug
ojkh`ch, ojkjktugck lck ojoh`hn prblug tjrmchg ycka pc`hka lcpct lhtjrhoc,
lhsugch lck lhpjrghrcgck cgck sugsjs lhpcscrgck lcrh mjrmcach dbrou`csh
prblug ycka lhmuct b`jn hklustrh pckack. Ocgsul rjdbrou`csh clc`cn
ojomuct dbrou`csh mcru lcrh prblug ycka sulcn clc uktug ojkhkagctgck
kh`ch jgbkbohskyc. Cpcmh`c lhpjr`ugck pjrumcnck mjmjrcpc j`jojk lc`co
prbsjs prblugsh ocgc lhmutungck pu`c pjpjojrhgscck
ojrhgscck pjkacrunkyc pclc outu
prblug cgnhr. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lhaukcgck uktug tuiuck tjrsjmut. Ujthcp
pjruscncck pckack cgck ojkaupcy
ojkaupcycgck
cgck clckyc rjdbrou`csh prblug lc`co
gchtckkyc ljkack shg`us pjrgjomckack prblug ojrjgc. Vclc uouokyc
prblug pckack ojopukych
ojopukych shg`us ycka
ycka pjkljg, gjeuc`h
gjeuc`h prblug mcnck pckack
pbgbg. Uhg`us pjrgjomckack/shg`us
pjrgjomckack/shg`us nhlup ( `hdj eye`j) prblug pckack lcpct
lh`hnct pclc Acomcr 3.=.

y
 x
dcsj 3 dcsj = dcsj 5 dcsj <

x ? wcgtu (uour) prblug

y ? pjrohktcck (gjmutunck) prblug

Acomcr 3.=
Uhg`us Vjrgjomckack Vrblug Vckack

Vclc lcscrkyc, clc jopct tcncp pclc shg`us nhlup prblug pckack ychtu
(3) dcsj pjkajkc`ck prblug, (=) dcsj pjrtuomunck, sjrtc (5) dcsj gjijkunck
lck (<) dcsj pjkurukck. B`jn gcrjkc htu, pjkajomckack prblug ncrus

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.38

lh`cgugck, tjrutcoc scct prblug sulcn ojkecpch dcsj gjijkunck nhkaac pclc
wcgtu ojocsugh dcsj pjkurukck tj`cn tjrsjlhc prblug `chk sjmcach
pjkaackthkyc.
pjkaackthky c. ]jdbrou`
]jdbrou`csh
csh mhcsckyc lh`cgugck b`jn sjthcp pjruscncck pclc
scct oj`cgugck oblhdhgcsh tjrnclcp prbsjs lck hkarjlhjkt gcrjkc mjmjrcpc
c`csck. Ujthcp pjruscncck lcpct oj`cgugck rjdbrou`csh uktug ojkancsh`gck
prblug ycka lhhkahkgck pclc sctu ctcu mjmjrcpc tcncp lc`co shg`us
prblugshkyc.
prblugshky c.
Mjmjrcpc pjruscncck pckack ojkag`cho cgck tjtcp ojkaaukcgck
dbrou`c cs`h ljkack ojkahguth cturck pjomuctck prbsjs prblugsh ycka scoc.
Kcouk, gjtjrsjlhcck mcnck tcomcnck pckack ( cllhthvj) ctcu hkarjlhjkt
uktug dbrou`c cs`hkyc thlcg sj`c`u tjrsjlhc lc`co ickagc wcgtu ycka `coc
sjnhkaac lhmutungck rjdbrou`csh prblug. ]jdbrou`csh ojrupcgck ic`ck gj
`ucr gcrjkc pjocsbg trclhshbkc` thlcg sj`cockyc clc ctcu tjrsjlhc ctcupuk
gcrjkc hkarjlhjkt ycka mhcsc lhaukcgck ojkac`coh gjkchgck ncrac. C`csck
`chkkyc clc`cn gbopjthtbr/pjschka ycka lcpct ojkancsh`gck prblug ycka
scoc sjmcach suctu ckecock uktug ojkacomh`/ojkhkagctgck pckasc pcscr
ojrjgc. Ocsc`cn-ocsc`cn tjrsjmut ojomutungck clckyc rjdbrou`csh prblug,
mchg htu uktug tuiuck ojkaumcn pcscr ctcu ojopjrtcn
ojopjrtcnckgck
ckgck pbshsh pcscr
ycka sulcn lhecpch sj`coc hkh.
Dcgtbr `chk ycka ojkyjmcmgck rjdbrou`csh prblug lhmutungck clc`cn
pjocgchck pjrc`ctck ycka ojopukyc
ojopukychh gjtjrmctcsck wcgtu. Ujhrhka
mjric`ckkyc wcgtu pjrc`ctck prblugsh cgck ojkiclh uscka lck `hkh prbsjs
mcru ncrus lhshcpgck lck lhpcscka. Vclc pjrc`ctck uscka, gjoukaghkck
guc`htcs prblug pckack ycka lhncsh`gck lcrh suctu prbsjs prblugsh thlcg `cah
scoc ljkack prblug pckack ycka lhncsh`gck lcrh pjrc`ctck ycka ocshn
 prhoc. Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ojkaaukcgck
ojkaaukcgck ojtblj ckc`hshs ljsgrhpsh pc`hka sjsuch
uktug ojkaugur pjrumcnck outu ycka lhsjmcmgck b`jn sumsthtush hkarjlhjkt
ctcu prbsjs. Uj`chk htu, uktug ojkagcih lcopcgkyc sjecrc jgbkboh,
hkdbrocsh tcomcnck lcrh sjah outu iuac lhmutungck. Vjkajtcnuck ojkajkch
spjshdhgcsh prblug lcrh sjbrcka cn`h, vcrhcsh prblug, lck hkdbrocsh lcrh
gbksuojk tjktcka gjejkljrukack (trjkl) lck gjrcacock lcpct ojojka
ojojkacrunh
crunh
pjkjrhocck prblug. Nc` tjrsjmut lhpjr`ugck sjmcach lcscr pjkacomh`ck
gjputusck uktug lh`cgugck ctcu thlcg lh`cgugckkyc rjdbrou`csh prblug.
Gbomhkcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lck pjrthomckack gbojrshc` lhaukcgck uktug
ojkahljkthdhgcsh
ojkahljkthdhgcsh gjocopuck prblug gbopjthtbr ojkcklhkah prblugkyc ctcu
ojkahljkthdhgcsh pbtjksh ckecock prblug gbopjthtbr tjrnclcp pcscr
prblugkyc.
prblugkyc.

3.=6 Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

Ckc`hs sjksbrh cgck ojomcktu pjruscncck lc`co upcyckyc uktug

oj`cgugck rjdbrou`csh prblug. Ckc`hs cgck oj`cgugck prbdh`hka sjecrc
ljsgrhpthd lc`co ojkacrcgtjrhscsh pjrumcnck ycka lhsjmcmgck b`jn sumsthtush
mcnck tcomcnck
tcomcnck ctcu prbsjs ycka cg
cgck
ck ojomcktu ojo
ojomjrh
mjrh acomcrck g
gjpclc
jpclc
pjruscncck cpcmh`c lh`cgug
lh`cgugck
ck rjdbrou`
rjdbrou`csh
csh pclc prblug pckackky
pckackkyc.
c. Clckyc
acomcrck tjrsjmut cgck ojomcktu pjruscncck uktug ojkahljkthdhgcsh wcgtu
ycka tjpct uktug oj`cgugck rjdbrou`csh cacr prblug pckack
pc kack ycka lhncsh`gck
lcpct ojkaukaau`h prblug gbopjthtbr ycka tj`cn sugsjs lh pcscr ctcu pc`hka
thlcg lcpct ojkycoch ctcu sjtcrc ljkack prblug gbopjthtbr cacr tjtcp lcpct
ojopjrtcnckgck ctcu ojkhkagctgck ocrgjt sncrj. Nc` tjrsjmut cgck `jmhn
jdjgthd ihgc lhgbomhkcshgck ljkack prbluet gkbw`jlaj lcrh pcrc tjkcac cn`h,
pjkajtcnuck
pjkajtcnu ck ojkajk
ojkajkch
ch vcrhcsh prblug, lck hkdbrocsh
hkdbrocsh lcrh trjkl lck shdct
gbksuojk ycka ojojkacrunh pjkjrhocckkyc tjrnclcp prblug pckack
tjrtjktu.

J. HKTJU\HACUH CLCKXC EJOC]CK

Ejocrck mcu lck ctcu ehtc rcsc (tchkt) ojrupcgck sjsuctu ycka cshka
ycka thlcg lhncrcpgck lck thlcg sjojsthkyc clc lck b`jn gcrjkckyc pjkthka
uktug lhpjrncthgck gjmjrclcckkyc pclc prblug pckack. Ejocrck mcu lck
ctcu ehtc rcsc tjrtjktu lc`co prblug pckack cgck ojkhomu`gck gj`unck lcrh
gbksuojk lck lcpct ojkurukgck gjhkahkck gbksuojk uktug ojomj`h suctu
prblug. Mcngck mjmjrcpc ejocrck lh cktcrckyc lcpct mjrhshgb tjrnclcp
gjsjnctck. Vjkyjmcm ejocrck ncrus lhtj`usurh sjpckicka rcktch prblugsh
ocupuk lhstrhmush uktug ojycghkgck mcnwc prblug thlcg mjrnumukack
`ckasuka ljkack mcnck-mcnck ctcu lhicac lcrh gbklhsh tjrtjktu ycka lcpct
ojkyjmcmgck prblug tjrejocr. Mjmjrcpc pjkyjmcm ejocrck mcu lck ctcu
ehtc rcsc pclc prblug pckack lcpct lhsjmcmgck b`jn ect ctcu pj`crut ect,
ljshkdjgtck, mcnck pjkajocs,
pjkajocs, lck ulcrc sjghtcr pckack.
Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ljkack ojkaaukcgck hklrc pjkehuo/pjkanhlu lcpct
lhaukcgck uktug ojkajtcnuh tchkt lck gbopbkjk pjkyjmcmkyc. Ljkack
ojkajtcnuh pjkyjmcm tjriclhkyc tchkt ocgc lcpct lhupcycgck pjkejacnck
sj`ckiutkyc cacr pckack tjrsjmut lcpct tjrnhklcr lcrh tchkt. Uj`chk uktug
tuiuck pjkajklc`hck outu pckack, pbtjksh tchkt ycka mjrmcncyc mcah
gjsjnctck iuac ncrus lcpct lhtj`usurh ljkack ecrc hkh. Lc`co nc` hkh,
pjkj`usurck pjr`u lh`cgugck b`jn sjbrcka cn`h ycka ojopuky
ojopukych ch thkagct
sjkshthvhtcs pjkehuock ycka thkaah ljkack prbsjlur tjrtjktu pu`c. Ujlckagck

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.=3

lc`co nc` ejocrck ehtc rcsc, lhmutungck sjkshthvhtcs pjkajecp ycka thkaah.
Ljkack ljohghck, pjrsjpsh lctc ncsh` pjkauihck b`jn pckj`hs cn`h/pckj`hs
pjrbrckack lcpct `ckasuka lhgjougcgck tckpc ncrus lhckc`hshs sjecrc
stcthsthg, sjmcachockc lctc ycka lhpjrb`jn lcrh pjkauihck ycka lh`cgugck
b`jn arup pckj`hs tjr`cthn ctcu thlcg tjr`cthn. Ujmcach ebktbn cp`hgcshkyc
clc`cn cpcmh`c clc sjbrcka gbksuojk ljkack sjkshthvhtcs thkaah ojomj`h
suctu prblug lck hc ocopu ojkljtjgsh clckyc tchkt pclc prblug tjrsjmut
ocgc sctu brcka gbksuojk tjrsjmut lcpct ojkahkdbrocshgck tjouckkyc gj
`hkagukackkycc lck hkdbrocshkyc htu lcpct ojojkacrun
`hkagukackky ojojkacrunhh sjthlcgkyc 36 brcka
gbksuojk `chkkyc uktug thlcg `cah ojomj`h prblug tjrsjmut. \jktukyc nc`
ycka ljohghck lcpct lhnhklcrh b`jn prblusjk pckack ycka thlcg hkahk prblug
pckackkyc thlcg
thlcg `cgu.

D. VJKJK\ZCK ZOZ] UHOVCK

\uiuck stulh pjkjktuck uour shopck clc`cn uktug ojkajtcnuh sjmjrcpc

`coc prblug pckack lcpct lhshopck sjmj`uo ojkac`coh gjruscgck lck thlcg
lcpct lhtjrhoc mjrlcscrgck outu sjksbrhkyc. Uc`cn sctu ojtblj pjkjktuck
uour shopck clc`cn ojkaaukcgck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh. Mjrlcscrgck pjrcturck
ycka clc, lc`co `cmj` pckack ncrus lhecktuogck tckaac` gjlc`uwcrsc,
ljkack gctc-gctc sjpjrth ‐lhaukcgck sjmj`uo …‟ ctcu mjst mjdbrj…. B`jn
gcrjkc htu, prblusjk pckack ncrus ocopu ojkjktugck mctcs uour shopck
prblugkycc sjecrc cgurct. Nc` hkh uktug ojycghkgck gbksuojk mcnwc
prblugky mcnwc prblug
ycka ojrjgc tjrhoc lc`co gbklhsh ycka ojoucsgck, sjrtc mj`uo oj`copcuh
 mctcs gjlc`uwcrsc lc`co gbklhsh lhstrhmush, pjkiuc`ck, lck pjkyhopckck
ycka kbroc`. Dcgtbr-dcgtbr ycka ojojkacrunh outu sjksbrh prblug pckack
sj`coc lc`co uour shopckkyc, lh cktcrckyc clc`cn (3) sunu, (=) ecncyc, (5)
gjocsck, (<) ctobsdjr, sjrtc (:) prbsjlur pjkyhopckck, lhstrhmush lck
pjkiuc`ck.
Ujmcahck mjscr prblug pckack cgck ojkac`coh pjrumcnck outu, mcngck
lc`co gbklhsh pjkyhopckck ycka tjrgbktrb` sjgc`hpuk. B`jn gcrjkc htu,
pjkjktuck mctcs uour shopck sckact pjkthka lck lh`cgugck sjsuch ljkack
ncsh` ycka lhpjrb`jn oj`c`uh stulh pjkjktuck uour shopck. Vrblug pckack
lhncrcpgck thlcg ojkac`coh pjrumcnck gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh sj`coc wcgtu
tjrtjktu sjnhkaac ocshn lcpct lhtjrhoc b`jn gbksuojk. Lc`co gjkyctcckkyc,
pjkjktuck uour shopck cgck mjrvcrhcsh tjracktuka pclc ijkhs prblug lck
pjruscncckkyc.
pjruscncckky c. Zour shopck lcpct lhtjktug
lhtjktugck
ck oj`c`uh pjkljgctck sjksbrh

3.== Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

lck mjrmcach ijkhs pcrcojtjr outu sjksbrh lcpct lhaukcgck uktug pjkjktuck
uour shopck suctu prblug pckack.
Vjkaaukcck jvc`ucsh
jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lck stulh gcsus pclc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh sjecrc
`jmhn rhkeh cgck lhmcncs pclc Oblu` 4.

@C\HNCK

Zktug ojopjrlc`co pjocncock Cklc ojkajkch octjrh lh ctcs,

gjricgck`cn `cthnck mjrhgut!

3) Ujmutgck tuiuck cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh pclc hklustrh pckack!

=) Ujmutgck `hoc pcrcojtjr outu ycka mjrgchtc
mjrgchtck
k ljkack dcgtbr sjksbrh
pckack!
5) Ij`csgck pjkaaukcck jvc`ucsh sjkssjksbrh
brh lc`co gjahctck pjkajomckack
prblug mcru!
<) Ujmutgck mjmjrcpc c`c
c`csck
sck ncrus lh`cgugckkyc rjdbrou`csh pr prblug
blug ycka
tjrgcht ljkack outu sjksbrh!
:) Ij`csgck lcopcg clckyc tchkt pclc prblug pckack lck sjmutgck
mjmjrcpc pjkyjmcmkyc!
pjkyjmcmkyc!
4) Ujmutgck lck ij`csgck dcgtbr-
dcgtbr-dcgtbr
dcgtbr ycka ojojkacrunh outu sjksbrh

prblug pckack
pckack sj`coc pjkyhopck
pjkyhopckck!
ck!

Vjtukiug Icwcmck @cthnck

 Zktug ojkicwcm sbc`-sbc` `cthnck lh ctcs, Cklc lcpct ojopj`cicrh
gjomc`h octjrh ycka ojomcncs tjktcka9 Cp`hgcsh Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh.

]CKAGZOCK

Jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ycka lhcp`hgcshgck pclc hklustrh pckack pclc

uouokyc ojopukych
jvc`ucsh sjksbrh mjmjrcpc
pclc hklustrh gjaukcck
pckack ctcu nc`
ojkecgup tuiuck. \uiuck cp`hgcsh
mjrhgut.
3. Ojkajtcnuh gjsugcck lck pjkjrhocck prblug b`jn gbksuojk.
=. Upjshdhgcsh lck pjkacwcsck outu.
5. Vjojtcck lck pjomcklhkack prblug.
<. Vjkajomcka
Vjkajomckack ck prblug mcru lck rjdbrou`csh prblug.
:. Hkvjsthacsh clckyc ejocrck.
4. Vjkjktuck uour shopck.

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.=5

3. Vjkauihck Gjsugcck ctcu Vjkjrhocck Vrblug

Gjsugcck ctcu pjkjrhocck gbksuojk tjrnclcp suctu prblug lcpct
lh`hnct ljkack uih sjksbrh lck nc` hkh lh`cgugck uktug ojkaacomcrgck
sjmjrcpc mjscr gjsugcck ctcu pjkjrhocck ojkiclh pjrthomckack
gbksuojk uktug ojkjrhoc suctu prblug. B`jn gcrjkc htu, pjoh`hnck lck
pj`cthnck ec`bk pckj`hs thlcg pjr`u lh`cgugck. Lc`co nc` hkh, ycka
lhpjr`ugck clc`cn pjoh`hnck gj`bopbg rjspbkljk ycka lcpct ojwcgh`h
pbpu`csh tcrajt
tcrajt lcrh pcrc pjka
pjkaaukc
aukc prblug (gbksuojk ttcrajt).
crajt).

=. Upjshdhgcsh lck Vjkacwcsck Outu

Vjkjktuck spjshdhgcsh prblug lc`co hklustrh lck pjocscrck prblug
pckack sckact pjkthka
pjkthka lc`co prcgthg pjrlcackack.
pjrlcackack. @hoc pcrcojt
pcrcojtjr
jr outu
ycka mjrgchtck ljkack dcgtbr sjksbrh clc`cn pjkcopcgck (wcrkc), ehtc
rcsc (rcsc lck crboc/mcu), tjgstur, ugurck, lck mjmcs lcrh gjecectck.

5. Vjojtcck lck Vjomcklhkack Vrblug

Vjojtcck prblug sjecrc sjksbrh lh`cgugck ljkack ojkaaukcgck
ojtblj ckc`hshs ljsgrhpsh. Uj`ckiutkyc, tjrnclcp prbdh` lctc sjksbrhkyc
lh`cgugck pjkauihck ojkaaukcgck ojtblj pjkauihck stcthsthg
ou`thvcrhct sjnhkaac ojoukaghkgck mjrmcach ijkhs prblug tjrpjtcgck
outu sjksbrhkyc. Vjojtcck prblug mjrlcscrgck prbdh` sjksbrhkyc lcpct
ojomcktu uktug hljkthdhgcsh pbshsh prblug lhmcklhkagck ljkack prblug
gbopjthtbr lck iuac uktug hljkthdhgcsh gjsjkickack ycka clc ljkack
prblug ycka
ycka tj`cn sugsjs lh pcscrck.
<. Vjkajomckack Vrblug Mcru lck ]jdbrou`csh Vrblug
 Vjkajomckack prblug ojrupcgck prbsjs ljschk, pjkehptcck, lck
pjocscrck suctu hlj uktug ojkajomckag
ojkajomckagckck ctcu ojkehptcgck prblug
mcru. Vrblug tjrsjmut
tjrsjmut mhsc mjrupc prblug
prblug ycka mcru oukeu`
oukeu` lh pcscr ctcu
pjkajomckack
pjkajo mckack lcrh prblug ycka sulcn clc sjmj`uokyc
sjmj`uokyc.. Lc`co
pjkajomckack
pjkajo mckack prblug mcru, jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lhaukcgck uktug ojkh`ch,
ojkjktugck lck ojoh`hn prblug tjrmchg ycka pc`hka oukaghk lcpct
lhtjrhoc, lhsugch lck sugsjs lhpcscrgck lcrh mjrmcach dbrou`csh prblug
ycka lhmuct lc`co hklustrh pckack. Uhg`us nhlup ( `hdj eye`j) prblug
pckack clc jopct tcncp, ychtu (3) dcsj pjkajkc`ck prblug, (=) dcsj
pjrtuomunck,
pjrtuomun ck, sjrtc (5) dcsj gjijkunck lck (<) dcsj pjkurukck. B`jn
gcrjkc htu, pjkajomckack prblug ncrus tjrus ojkjrus lh`cgugck,
tjrutcoc scct prblug sulcn ojkecpch dcsj gjijkunck nhkaac pclc wcgtu
ojocsugh dcsj pjkurukck tj`cn tjrsjlhc prblug `chk sjmcach pjkaackth.

3.=< Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

:. Hkvjsthacsh
Ejocrck clckyc
mcu Ejocrck
lck ctcu ehtc rcsc (tchkt) ojrupcgck sjsuctu ycka
cshka ycka thlcg lhncrcpgck lck thlcg sjojsthkyc clc lck b`jn
gcrjkckyc pjkthka uktug lhpjrncthgck gjmjrclcckkyc pclc prblug
pckack. Ejocrck mcu ctcu ehtc rcsc tjrtjktu lc`co prblug pckack cgck
ojkhomu`gck gj`unck lcrh gbksuojk mcngck mjmjrcpc ejocrck lh
cktcrckyc lcpct mjrhshgb tjrnclcp gjsjnctck. Mjmjrcpc pjkyjmcm
ejocrck mcu/ehtc rcsc (tchkt) pclc prblug pckack clc`cn ect ctcu pj`crut
ect7 ljshkdjgtck7 mcnck pjkajocs uktug hkarhlhjkt ctcu prblug cgnhr lck
ulcrc. Hljkthdhgcsh ejocrck, pjr`u lh`cgugck b`jn sjbrcka cn`h ycka
ojopukych thkagct sjkshthvhtcs ycka thkaah ljkack prbsjlur ycka
tjrtjktu pu`c. Ljkack ljohghck, pjrsjpsh lctc ncsh` pjkauihck b`jn
pckj`hs cn`h/pckj`hs
cn`h/pckj`hs pjrbrckack lcpct `ckasuka lhgjougcg
lhgjougcgck
ck tckpc ncrus
lhckc`hshs sjecrc stcthsthg, sjmcachockc lctc ycka lhpjrb`jn lcrh
pjkauihck ycka
ycka lh`cgugck b`jn arup pckj`hs
pckj`hs..

4. Vjkjktuck Zour Uhopck

\uiuck stulh pjkjktuck uour shopck ojkaaukcgck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh
clc`cn uktug ojkajtcnuh sjmjrcpc `coc prblug pckack lcpct lhshopck
sjmj`uo ojkac`coh gjruscgck lck thlcg lcpct lhtjrhoc mjrlcscrgck
outu sjksbrhkyc. Uj`chk htu, jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lcpct lhaukcgck uktug
ojkajtcnuh pjrumcnck sjksbrh sj`coc pjkyhopckck. Dcgtbr-dcgtbr ycka
ojojkacrunh outu sjksbrh prblug pckack sj`coc lc`co uour
shopckkyc, lh cktcrckyc clc`cn (3) sunu, (=) ecncyc, (5) gjocsck,
(<) ctobsdjr, sjrtc (:) prbsjlur pjkyhopckck, lhstrhmush, lck pjkiuc`ck.
Ujmcahck mjscr prblug pckack cgck ojkac`coh pjrumcnck outu, mcngck
Ujmcahck mjscr prblug pckack cgck ojkac`coh pjrumcnck outu, mcngck
lc`co gbklhsh pjkyhopckck ycka tjrgbktrb` sjgc`hpuk. B`jn gcrjkc htu,
pjkjktuck mctcs uour shopck sckact pjkthka lck lh`cgugck sjsuch
prbsjlur mcgu pjkjktuck uour shopck. Zour shopck lcpct lhtjktugck
oj`c`uh pjkljgctck sjksbrh ljkack mjrmcach ijkhs pcrcojtjr outu
sjksbrh. Lc`co stulh uour shopck, sckact`cn pjkthka uktug ojkjtcpgck
wcgtu tjriclhkyc pjrumcnck gcrcgtjrhsthg sjksbrh ycka lcpct lhljtjgsh
ctcu wcgtu prblug ojkiclh thlcg lcpct lhtjrhoc `cah b`jn gbksuojk.
Ljdhkhsh ijkhs gjruscgck lck mctcs gjruscgck lcpct mjrvcrhcsh cktcr

prblug ocupuk
lhtjtcpgck cktcrck pjruscncck,
ojkaaukcg
ojkaaukcgck uih sjksbrh. tjtcph ljdhkhsh gjruscgck lcpct

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.=:

\JU DB]OC\HD 5

Vh`hn`cn sctu icwcmck ycka pc`hka tjpct!

3) Xcka mugck ojrupcgck cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh pclc hk

hklustrh
lustrh p
pckack
ckack
clc`cn ....
C. pjkacwcsck outu
M. pjkajom
pjkajomckack
ckack prblug
E. pjkjktuck ncrac prblug
L. pjkjktuck uour shopck

=) Vjojtcck prblu
prblug
g sjecrc sjksbrh lh`cgugck ljkack
ljkack ojkaaukcgck
ojtblj ....
C. ckc`hshs ljsgrhpsh
M. pjomjlcck
E. uih lub-trhb
L. uih obkclhg

5) Gjahctck rjdbrou`csh prblug lh`cgugck pclc scct prblug lh pcscr

ojkecpch dcsj ....
C. pjkajkc`ck prblug
M. pjrtuomunck

E. sjouc
L. gjijkunck lck dcsj pjkurukck
mjkcr
 <) Vjkaaukcck pckj` cn`h ljkac
ljkack
k sjkshthvhtcs pjk
pjkehuock
ehuock ycka thkaah
lhpjr`ugck uktug ....
C. pjkauihck gjsugcck lck pjkjrhocck prblug b`jn gbksuojk
M. hkvjsthacsh clckyc ejocrck
E. pjkjktuck uour shopck
L. spjshdhgcsh lck pjkacwcsck outu

:) Mbtb` p`c
p`csthg
sthg p
pb`hjstjr
b`hjstjr ljkack pj
pjrojcmh`ht
rojcmh`htcs
cs ucp chr lck acs y
ycka
cka scka
sckact
ct
rjklcn pc`hka sjsuch lhaukcgck sjmcach pjkajocs
pjkajocs ....
C. prblug lcahka
M. ojktjac ctcu ocracrhk
E. gjiu
L. ohkuock mjrgcrmbkcsh

3.=4 Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

Ebebggck`cn icwcmck Cklc ljkack Gukeh Icwcmck \js Dbrocthd 5 ycka

tjrlcpct lh mcahck cgnhr oblu` hkh. Nhtuka`cn icwcmck ycka mjkcr.
Gjoulhck, aukcgck ruous mjrhgut uktug ojkajtcnuh thkagct pjkaucscck
Cklc tjrnclcp octjrh Gjahctck Mj`cicr 5.

Iuo`cn Icwcmck ycka Mjkcr

\hkagct pjkaucscck ?  366%
Iuo`cn
Iuo`cn Ubc`

Crth thkagct pjkaucscck9

pjkaucscck9 86 - 366% ? mchg sjgc`h

>6
16 -- >8%
18% ?
? mchg
eugup
0 16% ? gurcka

Cpcmh`c ojkecpch thkagct pjkaucscck >6% ctcu `jmhn, Cklc lcpct

ojkjrusgck ljkack Gjahctck Mj`cicr <. Mcaus! Ihgc ocshn lh mcwcn >6%,
Cklc ncrus ojkau`ckah octjrh Gjahctck Mj`cicr 5, tjrutcoc mcahck ycka
mj`uo lhgucsch.
lhgucsch.
⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.=1

Gjahctck Mj`cicr <

@ckagcn-`ckagcn
@ckagcn- `ckagcn Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh

V
rblug pckack tjrmchg lcpct lhgjomckagck lck lhncsh`gck b`jn hklustrh
ycka ojopjrncthgck dcgtbr sjksbrh sjmcach mcahck utcoc lck lh`cgugck
sjecrc prbdjshbkc`, `jmhn lcrh sjgclcr pjkauihck ruthk. Dcgtbr sjksbrh ycka
ncrus lhpjrncthgck, cktcrc `chk clc`cn pjkh`chck ctrhmut outu sjksbrh lck ecrc-
ecrc oj`cgsckcgck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh. Vj`cgsckcck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ycka mchg
ncrus ojkahguth pjlbock mcgu pj`cgsckcck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ycka cgck
lhmcncs sjmcach mjrhgut hkh.

Vjlbock jvc`ucsh sjksbrh tjrlhrh lcrh tuiun tcncpck/gjtjktuck sjmcach

mjrhgut.
3. Vjkjktuck tuiuck cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh.
=. Vjkjktuck ojtblj pjkauihck.
5. Vjkckackck scopj`.
<. Vjrckecka
Vjrckeckack
ck pjkauihck.
:. Vjkacturck ojtblj pjkauihck.
4. Ckc`hshs lctc.
1. Hktjrprjtcsh lck pj`cpbrck ncsh`.
 Acomcrck uouo lcrh shstjo jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lcpct lh`hnct pclc Acomcr
3.5, sjlckagck ljsgrhpsh ocshka-ocshka gjtjktuck lcrh pjlbock
pj`cgsckcck jvc`ucsh sjks
sjksbrh
brh sjecrc tjrpjrhke
tjrpjrhkehh sjmcach mjrhgut
mjrhgut hkh.

C. VJKJK\ZCK \ZIZCK CV@HGCUH JTC@ZCUH UJKUB]H

Vjkjktuck tuiuck cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh sckact pjkthka uktug

ojkacrcngck
ojkacrcngck pj`cgsckcck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ycka mjkcr. Vclc hklustrh pckack,

tuiuck tjrsjmut lhtjktugck b`jn pjohophk pjruscncck, lc`co nc` hkh lcpct
lhpjrckgck b`jn ockcijr pjkicohkck outu pckack ( Suc`hty Cssurckej/SC
Ockcajr) ctcu ockcijr pjkj`hthck lck pjkajomckack ( ]jsjcren ckl
Ljvj`bpojkt/]&L
Ljvj`bpojkt/]& L Ockcajr), tjracktuka lh mcahck ockc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh
cgck lh`cgsckcgck. Zktug lcpct ojkjktugck tuiuck cp`hgcsh jvc`ucsh sjksbrh,
mjmjrcpc pjrtckycck
pjrtckycck pjomcktu
pjomcktu mjrhgut hkh lcpc
lcpctt lhicwcm.

3.=> Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

3. Cpcgcn rckagchck gjahctck prblugsh lhocgsul

lhocgsulgck gck uktug pjkajomckack
prblug2
=. Cpcgcn rckagchck gjahctck prblugsh lhocgsulgck uktug ojkaurckah
mhcyc prblugsh
prblugsh ctcu pjkaa
pjkaackthck
ckthck (sumsthtush)
(sumsthtush) hkarjlhjkt2
5. Cpcgcn rckagchck gjahctck prblugsh lhocgsulgck uktug ojkyjsuchg
ojkyjsuchgck
ck
prblug, mjroutu scoc, ctcu `jmhn mchg lhmcklhkag
lhmcklhkagck
ck ljkack prblug
gbopjthtbr2
<. Cpcgcn ctrhmut outu ycka pjr`u lhuih eugup sctu ctrhmut ctcu `jmhn lcrh
sctu ctrhmut2

Icwcmck pjrtckycck-pjrtckycck tjrsjmut cgck ojoulcngck `ckagcn

sj`ckiutkyc lc`co gjahctck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh. Lhncrcpgck ljkack ojkajtcnuh
sjecrc ij`cs tuiuck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh ocgc pjoh`hnck ojtblj lcpct lh`cgugck
sjecrc tjpct lck ncsh`kyc cgck lcpct lhaukcgck lck lhthklcg`ckiuth.

\uiuck

@hkagukack
Uumijg Zih
 Lctc9
Vjkauopu`ck
Ckc`hshs
Hktjrprjtcsh

HKDB]OCUH

UJKUB]H

Acomcr 3.5
Uhstjo Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh Ujecrc Zouo

⚧ VCKA<5=</OBLZ@
VCKA<5=</OBLZ@ 3 3.=8

M. VJKJK\ZCK OJ\BLJ VJKAZIHCK

Ujtj`cn tuiuck lhclcgckkyc jvc`ucsh sjksbrh lcpct lhkyctcgck sjecrc

ij`cs, ckc`hs sjksbrh lcpct
lcpct ojkjktugck ojtblj pjka
pjkauihck.
uihck. Lc`co nc` hkh lcpct
lhph`hn mjmjrcpc grhtjrhc lck gjomc`h lcpct lh`cgugck ljkack ojkicwcm
mjmjrcpc pjrtckycck
pjrtckycck sjmcach
sjmcach mjrhgut.
3. Cpcgcn cgck lh`cgugck pjkauihck pjomjlcck, pjkjrhocck, ctcu ckc`hshs
ljsgrhpsh2
=. Ihgc lh`cgugck pjkauihck pjomjlcck, cpcgcn pjkauihck cgck lh`cgugck
tjrnclcp sjouc ctrhmut ctcugcn nckyc sctu ctrhmut2

Nc` ycka pjkthka lhsclcrh mcnwc sctu ojtblj scic thlcg lcpct ojkicwcm
sjouc pjrtckycck ycka oukaghk thomu` sjnhkaac ckc`hs ncrus ojrckecka
ljkack scgscoc sjouc gjoukaghkck thomu`kyc pjrtckycck-pjrtckycck ycka
ncrus lhicwcm lcrh suctu gjahctck jvc`ucsh sjksbrh. Lc`co nc` hkh ckc`hs
sjksbrh lcpct ojkectct sjouc gjoukaghkck-gjoukaghkck pjrtckycck ycka
ncrus lhicwcm tjrsjmut sjnhkaac thlcg clc ojtblj ycka tjrthkaac` ycka
mjrcghmct ocshn clc pjrtcky
pjrtckycck
cck ycka thlcg lcpct lhicwcm sjtj`cn pjkauihck
sjksbrh lh`cgsckcgck. Acomcr 3.< ojkij`csgck ojkajkch urutck pb`c phghr
lc`co jvc`ucsh sjksbrh.
 Acomcr 3.<
Vrbsjlur Zih Ujksbrh

3.56 Jvc`ucsh Ujksbrh ⚧

E. VJKCKACKCK UCOVJ@

Uj`coc tcncp pjrshcpck, ckc`hs sjksbrh ncrus ojkahljkthdhgcsh sjouc

ctrhmut sjksbrh ycka cgck lhcocth uktug sjthcp scopj` ycka cgck lhuih. Uj`chk
htu, ijkhs scopj` ycka cgck lhaukcgck uktug jvc`ucsh sjksbrh hkh pjr`u
lhhljkthdhgcsh. Nc` hkh lh`cgugck cacr lcpct ojkaurckah mhcs ncsh` jvc`ucsh
sjksbrh ycka lhsjmcmgck gcrjkc pjkckackck scopj` ycka thlcg tjpct. Ujmcach
ebktbn, cpcmh`c njklcg oj`cgsckcgck pjkauihck pjomjlcck tjrnclcp ehtc
rcsc, ickack scopch pjkcopcgck scopj` sjpjrth wcrkc ctcu gjtjmc`ck
ojojkacrunhh rjspbks pjomjlcck
ojojkacrun pjomjlcck tjrnclc
tjrnclcp
p ehtc rcsc y
ycka
cka lhuihgck
lhuihgck.. Ujmcach
ebktbn, cpcmh`c lh`cgugck pjkauihck pjomjlcck ctrhmut rcsc cshk lcrh tj`ur
cshk ojkaaukcgck ojtblj sjahthac (trhcka`j tjst) ocgc ctrhmut `chk ncrus
lhsjrcacogck. Vjomjrhck scopj` tj`ur cshk ljkack wcrkc ycka thlcg
sjrcaco, ohsc`kyc wcrkc gukhka tj`ur ycka thlcg scoc lcpct ojkhomu`gck
mhcs. Vckj`hs cgck tjrpjkacrun uktug ojoh`hn prblug ycka mjlc rcsc cshkkyc
nckyc lcrh sjah wcrkc gukhka tj`ur lck ojkacmchgck rcsc cshk ycka oukaghk
scoc. Ljohghck iuac, ohsc`kyc pclc scct lh`cgugck pjkauihck uktug
ojomjlcgck gjockhsck sugrbsc lhmcklhkagck gjockhsck cspcrtco, cpcmh`c
scopj` shrup ycka lhaukcgck ojopukych wcrkc ycka mjrmjlc ocgc pckj`hs