Title: Research Paper on Depression in the Elderly

Introduction:

Depression is a common mental health disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It can have
a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, especially in older adults. In this research paper,
we will explore the prevalence, causes, and treatment options for depression in the elderly.

Prevalence of Depression in the Elderly:

Depression is more common in the elderly population than in younger adults. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), depression affects approximately 7% of the elderly population
worldwide. The prevalence of depression in the elderly varies by country and region, with higher
rates reported in developed countries.

Causes of Depression in the Elderly:

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of depression in the elderly. These
include:

Chronic medical conditions: Older adults often have multiple chronic medical conditions,
such as heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis, which can increase their risk of developing
depression.
Social isolation: Many elderly individuals live alone or have limited social support, which can
lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation.
Loss of loved ones: The death of a spouse, family member, or friend can be a significant
source of grief and can contribute to the development of depression.
Changes in life circumstances: Retirement, relocation, and other major life changes can be
stressful and can increase the risk of depression.

Treatment Options for Depression in the Elderly:

There are several treatment options available for depression in the elderly. These include:

Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of psychotherapy can

be effective in treating depression in the elderly.
Medication: Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants, can be effective in treating depression in the elderly.
Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and social activities can help improve
mood and reduce the risk of depression in the elderly.
Support groups: Support groups can provide emotional support and encouragement to elderly
individuals with depression.

Conclusion:

Depression is a common mental health disorder that affects millions of elderly individuals worldwide.
It can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, but there are several treatment
options available. If you or a loved one is struggling with depression, it is important to seek help
from a qualified healthcare professional.

For more information on depression in the elderly and other mental health topics, visit ⇒
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investigating more complicated relationships between bipolar depression and neurotransmitters. This
statistic Is sad because depression Is one of the most treatable Illnesses. McGuire, S., Manke, B.,
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Gardner, C.O., Gatz, M., and Pedersen, N.L. (2007). The sources of comorbid-. Silberg, J.L., Rutter,
M., and Eaves, L. (2001). Genetic and environmental influences on the. Most of the people deal with
growing old, and a lot of people feel content and satisfied. This paper will focus on the various
dimensions of elderly depression including causes, risk factors, and treatment among others. The
potential modifiability of a number of risk factors for depressive symptoms opens possibilities of
secondary prevention such as treatment of chronic diseases as well as support in requirements of
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system. Blatt et al., 1979; Holmes and Robins, 1987, 1988). These short-term goals contributed
immensely in achieving the long-term goals (Beck 2010). A number of studies have shown that some
depressed elderly people may need to try more than one medication to obtain an optimal (Blazer,
2002). It is estimated that elderly depression affects nearly 6 million Americans who are aged 65
years and above (Duckworth, 2009). Depressive symptoms and syndromes (MD, MiD) were
assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).
This situation further leads to isolation and loneliness and will most likely cause depression. Some
persons may require a longer peri- od of treatment or may require less frequent ses- sions after short-
term treatment. Shuman, 1997; Kendler, Gardner, and Prescott, 2003; Kendler, Gardner. Dalgard,
O.S., Dowrick, C., Lehtinen, V., Vazquez-Barquero, J.L., Casey, P., Wilkinson, G. Shih, 1998; see
the review by Newton-Howes, Tyrer, and Johnson, 2006). Psychosocial stressors such as the death of
a loved one may trig- ger a depressive episode, although transient reactions to major losses can
resemble depression. This paper will focus on the various dimensions of elderly depression including
causes, risk factors, and treatment among others. Click here to buy this book in print or download it
as a free PDF, if available. The application gives notification of the placement of various objects and
also gives a remainder of which medicine is to be taken It likewise tracks the patient's location
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of an elderly person to rehabilitate. Protective Factors Given the potentially devastating effects of
depression, many researchers have devoted their efforts to studying factors that decrease the
likelihood of becoming depressed or decrease the amount of time spent in depressive episodes.
Before defining expected outcomes, we had to understand that patient frequently look for their own
treatment with goals. Nursing is the use of clinical decision-making in the offering of care to
facilitate individuals to get better, sustain, or recover health, to manage health issues, and to attain
the top most quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. Dubois, D., Felner, R.,
Bartels, C., and Silverman, M. (1995). Stability of self-reported depres-. Depression is in the
category of mood disorders, which are disorders that affect a person. Cognitive impairment is
predictive of a poor response to antidepressants38,39; even with remission of depression, def icits
may persist and signal a high risk of dementia. If the depressive symptoms are not sufficiently
reduced, I would consider a change to an SNRI, such as venlafaxine. However, tricyclic
antidepressants are included in the Beers Criteria list of potentially inappropriate medications
associated with high rates of adverse drug events among older adults. 24 Open-label and small,
controlled trials sup- port the use of bupropion (response rate, 71%) 25 and mirtazapine (response
rate, 47%) 26 in patients with late-life depression; however, data from rig- orous placebo-controlled
trials are lacking. Oa??Campo, P., and Yonas, M. (2005). Health of economically deprived
populations in cities. In. Nursing care is an ever-changing process that includes adjustment in the
patient’s health condition over time, giving rise to the need of latest data and changes in the plan of
care. Of concern are reports noting a higher risk of stroke among persons taking SSRIs than among
nonusers of antidepressants (annualized stroke rate of approximately 4 vs. 3 per 1000 person-years in
one report 20 ). In the total sample as well as in the male subsample, depressive symptoms were
significantly associated with increasing age, lower household income, an increasing number of
medical conditions, and lower social support. Lizardi, H., Klein, D.N., Ouimette, P.C., Riso, L.P.,
Anderson, R.L., and Donaldson, S.K. For many antide- pressants, data on efficacy and safety in
older populations are scarce or absent, so treatment decisions are often guided by data from younger
adults. However, failure to normalize, resulting in sustained high cortisol, has. Grigoriadis, S., and
Romans, S. (2006). Postpartum psychiatric disorders: What do we know. The aim of the study is to
determine age- and gender-specific prevalence of major depression (MD), minor depression (MiD),
and depressive symptoms, and to analyze risk factors associated with depressive symptoms.
Methods: A representative sample of the German population of 1,659 individuals aged 60 to 85 years
were visited at home and answered self-rating questionnaires. Van Os, J., and Jones, P.B. (1999).
Early risk factors and adult person-environment relation-. Jaser, S.S., Langrock, A.M., Keller, G.,
Merchant, M.J., Benson, M., Reeslund, K., Champion.
The stated goals show as to what is to be achieved if the identified problem is resolved. Banks, K.H.,
and Kohn-Wood, L.P. (2007). The influence of racial identity profiles on the. Besides, the stresses of
maintain relationships or for caring for loved ones typically fall heavily on women, thereby
contributing to higher depression rates. HPA-axis in depression (e.g., Holsboer, 2000). Evidence is
emerging of GR. Focus group meetings, individual interviews, and questionnaires would be a way of
sampling victims. This type of treatment can cause dislocated jaws and shoulders and even broken
bones. During the evaluation stage, we analyzed all the previous phases to decide whether the
expected outcomes for John have been met or not. Anaclitic depression is characterized by feelings
of helplessness, inferiority, and being unloved. CRP and depression. Levels of IL-6 and CRP are
elevated in individuals. Association with other abuse and adult clinical depression. Mineka, S.,
Watson, D., and Clark, L.A. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood. Holsboer, F. (2000).
The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of
rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxi-. Elderly depression can also be identified by
seeing inability to function at home or work on the part of the elderly person. In later life, the impact
of physical health on depression is much more substantial and may depend on sociocultural
factors.AimsTo examine cross-national differences in the association between physical health and
depressive symptoms in elderly people across western Europe.MethodFourteen community-based
studies on depression in later life in nine western European countries contributed to a total study
sample of 22 570 respondents aged 65 years and older. Disclosure forms provided by the author are
available with the. Katon, W. (2003). Clinical and health services relationships between major
depression, depres-. Watson, D., and Clark, L.A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to
experience aver-. Paulson, J., Dauber, S., and Leiferman, J. (2006). Individual and combined effects
of post-. It has been proved that depression frequently responds to medications and treatment in
general. Higher doses may be needed for max- imal efficacy (e., 100 mg or more of sertraline daily),
with close attention to side effects. Hall, Kathryn A. and Hassett, Anne M. “Assessing and
Managing Old Age Psychiatric Disorders. Grigoriadis, S., and Romans, S. (2006). Postpartum
psychiatric disorders: What do we know. Suls, J., and Bunde, J. (2005). Anger, anxiety, and
depression as risk factors for cardiovascular. It is for this reason that it is important to understand the
early and late symptoms of elderly depression. For example, Hiott and colleagues (2006) reported
that immigrant women. There are so many factors that went into the Great Depression. Burke, K.C.,
Burke, J.D., Regier, D.A., and Rae, D.S. (1990). Age at onset of selected mental. Holmans, P.,
Weissman, M.M., Zubenko, G.S., Scheftner, W.A., Crowe, R.R., DePaulo, J.R. Kessler, R.C.,
Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K.R., Rush, A.J. ECT may be very useful
in treating of severe depression in elderly people.
This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you.
Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., and Walters, E.E. (2005). Thus, in
view of relatively modest overall heritability of depression, strong. Davidson, R.J., Kabat-Zinn, J.,
Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S.F. Objective: The authors sought to
compare depressive symptoms among older adults in these countries and identify sociodemographic
and clinical correlates of depression in these countries. In a later similar study, Kessler, Davis, and
Kendler (1997), examining 26. Therefore, the most prudent asure would be to develop an appropriate
intervention program that not only screens the elderly population for depression and other suicide
risk factors, but educates, informs, supports, and helps the elderly know that their thoughts are not
taboo, but need to be talked about. Another antidepressant would be ABILIFY or known as
aripiprazole it is a prescription medicine that helps treat depression in adults as an add-on treatment
to an antidepressant when an antidepressant alone is not enough. This research paper will uncover
such unpleasant states of the economy as recession, and depression. Depression is in the category of
mood disorders, which are disorders that affect a person. Researchers conclude that only about five
percent of adults in America have the winter variant of SAD, and less than one percent have the
summer variant Khazan. Warning signs supporting urgent intervention include severe or worsening
symp- toms, suicidality, and impairment in daily func- tioning. Psychotherapy can be used alone or in
combination with medication. Although getting well may seem to be the main challenge, staying
well after treatment is the real objective. We then identified the expected outcomes individualised to
John. Alpert, J.E., Uebelacker, L.A., Mclean, N.E., Nierenberg, A.A., Pava, J.A., Worthington, J.J.
Depression is a common in the United States and other parts of the world it is stated to be a very
serious condition and more than 15 million people in the United States has it (VIIBRYD, 2012).
Available data indicate that older people are at risk for depression and have the highest rates of
complications associated with depression, as well as suicide caused by depression. The pat ient i s a
ret ired teac her w ho is widowed and has lived independently for several yea rs. Kendler, K.S.,
Gardner, C.O., Gatz, M., and Pedersen, N.L. (2007). The sources of comorbid-. Downloaded from
nejm by FREDERIK PIEPER on May 29, 2019. However, generalizability is a concern be- cause
most studies of psychotherapy for late-life depression have involved cognitively intact, well-
educated, white, and relatively young geriatric populations. 32 Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses
on iden- tifying and reframing negative, dysfunctional thoughts while increasing participation in
plea- surable and social activities. Goals were written in behavioural expressions, and practically
illustrated what we desired to achieve within a certain period of time. Standardized
psychotherapeutic approaches include a short-term treatment phase, consisting of weekly visits over
a period of 8 to 12 weeks. It is associated with later stages of development, and more closely aligned
with the works of later psychoanalytic theorists. Rudolph, K.D., and Hammen, C. (1999). Age and
gender as determinants of stress exposure. Kaufman, J., Plotsky, P.M., Nemeroff, C.B., and Charney,
D.S. (2000). Effects of early adverse. In some ways, the diagnosis of depression is more of an art
than a science. Kendler, K.S., Thornton, L.M., and Prescott, C.A. (2001). Gender differences in the
rates of. Monroe, S.M., and Harkness, K.L. (2005). Life stress, the a??kindlinga.
Although other therapies may also be effective, the evidence base for short-term treatment is
strongest for cogni- tive behavioral therapy and problem-solving ther- apy. Certainly one general
mechanism that is likely to affect marital behaviors is. The entire assignment was quite a great
challenge for me, but not for the writer at GetEssay. Works Cited An-Add On Treatment For
Depression. (2011). Retrieved from ABILLIFY web site: abilify. The psychological impact of these
experiences can be long-lasting and can disrupt an individual's ability to cope with stress and
adversity. Four different antidepressant medications groups have been effectively used in treating
depressive illness: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclics, norepinephrine and serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (NSRIs), and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Klein, D.N., and
Shih, J.H. (1998). Depressive personality: Associations with DSM-III-R mood. Kendler, K.S.,
Thornton, L.M., and Prescott, C.A. (2001). Gender differences in the rates of. HPA-axis in
depression (e.g., Holsboer, 2000). Evidence is emerging of GR. I received a completed paper in two
days and submitted it to my tutor on time. Daley, S.E., Hammen, C., Burge, D., Davila, J., Paley, B.,
Lindberg, N., and Herzberg, D.S. Sapolsky, R.M. (1996). Why stress is bad for your brain.
Biological factors such as hormonal changes are some of the reasons that have been cited to make
women more vulnerable to elderly depression. This has serious implications on how elderly people
live their lives and react to life situations. However, generalizability is a concern be- cause most
studies of psychotherapy for late-life depression have involved cognitively intact, well- educated,
white, and relatively young geriatric populations. 32 Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on iden-
tifying and reframing negative, dysfunctional thoughts while increasing participation in plea- surable
and social activities. Once I got the completed paper, my last doubts were gone. Downloaded from
nejm by FREDERIK PIEPER on May 29, 2019. Hammen, C. (2006). Stress generation in
depression: Reflections on origins, research, and. Kendler, K.S., Bulik, C., Silberg, J., Hettema, J.,
Myers, J., and Prescott, C. (2000). Childhood. Because older adults, particularly elderly white men,
have high suicide rates, 10 the presence of suicidal thoughts should be carefully explored. I had 5
days to complete my paper and not even a single chance to do it by myself. Kendler, K.S., Gatz, M.,
Gardner, C., and Pedersen, N. (2006). A Swedish National Twin Study. Considering the fact that
elderly depression results to psychosocial consequences, psychosocial treatment plays a very
important role in the care of elderly patients who have significant lack coping skills, lack of social
support, or life crisis to deal with their life situations (Duckworth, 2009). John will take appropriate
measures to avoid relapse of depression. Therefore, our relationship with John was based upon
mutually agreed goals. While many of the usual depression symptoms may be seen, depression in the
elderly may be difficult to detect. Neilson, Trish, Peet, Malcom, Poole, Jacqui and Ledsham, Robert.
“Does the Nursing Care. Zimmerman, M., Chelminski, I., and McDermut, W. (2002). Major
depressive disorder and. They assess, diagnose and deal with treatment of psychological disorders,
physical-psychological conditions and substance abuse disorders (Education-portal.com 2010). Let us
write or edit the research paper on your topic.