_ Know Your NCERT for NEET BOTANY (Class-XI & XI) Aakash +sClass XI The Living World Biological Classification Plant Kingdom Morphology of Flowering Plants Anatomy of Flowering Plants Cell : The Unit of Life Cell Cycle and Cell Division . Transport in Plants Mineral Nutrition Photosynthesis in Higher Plants... Respiration in Plants Plant Growth and Development Class XII Reproduction in Organisms ..... 44. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 45. Principles of Inheritance and Variation... 16. Molecular Basis of Inheritance 17. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 48. Microbes in Human Welfare 19. Organisms and Populations .... 20. Ecosystem nm... 21. Biodiversity and Conservation .. 22. Environmental Issues ... 67-72 . 73-81 82-90 o1- 99-102 103 — 106 107 - 112 413-117 118 - 122 123-126 27 = 1652 10. "4 The Living World Marking Scheme Marks Oblained ___||Percentage Score 1. For every correct answer you earn four marks (+4) Man Meta ee | Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (~1), SECTION-I : NCERT Liners Inerease in mass and increase in number of individuals are twin characteristics of growth In animals growth by cell division is seen only upto a certain age. In non-living objects, growth is from inside. Reproduction is not a defining feature of living organisms as some organisms do not reproduce. In single celled organisms, the usage of two terms, growth and reproduction is not clear. Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are living things. Photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal breeders i.e., animals only. Patients in coma are neither living nor non-living and they lack self-consciousness. Properties of tissues are present in the constituent cells. Living organisms are self replicating, non-evolving and self regulating interactive system incapable of responding to external stimuli All organisms from prokaryotes to the most complex eukaryotes can sense and respond to environmental cues Biological names are latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin. In a scientific name both words generic name and specific epithet are written in Latin but not the author's name. Rice, monocots and plants are taxa at different levels development process and ecological External and intemal structure, structure of cell, xonomic studies. information of organisms form the basis of classical ta Characterisation, identification, classification and nomenclature are the Processes that are basic to taxonomy.eee 47. 8 ® 20. 2. % ry 4 8 8 a a 8 8 8 rhe word ‘systematics’ is derived from the Greek word ‘systema’. oaganiasd category Is referred an x can be placed in various categories and each category teas aimy classification .erely morphological Taxonomic categories are distinct oa gical aggregates biological entities and not epithet Each genus can have only one §} Genus comprises a group of related species which has less characters in common iq comparison to species of other genera. xon are the terms used interchangeably. Category, rank or ta Family has a group of related genera wit Families are characterised on the basis species. Piant families like Convolvulaceae and based on floral characters. tn case of plants, classes with a few sim! Phytum. As we go higher from species to king' increasing ‘The highest common taxonomic catego ith more number of similarities a& compared to genus O of both vegetative and reproductive features of plan . solanaceae are included in order Sapindales mainy os ilar characters are assigned to higher category calieg 0 dom, the number of common characters goes on 7 ry among mango and wheat is class. Herbarium helps in conservation of plants for future use: Museums have collections of photographs of plants and animals for reference Botanical gardens have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference. Zoological park is an in-situ strategy of conservation of animals as it has wild animals. Flora is useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area, ~ The herbarium sheet provides information about complete classification of specimen. Manual contains actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of given area. a Catalogue provide the index to the plant species found in particular area. Taxonomic hierarchy does not include sub categories for scientific placement of taxa. Reicchs cay greater is the difficulty of determining relationship to other taxa at tf ‘ ii oe Tbe ab eo : Sensitivity physica, chemical or biological stimuli is technically most complicated feature ® All living organisms are lit anne 272 linked (0 one another by the sharing of the common genetic, BicalThe Living World UNI Know Your NCERT tae SECTION-II : Assertion-Reason type In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation, of the Assertion, then mark (1). (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion, then mark (2). (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3) (4) If both Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4), R: Higher the category, greater is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level. Members of a family has less similarities than members of a genus. 1, A: Reproduction cannot be an all inclusive defining characteristic of _all_ living organisms. R: There are many organisms which do not 6. A reproduce such as mules, sterile worker bees and infertile human couples. R : Number of similar characters decrease as A: An isolated metabolic reaction(s) outside we go higher in taxonomical hierarchy. the body of an organism, performed inatest 7. A: Cats and dogs have some similarities. ibe ince Biiga.neqnonMno R: Cats and dogs belong to the same Family R: Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are non- Canidae, Hying reactions: 8. A: Petunia and Datura show some similarities. OS Weeeads 8 oe aetacceetisa ths raintrg) R: Petunia and Datura are placed in the same of living organisms such that a particular ar Crea eae organism is known by the same name all ‘ panies 9. A: Consciousness is considered as the defining property of living organisms. R: Local names vary from place to place which ’ meen ee R : All organisms, from the prokaryotes to the most complex eukaryotes can sense and A: ‘Animals, ‘mammals’ and ‘dogs! represent respond to environmental stimuli. taxa at different levels. eee 10. A: Allliving phenomena are due to underlying R: Different taxa can never occupy same neo Rees, R: Properties of cellular organelles are present A: The problem of classification becomes more in their molecular constituents they do not complex at higher category. arise due to interactions among them. e NCERT Asks: , Are the patients lying in coma who never come back to normal life, living or non living? 5. Patients lying in coma lack self consciousness and are brain dead.a The Living Word SN your NCERT A (e) only a sa ie fara). (o) (@) and (2) 6 (@). (©) and (4) ee o (ayand (C) a fe ine : a jes of ag ‘amily sania 13. Dire Sr fren from each other in their (3) ie assess Sera mae morphological similarities @ inbe placed in different families (8) Can oe differentiated on the basis of their (4) Corrnological features tne west category of plants that is The tensed on the basis of both vegetative Snd reproductive features is (1) Genus (2) Species @) Class (4) Family following categories, number of 45, Atwhich of the fi 0 ‘similar characters amongst the organisms will be less? (1) Division (2) Family (3) Order (4) Genus Between which of the following taxa, there is greater difficulty of determining relationship? (1) Mangifera and Triticum (2) Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae (3) Sapindales and Poales (4) Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae 47. The prime source of taxonomic studies is (1) The habitat of the particular organism (2) Genetic information of the speimens (3) Collection of actual specimens (4) Complete information of the ecosystem of the organisms 18. Which of the following taxonomic aids has/have preserved specimens? (a) Key (b) Herbarium (c) Botanical garden (d) Museum (©) Zoological park (1) All (a), (b), (€), (d) and (e) (2) (@), (b) and (4) only 8) (@) only (4) (b) and (4) only a 20. 2h Match the following columns and choose the correct option Column! Column tl Ae Faos (i) Contains actual account of habitat and description of plants B. Monograph (ji) Helps in correct identification of plants C. Botanical (ji) Contains information of garden any one taxon D. Manual (iv) Provide index to the plant species found in a Particular area repress Fe ae | | 8 jc D SS ee ee ae w ©. _ |, GW, Go) Ge) S| \ @.@.tv) | @.@)_}0 1@) |..a | we) 4) | @) O.@ |G. Ge) The taxonomic aid that is concerned with plants only is (1) Museum (2) Herbarium (3) Key (4) Manual Biological museums do net have (1) Large preserved animals: (2) Skeleton of animals (3) Animals in their natural habitats (4) Preserved insectsee Marking Scheme 1 2. __For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (~1) ci 1 10. 1. 12. 13, 14, Biological Classification ieee Marks Obtained For every correct answer you eam four marks (+4) on SECTION : NCERT Liners hoose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). Two kingdom system di not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicalige ‘and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic and non-photosynt ‘ganisms. Three-domain system divides the Kingdom Monera into two domains, leaving the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain and thereby a six kingdom classification. R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a five-kingdom classification on the basis of criteria inctucing cell wall composition, mode of nutrition, reproduction body organisation and phylogenese relationship, Bacterial structure is very complex but they are very simple in behaviour. Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure and this featere is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions. Halophiles are present in the gut of the several ruminant animals such as Cows and buffaloes. Cyanobacteria are Photosynthetic autotrophs. They often form blooms in fresh water bodies. Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a similar to green plants, Heterotrophic bacteria are helpful in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics, fe nitrogen in legume roots, etc. i US A = Nostoc and Anabaena play a great role in recycli idine ni hn ages Ce charts & ty an one oie Mycopteama are smallest ving cells known and cannot ive without oxygen, Chrysophyies are plankions and float passively in water current. Diatoms are the ‘chief producers’ in the oceans,2 B 2 8 # 8 © & ical so NoeRT Classification ‘ys of EuglonoXd are identical to those present in higher plants, sre pare" « may behave as heterotroph by predating on other smaler organisms, wero amfavourable conditions, slime moulds form an aggregation call plasmodium outing of slime moulds posses true walls, they are oxtremely resistant and are dispersed by ge currents of amoeboid protozoans have silica shells on their surface Marine forms a proazoans have a cavly that opens to the outside of cel surface cia site or symbiont jive as saprophyte, parasi Fungi may morphology and mode of formation of spores and fruitin, bodies form Fen ofthe Kingdom into various classes, H the basis for the duce asexually by spores called conidia, zoospores or sporangiospore Fu et structures called fruiting bodies, EOE Oe Bevin snphyoomycotes, asexual reproduction takes place by motile zoospores. sexual spores, ascospores are exogenously produced and are arranged in fruiting bodies called ascocarps. Cvicops is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work. Morels and truffles are edible and are considered delicacies. In basidiomycetes, asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common, In basidiomycetes, sex organs are absent but plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of two vegetative cells or somatic cells of different strains or genotype. Devieromycetes are commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known. Some members of deuteromycetes are decomposers while large number of them are parasites, ‘A few members of Kingdom Plantae are partially heterotrophic, such as venus fly trap and ruses are cellular organisms and are considered as truly living. single vius contains proteins and genetic material .e., both DNA and RNA. Sectoral viruses or bacteriophages are usually double stranded DNA viruses, sea80s tke mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza are bacterial diseases, HEE GEE | H\Virokds are smaller then viruses and are infectious proteinaceous 20% = Ss 38. Prions are similar in size to viruses and are abnormally folded protein 38. _Lichens are symbiotic associations between algae and fungl ‘The algal component is as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont. 40. Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi fix atmospheric nitrogen in lichens. 41. _Lichens are very good pollution indicators; as they flourish very well in polluted areas, 42. Kingdom Protista has brought together Chiamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in Mg ‘and both are unicelluisr) with Paramecium and Amoeba (earlier placed in Animalia and bg lack cell wail) 43. Some bactena are pathogen causing damage to human beings, crops, farm animals and p SECTION-I : Assertion-Reason type In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason Is the correct explanation of th then mark (1). (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of then mark (2). (8) _ Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). (4) _tfboth Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4). 1, A> The two kingdom classification used for a R: Viruses could be crystallized Jong time was found inadequate. consist largely of proteins. R= Alarge number of organisms did not fallinto. 7. A: either category of plants or animais in two kingdom classification of Linnaeus. 2A: The cell walls of diatoms are indestructibie. + In diatoms, cell walls are embedded with silica. 3. A: Diatoms leave behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat which gets accumulated over billions of years. Re Slicious cell walls in diatoms are indestructibie. 4. A: Infectious agent discovered by T.O. Diener, lack protein coat that is found in viruses. 10. A: R: Virolds have RNA of low molecular weight. R= Sexual reproduction is absent in the 11: ‘members of the deuteromycetes. See eeKnow Your NCERT 12. A: Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common in basidiomycetes. R: In club fungi, sexual spores are not formed during sexual reproduction Fungi show great diversity in habitat and nutrition. Fungi prefer to grow in cool and humid places, Sporozoans may have silica shells on their surface. R: Shells of sporozoans help in protection from acidic environment of the host. Euglenoids have flagella. R: Euglenoids have cellulosic cell wall called pellicle 16. A: Sporozoans lack locomotory structures. R: Sporozoans are parasites. 20 Asin R: Sexual c produced endogenously in sac-like asci ‘A: Some dinoflagellates such as Gonyaulax causes red tide. spores of ascomycetes are R: Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic protists and mostly marine A: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, blue~ green algae with all the prokaryotic structures. R: They are green due to presence of chloroplasts basidiomycetes, basidiospores are produced endoyenously in the basidium R- In ascomycetes, ascospores are produced exogenously in ascus. f —————__—____— — a oa Pe NCERT Asks: | 1. Would you call viruses living or non-iving? ee 7 l Ans. Viruses are called connecting link between living and non-living. SECTION-Ill : Check Your Understanding 4. Members of kingdom Protista 4, The chemosynthetic autotrophs , (o) Are Beer acuatia (a) oo tole in mineral and nutrient (b) May have cilia or flagella (by'Are members of kingdom Monera (c) Reproduce sexually by a process involving (c) Fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia call fusion: (1) aandc (2) bande (d) Lack asexual reproduction (Q) send (4) bonly Choose the correct one(s). 5, The subviral agent discovered by T.O. Diener (1) a,c, andd (2) bandd (1) Has low molecular weight RNA (3) a, bande (4) cand a only (2) Contains wrongly folded proteins x Gonaiuiax, (8) Is Infectious to animals only 2, .. Chepepitia Segeteseee aioe (4) Has ds DNA and proteins (1) atiate cae 6. Allofthese are obligate parasites, except (2) Is red dinoflagellate (1) Viroid (3) Found only in fresh water (2) Tobacco Mosaic Virus (4) Has cellulosic cell wall (3) Rhizopus 3. In Whittaker's classification system saprophytic (4) Ts phage organisms are not included in the kingdom 7. Aprotozoan without locomotory structure is (1) Monera (2) Fungi (1) Entamoeba (2) Trypanosoma (3) Animalia (4) Plantae (3) Plasmodium (4) Paramecium cere omen aba Ta 8 PURE Red New Delis 10005: Prone: o%4-47625458pane aa from Gabactona on the basis of major differences such as (@) Celt wall structure fb). Absence of peptidoglycan in the Ce! <) Chemosuitotrophic and heterotrophic weal mode {2) Oospore (4) Conidiophore Ad wruses arehave 1) Protein coat and DNA 2) Parasites (3) Both DNA and RNA (4) inext inside living cell 11. im three domain classification system, coman (1) Eukarye includes cyanobectena 2) Archea includes primitive prokaryotes (3) Eukarya as well as domain Archea include the eukaryotes (4) Archea includes all prokaryotes 12. Mark the odd one w.rt. Nostoc. (4) Rs flaments are surrounded by gelatinous sheath (2) ts laments are composed of cals only sone (S) can fax atmospheric nitrogen (4) thas chlorophyll a 33. Organisms with soap box like body {@) Are very good indicators of water pollution. (©) Have siica impregnated cell membrane. ()@.@)andic)—_@).W). (hana (a) Gi elody (4) (@) and (@) only 14. Agaricus sexually reproduces through ploid mitospores (3) Hal ; \gial copulation (4) Gametan: Prions lack (1) Genetic material (2) Pathogenecity (3) Protein (4) Any type of biomolecule Majority of bacteria (1) Are chemoautotroph (2) Are pathogenic (g) Depend on dead organic matter (4) Synthesise their food from substrates Kingdom Protista forms the link with plantae, animalia and fungi’ Select the option which is incorrect wart. slime moulds and their plant fungi like features. (1) Naked plasmodium - Animal ike fe (2) Spore with true wall - Plant like fea (3) Formation of fruiting body - feature (4) Formation of plasmodium - feature All of the following organisms move flagella, except (1) Euglena (8) Paramecium Identify the organism which causes seen on mustard leaves and se statement not true for it a) pees is the dominant pha (2) Asexually reproduce by produced spores (3) Cell wall is made up of polysaccharides (4) It produces sexual spores | Mark the feature not similar betv and morels. (1) Production of meiospores (2) Produce edible fruiting bodies 13, (3) Occurrence of dikaryophasePlant Kingdom Marking Scheme ] masa oe Marks Obtained 1. For every correct answer you eam four marks (+4). |Maxi : — ~~ 360 Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F). 1 comport Oe Aakash Tow, 8 Pisa Road Now Dei-110006.Phone:Or-4T623455 For every incorrect answer you lose one mark 4).| SECTION-I: NCERT Liners ||Percentage Score Chapter TIF Phylogenetic classification system assumes that organisms belonging to the same taxa have a common ancestor. Algae are largely aquatic, both fresh water and marine. Volvox is unicellular whereas Ulothrix and Spirogyra are filamentous, In algae, sexual reproduction takes place by fragmentation Fusion between one large static female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete is termed as oogamous reproduction. Algae are of paramount importance as primary producers of energy rich compounds which form the basis of the food cycles of all aquatic animals. Chlorella and Spirulina are unicellular algae Green algae may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous. The members of Phaeophyaceae are found primarily in the marine habitats. Majority of red algae are marine with greater concentrations found in the warmer areas. Red algae occur in both well-lighted regions close to the surface of water and also at great depths in oceans where relatively little light penetrates. Red algae reproduce asexually by motile spores and sexually by non motile gametes. Bryophytes play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil. The main plant body of the bryophyte is haploid, it produces gametes. Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent ‘soil erosion. The liverworts grow usually in moist, shady habitats such as bark of trees and deep in theDRIED tant kingdom 17. Protonema is directly developed from SI : e is leafy stage which devel pore in mosses ps from the primary protonems 18. In mosses, the second stag 3 samia Selaginella or large (m: 16!" The leaves in plerdophyta are small (microptiyis) a8 in 52198 Phys) in ferns. tophyte 20. Prothallus is small, unicellular, fre living gametoPhy' ous 21. _Equisetum does not bear cones as it is homospo! ed on the parent sj 22. The gametophytes in heterosporous pteridophytes are retain oD variable periods. nd 23. In gymnosperms ovules are exposed both before a! ametophyte is highly reduced and confined to only a jimi, r after fertilisation Q Q Q 24. In gymnosperms, the male g number of cells. In gymnosperms, the megaspore develops into multicellular female gametophyte that bears two or more archegonia 28. In gymnosperms, the pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows towards the archegonig O and discharge their contents near the mouth of the ovule. i} 25, 27. In angiosperms, the embryo sac formation is preceded by meiosis 28. Double fertilisation is unique to angiosperms. 29. In haplontic life cycle, sporophytic generation is represented only by one celled zygote. 30. Most algal genera are haplontic, some of them are haplo-diplontic + ‘SECTION-II : Assertion-Reason type In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason ). (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is th: Nate 1 correct explanation of the {2) If both Assertion & Reason then mark (2) 'F Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). 1f both Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4), A: Poa, 's @ member of Rhodophyceae R: Alternation of generation ne "Alter occ : diploid metophy and Ri Predominant pigment i i ee ais ared pigment, igen ee Zi ida . A: Main plant body of bryophyte i 4A: The s ving plone gametophyte. cere sale and reseed to ‘n : R: Brophyte POSSESS root like, leat Ike and Pe ’ structures, Rone ur ; R: Multicellutar, free-living, eee cycle of sexually Teproducing Photosynthetic thalloid gam an alternation of generation, Pteridophyte is calledKnow Your NCERT oy 10. A: Bryophytes are called ar ians of plant 5 phi plant R= Bryophytes can live in soil but are ‘dependent on water for sexual reproduction. A: Inpleridophytes, both the gametophytic and Sporophytic phases are multicellular and vascular. Ri: Pteridophytes exhibit diplontic life cycle pattern. A: Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous in brown algae. R= In brown algae, sexual reproduction is accompanied by complex post fertilization developments. A> In pteridophytes, the root, stem and leaves Possess well-developed vascular tissues. R: In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte. A: Water is required for transfer of male gametes to archegonium in ferns, R: Fems bear sporongia on gametophytes Which in turn bear diploid sex organs. A: The female sex organ in a flower is the pistil or the carpel. R: Female gametophyte is also known as ‘embryo sac in flowering plants. 14, 12. 13. 14. 15. Pian kingdom, SE ‘A: In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. R: Gametophytes of gymnosperm remain within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes. A: Vascular plants are well adapted to the environment and dominate the land. R: Vascular plants have xylem and phloem for long distance transport. A: Gymnosperms do not produce fruit. R: Ovules of gymnosperms are enclosed within the ovaries. A: True stem and leaves are absent in bryophytes R : In bryophytes, sporophyte is parasitic over gametophyte. A: The leaves in gymnosperms are well- adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. R: Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not have an independent free-living existence. SECTION-IIl : Check Your Understanding Select the incorrect statement about artificial system of classification of Linnaeus. (1) It is called artificial system because it is based on only one or two characters. (2) Itwas based on androecium structure (3) Itis also called sexual system as he chiefly used characters of stamens. (4) It divides flowering and non flowering plants into two categories. Natural classification system considered natural affinities among organisms which means (1) Natural similarity or resemblance among organisms (2) Natural dissimilarities among organisms. (3) Phylogenetic similarities among organisms, (4) Phylogenetic dissimilarities. | among organisms. Algae are not (1) Fresh water forms (2) Marine water forms 4 (3) Terrestrial (4) Heterotrophic Select the wrong option about organism shown in the figure. (1) itis green filamentous alga (2) It produces flagellated isogametes (3) Ithas chlorophyll a and b (4) Ithas cell wall covered by alginAll of the following statements jons ae 1 tonema and prothallus, exe ti igae mentioned in the OP! All of the alga pec used as food. i“ se Select the pair of brown algae which are (2) Foined trom spore my fee Laminaria (3) Photosynthetic in natura oy ee ef ‘pagaceant (4) Branched and filamentous (3) Chlorella Porphyra 41. In mosses, the sex organs bearing (4) Sargassum Porphyra (1) Protonema (2) Leafy Select the incorrect match. (8) Diploid plant (4) Prothay, (1) Ectocarpus — Filamentous 42. State true (T) or false (F) fg (2) Kelps — Possess statements and select the correct, carotenoids A. Pteridophytes may flourish wellin (3) Chlamydomonas - Cup shaped conditions: 7 chioroplast B. Pteridophytes grow in very jq (4) Chara = Colonial green restricted geographical regions. alga A B The protoplast of brown alga contains all, (1) T F except SE = (1) Plastids nr ; (2) Centrally located vacuole - 3 (3) Nucleus e tor na 43. Water is required for the tra (4) Pyrenoids hn A similarity between brown and red algae is oe to the:pUin oie (1) Presence of motile gametes iy Nisa (2) Their occurrence primarily in marine habitat (3) Presence of polysulphate esters in outer cell 2) yawns (3) Pteridophytes wall (4) Presence of chlorophyll d (4) Algae Match the following columns and select the 14. Select the option not related tog Sorrectoption'reganding bryophytes. (1) Roots : Tap/Coralloid (@) | Gametophyte | ( Hopi eneseo @ Lene: cosa tem : Branched/Unbra Cee aa owe (4) Spores: Homo/Heterospores (c) | Anthredium (il) | Produces gametes 15. Male gametophyte in gymnosperms (a) | Archegonium | (iv) | Non photosynthetic a eet diploid body (2) Antheridium ~ (3) Pollen grain 2 2 aS (4) Generative ceil 4) | Gi)_| vy | a) | @ 16. In Cycas which of the following @/@ |o [am | wm ah om fm fo fa | ee @ | fw fo fw (3) Female cone (4) Pinnate leaves a)w Your NCERT Gametop) hytes are dependent on sporophyte in g yte (1) Seed plants Vascular plants 3) Embryophytes Heterosporo: plants Each embryo sac consis ids and an gg cell ar nuclei, secondary nucleus and an egg (3) Egg apparatus. polar nuclei three antipodals and two '4) Egg apparatus and antipodals Plant Kingdom jametophytic phase can be represented by the single to few celled gametophyte or few to xd gametophyte as in mutticel (1) Fucus and seed plants resi 2) Seed plants and Fi us respec 4) Spirogyra and Fucus respectively 20. in which of the following the inant body? gamet (1) Preridophytes 2) Mosses (3) Liverworts en algae Comorate Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456Morphology of Flowering Plants 18. 19. Marking Scheme [Marks Obtained on 1. For every correct answer you eam four marks (+4), 2. _ For every incorrect answer you lose one mark (-1) SECTION-I : NCERT Liners [Maximum Marks 220 | Choose whether the statement is True (T) or False (F)- 1. The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the root hair. 2. Fibrous roots of carrot, turnip and tap roots of sweet potato, get swollen and store food, 3. In Rhizophora, many roots come out of the ground grow vertically upwards for the ab of minerals, 4 Stem can act as organs of perennation in Euphorbia, to tide over conditions unfavourable for [4 growth 5. Axillary buds of stem may also get modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns in Citas [7 and Bougainvillea. 6. Leaf bears a bud in its axil. 7. Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems and are arranged in a basipetal order. 8. __Indicotyledons, the leaf base expands into a sheath covering the stem partially. 9. _ Innon-leguminous plants, the leaf base becomes swollen, which is called the pulvinus. 10. Veins act only as channels of transport for water, minerals and food materials. 11. The shape, margin, apex, surface and extent of incision of lamina varies in different leaves. 12. A bud is present in the axil of petiole in both simple and compound leaves, but not in the a of leaflets of the compound leaf. 13. A flower is a modified shoot where internodes elongate and the axis gets condensed. 14. Asterile stamen is called staminode, 15. _In parietal placentation, ovary is only two-chambered due to the absence of false septum. 16. If pericarp is thin and dry, itis differentiated into the outer , the middle the inner endocarp. naenow Your NCERT Orupes develop trom muiticarpeltary ovary tm coconut, the mesocarp is fleshy Generally, monocotyledonous seeds are non-endospermic but some, as in orchids, are endospermic The position of the mother axis with respect to the flower is represented by a dot on top of the oral diagram. SECTION-II: Assertion-Reason type i er a tm the following questions, @ statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). tf Bott) Assertion & Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion, “) @ ®) @ w then mark (1). Wf both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion, then mark (2), tf Assertion is true statement but Reason is faise, then mark (3). Wdoth Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4). ‘As The zone proximal to region of elongation is the region of maturation R: The cells of the elongation zone in root, gradually differentiate and mature. A: In cymose inflorescence, the growth of the main axis is limited. R: In cymose inflorescence, the main axis terminates in a flower. A; In guava and cucumber the ovary is said to de inferior. £ \ family Solanaceae. » Aleurone layer is chine + Aleurone layer is triploid as it is @ part of > 2 > D> D>D> 9. 13, 4. 15. A R A p > De In hypogynous condition, ovary is superior. In hypogynous conditions, all other floral whorls are borne below the level of ovary. The thizome of ginger have nodes and internodes. : Rhizome of ginger is an underground modified stem. ‘The large shield-shaped cotyledon in maize is called scutellum. > The outermost layer of scutellum is secretory and absorptive in function. 1 axillary buds of stems get 2 In Bougainvillea, modified to form thoms. Thoms in Bougainvillea protect plants from browsing animals. + Leaves showing parallel venation are found in monocotyledonous plants.MI) phcigy of Flowering Pons NCERT Asks: ? Qt. What are the features that distinguish a stem from a root’ Ans. The distinguishing features are as follows: (a) Root arises from radicle while stem arises from plumule (b) Roots possess root hairs and root cap while stem bears leaves, flowers and fruits (c) In general, roots are positively geotropic while stems are positively phototropic, SECTION.Ill : Check Your Understanding 1. Two medicinal plants. muliathi_ and ashwagandha are studied by a researcher. He ‘observed that these plants belong to two different families. Identify the correct floral formula for the families. Muliathi Ashwagandha (1) ¥ Kn Cine Anes OF Ke GG (2) PP Ke Aa Ge BOG Kadur On (3) OF Panne (4) BFK Conse Awe 8 2. Commonly, the plant product used to arrest cell division can be isolated from the family (1) Solanaceae (2) Fabaceae (3) Brassicaceae (4) Liliaceae 3. A researcher studied a plant and observed the following features: Tap root system, alternate _phyllotaxy, actinomorphic flower, superior ovary, variation in the length of filaments of stamens, syncarpous ovary, parietal placentation Which of the following plants is studied by the researcher? (1) Lupin (2) Aloe (3) Mustard (4) Gloriosa 4. Tulip and Petunia are different from each other ‘on which of the following basis? (1) Adhesion of stamens (2) Symmetry of flower (3) Occurrence of endosperm in seed (4) Type of placentation 5. oy, ‘of perennation in potato is modified __A__ and organ for food storage in sweet noe Sas aha Select the correct option to f(A) ang A B (1) Stem Stem (2) Root Root (3) Stem Root (4) Root Stem Leaves of guava can be d leaves of neem as the former (1) Pinnately compound leaf (2) Simple leaf (3) Palmately compound leat (4) Leaflets present on rachis in @ comparative study of Euphorbia, it is found that different perform photosynthesis. Which of| structure: Acacia ard mipha th respectively? (1) Stem modification and petiole (2) Root modification and stam (3) Root modification and petiole (4) Petiole modification and stem The root of a particular plant is Perform its prime function of minerals and water, Which of regions is impaired in the root (1) Region of maturation (2) Region of elongation (3) Region of meristematic activi (4) Root cap Which of the following Peeresenia, poun: 9 0 (1) Tomato (3) Indigofera1 2, Choose whether the statement is True (T) oF Fi 10. "1 12. 13. 14. 15. PC Ac Fey iLL) Be ged a | [Marks Obtained _ p Marking Scheme anawer you earn our masks (+4) |Maximum Marks 328 aed For every correct i K (1), For every incorrect answer you lose one Ma) ¢ SECTION-I : NCERT Liners ‘alse (F). stem axis ‘Shoot apical meristem occupies the distant most region of Some cells left behind from shoot apical meristam constitute axillary buds. Apical meristem in grasses regenerate parts removed by grazing herbivores. tissues. Simple tissues are permanent tissues which do not divide further and are similar in structure | | and function. > Complex tissues form the major components within organs in plants. {] The collenchyma occurs in layers below the epidermis in dicotyledonous plants. Collenchyma provides mechanical support to the growing parts of plants such as stem | | and petiole of a leaf. a : 7 a ‘Sclerenchyma often contain chloroplasts and assimilate food. Sclereids are commonly found in fruit walls of le M Paper ap ebibadielet hay gumes, seed coat of nuts, leaves of tea In gymnosperms, trachelds and vessels are main water transporting elements. The radial conduction of water in flowering plants takes Place by the tracheids. Xylem fibres have highly thicker ith obiit x ly ned walls with obliterated central lumens and are In stems, the protoxylem lies periphery ofthe organ." 3"48 the centre (pth) and the metaxylem lies towards‘now Your NCERT 16. 7 18. 19. 20. 2 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 35. 37. Anatomy of Flowering Plants im pa Phloem parenchyma is elongated, tapering cylindrical cells fT] Phloem parenchyma is absent in all monocots. | Phloem in angiosperms is composed of albuminous cells, sieve cells, phloem fibr phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres of jute, flax and hemp are used commercially aa ‘The companion cells help in maintaining the pressure gradient in sieve tubes LT Phloem fibres are generally present in both primary phioem as well as secondary phioom. CT] GBigermis is often covered with a waxy thick layer called the cuticle which prevents the loas of [| _ In grasses, the guard cells are bean shaped The guard cells possess chloroplasts and regulate the opening and closing of stomata oT ‘The trichomes in the shoot system may be branched or unbranched and help in transpiration. In leaves, the ground tissue consists of thin-walled chloroplast containing cells called mesophyll cells, {mn dicot roots, initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium takes place in pericycle cells, during the secondary growth, Pith is large and well developed in monocot roots. In dicot stem, pericycle is present on the inner side of the endodermis and above the phloem in the form of semi-lunar patches of sclerenchyma Between the vascular bundles of dicot stem there are a few layers of radially placed parenchymatous cells, constitute conjunctive tissue. Ring arrangement of vascular bundles is a characteristic of dicot stem. la In leaves of grasses, certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into a bulliform cells. In dicot stems, the cells of ambium present between primary xylem and primary phicem isthe [| _] interfascicular cambium. Vascular cambium is generally more active on the inner side than on the outer. At some places in dicot stem, the cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma, which passes [| | through secondary xylem and secondary phioem in the radial directions known as secondary “—-—! medullary rays, Heartwood is hard, durable and conducts water but does not give mechanical support to stem. feck Phellogen, phellem and phelloderm are collectively known as periderm. Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone :011-47623456Know Your NCERT Anatomy of Flowering Plants (SII 12, A+ Ihangiosperms, transport of food and water 14. A: Vascular cambium is considered as lateral is more efficient than gymnosperms and meristem. Pteridophytes. R: Itgives rise to lateral roots and shoots. Ren [angiosperms longitudinally arranged 45, A: Long distance flow of photosynthates in Sieve tube elements and vessels. with plants occurs through sieve tubes. Perforated end walls are present R: Amature sieve tube has peripheral layer of 13. A: In woody stems, the amount of heartwood cytoplasm without any nucleus. Continues to increase year after year. 16. A: Cork prevents the loss of water by R: The tracheary elements of heartwood are evaporation. lugged by di Citencey, “epostions of various organic R: Cork cells are dead cells SECTION-III : Check Your Understanding 1 How many of the following are primary 4. Gymnosperms meristems and secondary meristems respectively? a. Lack vessels igen b. Have sieve tube elements eg eo, ©. Have elongated tube like highly lignifies b._Intercalary meristem main water transporting tissue ©. Interfascicular cambium Gh ack lateral mee ete d. Intrafascicular cambium The correct one(s) is/are ©. Cork cambium (1) aand b only (1) 2and 3 (2) and only (2) 1and4 (3) donly (3) 3and2 (4) a,b and d only (4) 4and 4 5. Amature sieve tube element transports food in 2. Axillary buds are present in the axils of leaves plants. and are capable of forming a branch or a flower. Which of the following features is/are true for Which of the following statements is not true for this element? them? a. Presence of peripheral cytoplasm (1) They are formed by some cells present in b. Possesses a large vacuole the mature regions of shoots. baie (2) They are involved in primary growth. (1) only (3) Some cells ‘left behind’ from shoot apical (2) Only a and.c meristem, constitute them. Sanya é 7 ni c (4) They contribute to formation of primary plant wb sr Ay (4) Alla, b and ¢ 3. Collenchyma is also a living simple tissue just 6. The companion cells are __ specialised like parenchyma. However, iffers from the latter as it (1) Contains cells that may be oval, spherical or polygonal. (2) Has small intercellular spaces. (3) Has pectin rich wall and provides mechanical support to growing parts of plants. (4) Can perform photosynthesis. Parenchymatous cells which are closely associated with the sieve tubes elements. The sieve tube elements and companion cells are connected through (1) Perforations in their common walls. (2) Perforations in their end walls. (3) Pitfields between their common longitudinal walls. (4) Bordered pits in their oblique end plates.ees F ldentity Wreng one wert w ely bated younder araaa of saipndary aylam. (1) Fotmed during Get ening afd aulinin eeanune (2) Also known ae warty wood (2) Lighter in colour (a) Involved In the eonduotion of water and minerals Which of the following slater (1) Spring Wood Ie lighter if colour with large umber Of xylary elements having vessels with wider oaviti (2) Autumn wood Ii darker with lawer density and formed due (o leas activity of camblum, (9) Altemate eenoentrie rings at autumn wood ‘and Spting Wood, constitute an annual fing, (4) Annual fings seen in a cul siem give an estimate of the age of the tree, 8, Seeondary growth Ih Gortioal region Ie dus to phellogen which is (1) Partly primary and partly secondary in origin (2) Secondary meristematic tissue formed due to dedifferentiation of cells of cortex (8) Involved in production Impervious to water (4) Prinary meristem responsible for formation of Cork cells and secondary Cortex, Annual rings that are formed due to secondary growth are clearly seen in (1) Roots of aquatio plants, (2) Stem of trees in tropical region. of phelloderm, a 22, 25. any ot Fonereg ars a (5) Bolt foals and stem of trees in tropical region (4) Star of trees in temperate regions, identity tie eerreet statements and choose the ophion accordingly In dicot roots, perloycle is completely Wranetornved into vascular camblum, b Lenticsls regulate the wanspiration rate in woody Wes 6. Bark in 4 1r6@ dogs not include the vascular earnbiumn, 1d. Gork is impervious to water due to subyerin deposition in the ell wall (1) @ and d only (2) a, band o (3) 6 and 6 only (4) band conly The calls of secondary medullary rays in dicot plants are formed by (1) Pith calle (2) Hypadermal cells (3) Meristemn present in stelar region (4) findodermal eats Perioyele ls not present in (1) Dlootyledonous stem (2) Dicotyledonous root (3) Monocotyledonous stern (4) Monocotyledonous root In dicot stem, the cambium outer side to the ‘endodermis forms secondary (1) Cortex (2) Xylom (3) Meristem (4) Phloem6 1 4 The ootls of human chek as a dati will wall ai ila sila’ liauriedary aril Jul YH Je Mw cell membrane 5 Wn both prokaryatie and eikaryotis Halla, # nvr fluid Male walluel wyloyilnar anid ruin oocupies the volume af the Hell 6 The eytoplasin is the Malt areria af wollular metivilinw |” Hoth Hie plan Anal Arnal Kalle 7 Various chemieal reactions ener ii thie wally Wn kaapy it 1 Hie living wate 8 Ribosomes ate marten bound urgarialion fairl i nil mukaryelie aw well we jvekanyilu coils 9 Within the prokaryotic eal, riiwserriae are found nat any in Hee Vielen bid Wii Qanie eal organelles 10 Mycoplasmas, the smallest colle ara anly 0.9 th I langih 11. Plasmid DNA is genornic DNA ae they are arall and elreulay 12 A Specialised differentiated form of oall mariana culled Mmewemurie le Hie elim metariatie of prokaryotes: 13, The concept of ‘Omnis cellidare-vellila vayardiny Call Hivishan win firml jrejveinusl by used [ Virehow. 14, Glycocalyx provides sticky charanter Wy the bacterial wall Cell : The Unit of Life { Marking Sobor J Marke Ghia au nr He FHT (4) Pi leas irl HHH E) Par eveiy niperreet unewar yt SROTIONT | NOERT Linge Howes whether the atatonent le Tie (1) ar Palew (Py Anything less than a wompiate slruelbire af # wall Howe Hal BAMUIH INdApWHAAN ving Schisiden, a Gortnar hatariet wxaninid 4 larKe Hurtin at plane ane ORWAIYRA tht Alp lana are composed of differant kindle of mala wtih NaliH Nhe Hbauilw Hf IN Blant Schwann, 4 british eaolagial vaneludad, Hawed BF Hie wludine an plan H ial Hie prema of call Wall Is a unique eharaetor of the plant walle iw 4 a ye a0. v), u. 8 4Coll: The Unit of Lite ii and fimbriae do not help in motility of bacterial cells but help to attach to the rocks. ‘as vacuoles are found in blue green and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria. ‘clusion bodies in prokaryotic cells are not bound by any membrane system and lie free in the ytoplasm. er a are different from animal cells as they lack non membrane bound organelle called fentrioles. ipids are arranged in a bilayer with polar heads towards the inner side in the cell membrane. he plasma membrane consists mainly of phospholipids embedded in a protein bilayer. ‘holesterol is not a constituent of cell membrane. human beings, the membrane of the erythrocyte has approximately 52 percent protein and }9 per cent lipids. ‘he cell wall of a young plant cell, the primary wall is capable of growth, which gradually iminishes as the cell matures and the secondary wall is formed on the inner side of the cell, he cell wall and middle lamella may be traversed by plasmodesmata which connect the yytoplasm of neighbouring cells, ndomembrane system includes cell organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, sosomes and vacuoles because their functions are coordinated. eam ‘olgi apparatus is important site of formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids in prokaryotic lls. he golgi complex is present in highest number in secretory cells. In some prokaryotes like cyanobacteria, there are other membranous extensions into the sytoplasm called chromatophores which contain pigments. ysosomes are formed by the process of packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum. ysosome is involved in digesting biomolecules. he concentration of ions is significantly higher in the vacuole than in the cytoplasm. Juter membrane of mitochondria forms the discontinuous boundary of the organelle. 'ypically mitochondria is sausage shaped or cylindrical having a diameter of 0.2 to 1 um and ngth 1.0-4.1 um. itochondria are semi-autonomous organelles and they divide by fission. in the chromoplast fat soluble carotenoid pigments like carotene, xanthophylis and others are nt. joplasts store carbohydrates, elaioplasts store oils and fats whereas the aleuroplasts store ins.Know Your BRE colt: The Unit of Lite N 37, The ribosomes of the chloroplasts are smaller (70S) than the cytoplasmic ribosomes (80S). 38. Many ribosomes may associate with a single mRNA to form multiple copies of a polypeptide simultaneously, Such strings of ribosomes are termed as polysome. a isting of microtubules, 38. An elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures consist 3 microfilaments and intermediate filaments present in the cytoplasm is collectively referred to as the cytoskeleton. 40, Microtubules are the constituents of centrioles, spindle fibres and chromatin, rq 41, The prokaryotic bacteria also possess flagella but these are structurally different from that of the eukaryotic flagella 42. The core of the cilium and flagellum is called the axoneme which contains nine doublets of radially arranged peripheral microtubules, 43. Both cilia and flagella emerge from centriole like structure called basal bodies in prokaryotes. 44. The centrioles form the basal body of cilia and flagella, and spindle fibres that give rise to spindle apparatus during cell division in animal cells. 45. Non membranous nucleoplasmic structures in nucleus are the site for active synthesis of rRNA. 46. Nuclear envelope is a derivative of SER 47. Nucleus is double membrane bound structure but nucleolus is single membrane bound. 48, The shorter and longer arms are present only in metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes. 49. Ribosomes are structures which can be seen within an organelle. 50. a) (2) @) @) ‘The perinuclear space is a space in cytoplasm around the nucleus. In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) if both Assertion & Reason are true then mark (1). {f both Assertion & Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of th jation of the Asser If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). {if both Assertion & Reason are false statements, then mark (4) i A: Eukaryotic cells have the ability to adopt a Ri Ribosomes are not bounded by variety of shapes and carry out varity of shapes ry out directed Themicane. Ri: There are three principal types of protein. 3. A: Mitochondria, chloroplasts filaments- microfilaments, microtubules and Peroxisomes are not considered as the peas filaments, which constitute the of the endomembrane system. Bei Warten pasa xi Ri: Functions of mitochondria, chloroplast Considered together as an endomembrane Peroxisomes are not co-ordinated with system. golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles.Your NCERT 7a cet Teun BA Sbosomes on their surface is ox Miochondria and chioroplasts have their R: ER divides the intraceliuler R: Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body are ito luminal. ang SP8C2 Of the cot the cell organelles which have ther own compartments, famines DNA A: Concentration of ions is 14. A: The matrix of POSSESS single in the vacuole than in the oye cower DNA, 70S ribosomes and a few plant cell . RNA molecules. Ri in plants, the tonoplast faciitates the RR: Mitochondria are main sites of anaerobic Senepat of a nuiber of tone ayant respiration. A» peczntration gradient into the vacuole 15. A: Cell wall gives shape to the piant coll Plastids ‘Specific Protect the cell and helps cell to col plants em interactions, i. R Plastids bear some specific pigments, R: Cell wall is living Structure, an outer A: An eukaryotic cilium or fagel ‘covering for the plasma membrane of fungi with plasma 2 nrnemes animal and plants. R: Both the cilium & flagellum emerge fr 16. A: Plasmids are double-stranded extra. centriole-like structure called the feed ‘chromosomal DNA. bodies R: Plasmids are possessed by eukaryotic cells. 8. A: Mesosome is a special membranous 17. A: Lysosomes help in the process of structure in bacteria Photorespiration R: Mesosome helps in respiration. R: Lysosomes have alkaline enzymes 9. A> Cell wall is generally absent in plant cel 18. A: The number of cells in a multcelular R- Animal celis are rigid as covered by a cell organism is inversely proportional to the wall. size of body. 10. A’ Cell membrane shows fluid behaviour. R- All the cells in the biological world are of R°: Membrane is a mosaic of diverse lipids and ere Proteins. 19. A: It is important that the organisms should 11. A: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are semi have col autonomous cell organelles. R: A cell keeps its chemical composition R: They both can make their some of its ‘Steady within its boundary. proteins. 20. A: Mitochondria are called power houses of the 12. A: Nucleus is the controlling centre of a cell. cel R: Pores in the nuclear envelop regulate the R: They produce cellular energy in the form of flow of materials in and out of the nucieus. ATP. f eS NCERT Asks: Q1. Can you recollect names of organisms that have more than one nucieus per cell? g , cells have two nuclei per cell (Paramecium) | 2. age eae a ea Torn o° ot na nora soe Ks affect | oie ct ee tubes have nucleus but they get specialised for performs sieve ef ok ce Ha ASE rt regi So Wee ea eal) batt alive.