COMPUTATIONAL FLUID

DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Prof. M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za

March 7th
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
2024
 For incompressible and constant properties
Continuity Eq.: .v = 0 vx v y vz
+ + =0
x y z
Dv
Momentum Eq.:  = −p + f +  2 v
Dt
x-dir.  vx vx vx vx  p   2vx  2vx  2vx 
  + vx + vy + vz  = − + f x +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
y-dir.  v y v y v y v y  p   2v y  2v y  2v y 
  + vx + vy + vz  = − + f y +   2 + 2 + 2 
 x z 
 t x y z  y  y
 vz vz vz vz  p   2vz  2vz  2vz 
z-dir.   + vx + vy + vz  = − + f z +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 
Energy Eq.: DT
c =  + k T + g
2

Dt
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + u +v + w  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + g
 t x y z   x y z 
 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u 
2
 w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +  +  z   +   x + y  +   y + z  +   z + x 
 y 
 x            
 
 Test yourself
Allowance Time; 3 minutes
Simplify Energy Equation for;
Steady, 2D (in x and y directions) , incompressible and no heat
generation and if velocity in x direction is zero

 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + (u +v + w )  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
 t x y z   x y z 

 u  2  v  2  w  2 
 = 2    +   +   +
 x   y   z  
2 2
 v u   w v   u w 
2

 +  +  +  +  + 
 x y   y z   z x 
 Solution
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + (u +v + w )  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
 t x y z   x y z 

 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u 
2
 w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +   +    +  +  +  +  +  + 
 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 

Steady, 2D (in x and y directions) , incompressible, no heat generation and u = 0

u=w=0  T    2T  2T   v  2   v 
2

c  v  =  + k  y 2 + x 2   = 2     +   
and v  0  y     y    x 

2 Is it possible
 T   v   v   T  T 
2 2 2
c v  = 2    +    + k  2 + 2  to simplify it
 y   y   x   y x 
a bit more?
 Solution
Steady, 1D (in y direction) , incompressible and no heat generation
2
 T   v   v    2T  2T 
2

c v  = 2   +    + k  2 + 2 
 y   y   x   y x 

We can simplify it a bit more!

u v w v
+ + =0 2D, but u = 0  =0
x y z y

 T      T
2
 
2 2
v T
c v  =    + k  2 + 2 
 y   x   y x 
 I am going to post HW1 on ClickUP

I will post the solution on ClickUP before Test week

Therefore, the governing equations for incompressible fluids
(and constant properties)
.v = 0
v
 ( + v.v ) = −p + f +  2 v
t
T
c( + v.T ) =  + k 2T + egen
t
 u  2  v  2  w  2 
 = 2    +   +   +
 x   y   z  
2 2
 v u   w v   u w 
2

 +  +  +  +  + 
 x y   y z   z x 
Therefore, the governing equations for incompressible fluids
u v w
(and constant properties) + + =0
x y z
 u u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
  + u + v + w  = − + f x +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  x  x y z 
 v v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
  + u + v + w  = − + f y +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  y  x y z 

 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 

  +u +v +w  = − + f z +   2 + 2 + 2 
 t x y z  z  x y z 

 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + (u +v + w )  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
 t x y z   x y z 
How many unknowns ? u , v, w, p and T
The governing equations for incompressible fluids + Steady
u v w
(and constant properties) + + =0
x y z

 u u u  p   2u  2u  2u 
  u + v + w  = − + f x +   2 + 2 + 2 
 x y z  x  x y z 

 v v v  p   2v  2v  2v 
  u + v + w  = − + f y +   2 + 2 + 2 
 x y z  y  x y z 
 w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
  u +v +w  = − + f z +   2 + 2 + 2 
 x y z  z  x y z 

T T T   2T  2T  2T 
c(u +v +w ) =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
x y z  x y z 
 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u 
2
 w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +   +    +  +  +  +  +  + 
 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 
2; Simplification for Pure Conduction in Solids
.v = 0
v
 ( + v.v) = −p + f +  2 v
t
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + (u +v + w )  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
 t x y z   x y z 
 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u  2  w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +   +     +  +  +  +  + 
 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 

Inside the Solids there is no velocity

v=0 u =v=w=0
Therefore, the Energy Equation will reduce to;
T
c = k T + egen
2

t
Velocity Boundary Conditions
Velocity Boundary Conditions 0
At the wall, the Velocity of Fluid= Velocity of wall
No-slip condition
Inviscid Flows

Viscous Flows
0

Inviscid Flows
 0

v L
Re =  107

 =0

0
The Mass and Momentum equations for incompressible
fluids (and constant properties)
.v = 0
v
 ( + v.v) = −p + f +  2 v
t
Question; For which regions we usually use them?

3 5
1
2 4

For inside the boundary layer thickness;2 and 4

Inside the Velocity BL the velocity will change.
Velocity Boundary Conditions

1   2
Velocity Boundary Conditions

 water   air  Interface  0

Example- Check if it is fine to assume oil is an ideal Fluid
oil between two large plates is considered.
The upper plate is moving and Ideal fluid assumption

Find:
 =0 and T / x = 0
a) The velocity and temperature distributions?
b) The maximum temperature?
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Assume Oil is ideal Fluid with constant
properties (k, µ…=constant).
3 The plates are large so that there is no variation in z direction

A Prediction Test ) Max Temp. is about ; a) 30 b ) 40 c) 50 d) 60 e) 100

Analysis
The properties of oil at the average temperature of (40+25)/2 = 32.5C
(From Table): k = 0.145 W/m-K and  = 0.580 kg/m-s = 0.580 N-s/m2
Continuity:
 =0 u=v=0
u v
+
x y
=0 
Energy equation
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + u + v + w  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + g
 t x y z   x y z 

The problem changed to pure conduction T2

0=k 2
T ( y) = C1 y + C2 y
The boundary conditions are:
1) T(y=0) = T1= 25 ºC
2) T(y=L) = T2 = 40 ºC

C2 = 25 C1 = 21428.71

T ( y ) = 21428.71y + 25

The maximum temperature?

Energy equation
T ( y ) = 21428.71y + 25
 =0
The maximum temperature in
case of no viscosity? at y = L

The maximum temperature in

case of including viscosity, as
offered in previous session? 0

Therefore, it is completely wrong

if we assume an Engine Oil is an Ideal Fluid
We are busy scheduling CFD
software training workshops
(ANSYS FLUENT and STAR CCM+)

Please choose the software you would

like to attend.
Example- Check if it is fine to assume oil is an ideal Fluid
oil between two large plates is considered.
The upper plate is moving and Ideal fluid assumption

Find:
 =0 and T / x = 0
a) The velocity and temperature distributions?
b) The maximum temperature?
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Assume Oil is ideal Fluid with constant
properties (k, µ…=constant).
3 The plates are large so that there is no variation in z direction

A Prediction Test ) Max Temp. is about ; a) 30 b ) 40 c) 50 d) 60 e) 100

Analysis
The properties of oil at the average temperature of (40+25)/2 = 32.5C
(From Table): k = 0.145 W/m-K and  = 0.580 kg/m-s = 0.580 N-s/m2
Continuity:
 =0 u=v=0
u v
+
x y
=0 
Energy equation
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + u + v + w  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + g
 t x y z   x y z 

The problem changed to pure conduction T2

0=k 2
T ( y) = C1 y + C2 y
The boundary conditions are:
1) T(y=0) = T1= 25 ºC
2) T(y=L) = T2 = 40 ºC

C2 = 25 C1 = 21428.71

T ( y ) = 21428.71y + 25

The maximum temperature?

Energy equation
T ( y ) = 21428.71y + 25
 =0
The maximum temperature in
case of no viscosity? at y = L

The maximum temperature in

case of including viscosity, as
offered in previous session? 0

Therefore, it is completely wrong

if we assume an Engine Oil is an Ideal Fluid
Conservation of Energy from Continuum Mechanics

DT    T    T    T 
c =  +  k  +  k  +  k  + egen
Dt  x  x  y  y  z  z 

 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u 
2
 w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +   +    +  +  +  +  +  + 
 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 

T    T    T    T 
c( + v.T ) =  +   k  +  k  +  k  + egen
t  x  x  y  y  z  z 
Convection
Diffusion part (conduction)
part

Viscous (heat) dissipation function Heat generation

 Energy Equation for incompressible fluids

T    T    T    T 
c( + v.T ) =  +   k  +  k  +  k  + egen
t  x  x  y  y  z  z 
 T T T T     T    T    T 
c
 + (u +v 
+ w ) =  +   k  +  k  +  k  + egen
 t x y z   x  x  y  y  z  z 
 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u 
2
 w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +   +   + +  + +  + +

 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 

Heat Conduction Equation (General form) : No Velocity

 T T T T     T    T    T 
c + (u +v + w )  =  +   k  +  k  +  k  + egen
 t x y z   x  x  y  y  z  z 

  T    T    T  T
k  +  k  +  k  + egen = c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
2; Simplification for Pure Conduction in Solids
.v = 0
v
( + v.v) = −p + f +  2 v
t
 T T T T    2T  2T  2T 
c + (u +v + w )  =  + k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
 t x y z   x y z 
 u  2  v  2  w  2   v u  2  w v 
2
 u w 
2

 = 2    +   +     +  +  +  +  + 
 x   y   z    x y   y z   z x 

Inside the Solids we do not have velocity

v=0 u =v=w=0
Therefore, the Energy Equation will reduce to;
T   2T  2T  2T 
c = k  2 + 2 + 2  + egen
t  x y z 
T
c = k 2T + egen
t
Heat Conduction Equation:
  T    T    T  T
k  +  k  +  k  + egen = c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
Special Cases
Constant thermal conductivity: Two-dimensional (x and y)

 2T  2T  2T egen 1 T
+ 2 + 2 + =
x 2
y z k  t

Three-dimensional

 2T  2T  2T egen
1) Steady-state with heat generation + 2 + 2 + =0
x 2
y z k

2) Transient, no heat generation:  2T  2T  2T 1 T

+ 2 + 2 =
x 2
y z  t
3) Steady-state, no heat generation:  2T  2T  2T
+ 2 + 2 =0
x 2
y z 28
Heat Conduction
Problems
  T    T    T  T
k  +  k  +  k  + egen = c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
Differential Equation
Boundary Conditions
Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
Insulated boundary Condition
Thermal symmetry Condition
Convection Boundary Condition
Radiation Boundary Condition
Interface Boundary Conditions
Generalized Boundary Conditions
 Specified Temperature Boundary
Condition
For one-dimensional heat transfer
through a plane wall of thickness
L, for example, the specified
temperature boundary conditions
can be expressed as
  T    T    T  T
 k  +  k  +  k +
 gen

e = c
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

 2T T
k 2 = c
x t
T(0, t) = T1
BC T(L, t) = T2 30
 Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition

The heat flux in the positive x-

direction anywhere in the medium,
including the boundaries, can be
expressed by Fourier’s law of heat
conduction as
dT Heat flux in
q = −k =
dx the positive
x-direction
The sign of the specified heat flux is determined by
inspection: positive if the heat flux is in the positive
direction of the coordinate axis, and negative if it is in
the opposite direction. 31
 dT Heat flux in
q = −k =
dx the positive
x-direction

T1 T2
dT T2 − T1
q = −k =k
dx x
 Two Special Cases
1- Insulated boundary
h, T
b

T (0, y , t )
=0
x
h, T

Q x (0, t ) = 0 T ( x,0, t ) a
=0
y
Insulated
T (0, t ) T (0, t )
k =0 or =0
x x
 Two Special Cases
2- Thermal symmetry

h, T

(
T L , t)
2 =0
x
34
 Convection Boundary Condition
Heat conduction Heat convection
at the surface in a
selected direction = at the surface in
the same direction

T (0, t )
−k = h1 T1 − T (0, t ) 
x
and
T ( L, t )
−k = h2 T ( L, t ) − T 2 
x
In the case of Steady State

35
 Radiation Boundary Condition
Qin = Radiation
Qout = Radiation
Heat conduction Radiation exchange
at the surface in a
selected direction
= at the surface in
the same direction

T (0, t )
−k = 1 Tsurr
4
− T (0, t ) 4

x
,1

and
T ( L, t )
−k =  2 T ( L, t ) 4 − Tsurr
4

,2 
x 36
 Interface Boundary Conditions
At the interface the requirements are:
(1) two bodies in contact must have the same
temperature at the area of contact,
(2) an interface (which is a
surface) cannot store any
energy, and thus the heat flux
on the two sides of an
interface must be the same.
TA(x0, t) = TB(x0, t) (2-53)
and
TA ( x0 , t ) T ( x , t )
−k A = − k B B 0 (2-54)
x x
37
 Generalized Boundary Conditions
In general a surface may involve convection,
radiation, and specified heat flux simultaneously.
The boundary condition in such cases is again obtained
from a surface energy balance, expressed as

Heat transfer Heat transfer

to the surface = from the surface
in all modes In all modes

38
 Example

q0 = 950 W/m 2

T (0) = T1 = 85C

0 0 0
0
  T    T    T  T
Const. x  k x  + y  k y  + z  k z  + egen = c t
  39
 T 2
d 2
T
k 2 =0  =0
x dx 2

dT (0)
B-1− k = q0 = 950 W/m 2
dx
B-2 T (0) = T1 = 85C
d 2T dT
2
=0 dx
= C1 T ( x) = C1x + C2
dx
q0
B-1 − kC1 = q0 → C1 = −
k
B-2 T (0) = C1  0 + C2 = T1 → C2 = T1

q0
T ( x) = − x + T1 = −380 x + 85 T ( L) = T (0.3) = -29C
k 40