Created by T.

Madas

RESIDUES
and
INTEGRATION

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

CALCULATIONS
OF RESIDUES

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1

sin z
f (z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z2

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .

res ( z = 0 ) = 1

Question 2

z2 + 2z +1
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z2 − 2z +1

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) .

res ( z = 1) = 4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3

2z +1
f ( z) ≡ 2
, z ∈
.
z −z−2

Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .

res ( z = 2 ) = 5 , res ( z = −1) = 1

25 3

Question 4

z2 + 4
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z3 + 2 z 2 + 2 z

Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .

res ( z = 0 ) = 2 , res ( z = −1 + i ) = 1 ( −1 − 3i ) , res ( z = −1 − i ) = − 1 (1 + 3i )

2 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5

z2 − 2z
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
( z 2 + 4 ) ( z + 1)2
Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .

res ( z = 2i ) = 1 ( 7 + i ) , res ( z = −2i ) = 1 ( 7 − i ) , res ( z = −1) = − 14

25 25 25

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6

z
f ( z) ≡ 2
, z ∈
.
( 3z 2
− 10i z − 3 )
Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .

5 5
res ( z = 3i ) =
256
( 3 )
, res z = 1 i = −
256

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7

cot z coth z
f (z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z3

Find the residue of the pole of f ( z ) at z = 0 .

res ( z = 0 ) = − 7
45

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 8

z6 +1
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
.
2 z5 − 5z 4 + 2 z3

Find the residue of each of the three poles of f ( z ) .

65 65 21
(
res z = 1 = −
2 )24
, res ( z = 2 ) =
24
, res ( z = 0 ) =
8

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9

4
f (z) ≡ , z ∈
.
z 2 (1 − 2i ) + 6 z i − (1 + 2i )

Find the residue of each of the two poles of f ( z ) .

( )
res ( z = 2 − i ) = i , res z = 1 ( 2 − i ) = −i
5

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10

z e kz
f ( z) ≡ , z ∈
, k ∈ , k > 0 .
z4 +1

Show that the sum of the four poles of f ( z ) , is

 k   k 
sin   sinh   .
 2  2

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

REAL
INTEGRALS

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 Created by T. Madas

UNIT CIRCLE
CONTOUR

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

2π

∫
1
dθ .
0 4cos θ − 5

2π
−
3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

2π

∫
1
dθ .
0 2 + cos θ

2π
3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

2π

∫0
cos 6 θ sin 6 θ dθ .

5π
512

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

2π
sin 2 t
∫ 0 5 − 4cos t
dt .

π
4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

2π

∫
1
2
dθ .
0 ( 5 − 3sin θ )

5π
32

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6

2π

∫
1
I= dx .
0 3 − 2cos x + sin x

By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find the exact
value of I .

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7

2π

∫
cos3 x
I= dx .
0 5 − 4 cos x

By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find the exact
value of I .

π
12

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

SEMI CIRCLE
CONTOUR

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 Created by T. Madas

Jordan’s Lemma

Suppose that f ( z ) → 0 uniformly, as z → ∞ , for 0 ≤ arg z ≤ π .

If α > 0 , then
∫
γR
f ( z ) eiα z dz → 0 as R → ∞ , where γ R (θ ) = R eiθ , for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .

Proof

Given ε > 0 we may always pick R0 , so that if R > R0 , f ( z ) < ε , ∀z ∈ γ R .

Thus

∫ ∫
iα R( cosθ +isin θ )
e iα z
f ( z ) dz =
0
e ( )
f R eiθ i eiθ dθ =
γR
π π

∫ 0
e iα R cosθ
e −α R sin θ
f Re( iθ
) ie iθ
dθ ≤
∫ 0
( )
eiα R cosθ e−α R sin θ f R eiθ i eiθ dθ =

π π

∫ 0
e iα R cosθ
e −α R sin θ
f Re( iθ
)ie iθ
dθ =
∫ 0
(
e−α R sin θ f R eiθ ) dθ ≤

π
π

∫ ∫
2 −α R sin θ  π
εR e −α R sin θ dθ = 2ε R e dθ since sin θ is even about 2 
0 0

Now by Jordan’s Inequality

2 sin θ π
≤ ≤ 1 , if 0 < θ ≤
π θ 2

2θ 2θ π
sin θ ≥ ⇒ e− sin θ ≤ e π , if 0 < θ ≤
π 2

Hence
π π π

∫ ∫
2 −α R sin θ 2 − π2 α Rθ  π − π2 α Rθ  2
2ε R e dθ ≤ 2ε R e dθ = 2ε R  − e  =
0 0  2α R 0
0
επ e− π2 α Rθ  = επ 1 − e −α R  → 0 since as R → ∞ , ε → 0 
α   π α  
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
cos x
dx .
−∞ x2 + 1

π
e

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
1
dx .
0 1 + x2

π
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫(
1
2
dx .
0
x2 + 4 )
π
32

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
1
dx .
0 1 + x4

π 2
4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
1
2
dx .
−∞
( )( )
x2 + 4 x2 + 1

π
9

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫(
1
2
dx .
−∞
x2 + 4 x + 5 )
π
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
Given that k > 0 find the exact value of

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
x cos kx x sin kx
2
dx and 2
dx .
−∞ x + 4x + 5 −∞ x + 4x + 5

π π
− e−2 k ( cos k + s sin k ) , e−2 k ( 2cos k − sin k )
2 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
cos ax
a) … dx , a > 0 .
0 x 2 + b2

∫
cos ax
b) … dx , a < 0 .
0 x 2 + b2

π e − ab π e ab
, a>0 , ,<0
2b 2b

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
x sin ax
dx , a > 0 .
0 x2 + b2

1 π e− ab
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
(1 − x2 ) cosα x dx , α > 0 .
2
0
(1 + x2 )
1 πα e−α
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫(
cos ax
2
dx , a > 0 .
0
x 2 + b2 )
π e − ab ( ab + 1)
4b3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
cos x
dx .
0 1 + x6

π    3  3  
1 + e cos   + 3 sin    
6 e    2   2   

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13

∫
I=
(
ln x 2 + 1 ) dx .
x2 + 1
0

ln ( z + i )
By integrating over a semicircular contour find the exact value of I .
z2 + 1

I = π ln 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

SEMI CIRCLE
CONTOUR
WITH HOLE

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∫
sin x π
dx = .
0 x 2

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∫
sin x π
dx = (1 − e−a ) .
0 ( 2
x x +a 2
) 2a 2

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3

∫
ln x
dx .
0
1 + x4

a) Find the value of the above improper integral, by integrating

log z
f (z) = , z ∈
,
1+ z4

over a semicircular contour with a branch cut starting at the origin and
oriented in some arbitrary direction in the third or fourth quadrant.

b) State the value of

∫
1
dx .
0
1 + x4

π2 2 π 2
− ,
16 4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4

∫
( ln x )2 dx .
0
1 + x2

Find the value of the above improper integral, by integrating

f (z) =
( log z )2 , z ∈
,
1+ z2

over a semicircular contour with a branch cut starting at the origin and oriented in
some arbitrary direction in the third or fourth quadrant.

π3
8

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
∞

∫
( ln x )2 dx .
0
1 + x4

a) Find the value of the above improper integral, by integrating

f (z) =
( log z )2 , z ∈
,
1+ z4

over a semicircular contour with a branch cut starting at the origin and
oriented in some arbitrary direction in the third or fourth quadrant.
 π 2
∫
∞
1
 You may assume without proof that dx = 
 4 
4
0
1 + x


b) State the value of

∫
ln x
dx .
0
1 + x4

3π 3 2 π2 2
, −
64 16

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

KEYHOLE
CONTOUR
(Branch Cuts)

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1

log z
f ( z) = , z ∈
.
1 + z2

By integrating f ( z ) over a suitable contour Γ , show that

∫
1 π
2
dx = .
1+ x 2
0

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∫
x p −1
dx = π cosec ( pπ ) , 0 < p < 1 .
0
1+ x

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∫
x p −1 π  pπ 
2
dx = cosec  , 0< p < 2.
0
1+ x 2  2 

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4

log z
f ( z) = , z ∈
.
( z + 1)( z + 2 )

By integrating f ( z ) over a suitable contour Γ , show that

∫(
1
dx = ln 2 .
x + 1)( x + 2 )
0

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5

log z
f ( z) = , z ∈
,
( z + a )( z + b )

where a ∈  , b ∈  with b > a .

By integrating f ( z ) over a suitable contour Γ , show that

∫(
1 1 a
dx = ln   .
x + a )( x + b ) b−a b
0

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∫
x π
3
dx = .
1+ x 3
0

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7

∫
( ln x )2 dx .
0
1 + x2

An attempt is made to find the value of the above improper integral, by integrating

f (z) =
( ln z )2 , z ∈
,
1+ z2

over the standard “keyhole” contour with a branch cut taken on the positive x axis.

a) Show that such attempt fails.

b) Calculate the value of the two integrals that can be found during this attempt.

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
1 π ln x
2
dx = , dx = 0
0 1+ x 2 0 1 + x2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
Use a substitution followed by integration of a suitable complex function over an
appropriate contour, to show that

∫ 0
( tan x )α ( )
dx = 1 π sec 1 π a , −1 < α < 1 .
2 2

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

SPECIAL
CONTOURS

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour find

∫
1
dx .
0 1 + x3

2π 3
9

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∞ ∞

∫ ∫
π
0
( )
cos x 2 dx =
0
( )
sin x 2 dx =
8
.

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∫
ln x π ln a
2 2
dx = .
0 a +x 2a

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
By integrating a suitable complex function over an appropriate contour show that

∫−∞
sech x dx = π .

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
It is required to evaluate the integral

∫
2
e− x cos x dx .
0

a) Show that the above integral can be written as

∞ 2

∫
1 e− 4
1
e
(
− x + 12 i ) dx
2
−∞

2
b) By integrating the complex function f ( z ) = e− z , over a rectangular contour

( )
with vertices at ( − R,0 ) , ( R,0 ) , R, 1 i and − R, 1 i , show that
2 2 ( )
∞

∫
2 − 1
e − x cos x dx = 1 e 4 π .
2
0

You may assume without proof that

∫
2
e − x dx = 1 π .
2
0

proof

Created by T. Madas