Database Management System

Gyaneshwar Bohara

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Database: What
• Database
• is collection of related data and its metadata organized in a structured format
• for optimized information management

• Database Management System (DBMS)

• is a software that enables easy creation, access, and modification of databases
• for efficient and effective database management

• Database System
• is an integrated system of hardware, software, people, procedures, and data
• that define and regulate the collection, storage, management, and use of data within a database
environment

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What is a Database Management System?
1. Manages very large amounts of data.
2. Supports efficient access to very large amounts of data.
3. Supports concurrent access to very large amounts of
data.
• Example: bank and its ATM machines.
4. Supports secure, atomic access to very large amounts
of data.
• Contrast two people editing the same UNIX file – last to write
“wins” – with the problem if two people deduct money from
the same account via ATM machines at the same time – new
balance is wrong whichever writes last.

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Database Management System
- manages interaction between end users and database

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management: Rob & Coronel

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Database: Why
• Purpose of Database
• Optimizes data management
• Transforms data into information
• Importance of Database Design
• Defines the database’s expected use
• different approach needed for different types of databases
• Avoid data redundancy & ensure data integrity
• data is accurate and verifiable
• Poorly designed database generates errors
• leads to bad decisions
• can lead to failure of organization

• Functions of DBMS/Database System

• Stores data and related data entry forms, report definitions, etc.
• Hides the complexities of relational database model from the user
• facilitates the construction/definition of data elements and their relationships
• enables data transformation and presentation
• Enforces data integrity
• Implements data security management
• access, privacy, backup & restoration

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• DBMS tasks:
• Managing large quantity of structured data
• Efficient retrieval and modification: query processing and optimization
• Sharing data: multiple users use and manipulate data
• Controlling the access to data: maintaining the data integrity
• An example of a database (relational):
• Relations (tables)
• Attributes (columns)
• Tuples (rows)
• Example query: Salesperson='Mary' AND Price>100.

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Why Study Databases?
• Databases have incredible value to businesses.
• Very important technology for supporting operations.
• Vastly superior to file processing systems
• Businesses cannot survive without quality data about their
• internal operations and
• external environment.

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Foundation Data Concepts
Abstract Concepts
• Entity – person, place, object or event

– stored as a record or a table row

• Attribute – characteristic of an entity

– stored as field or table column

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Foundation Data Concepts
Large
Database Concepts
• Database – a collection of related tables
• Tables – a collection of related records
– collection of related entities
• Record – collection of fields (table row)
–represents an entity
• Field – collection of characters (table column)
– represents an attribute
• Character – single alphabetic, numeric or other symbol
Small

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Fields
• Characters “BOHARA” form a field

Last Name
Bohara
• A field is an attribute of an entity

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Records
• A bunch of fields form a record

First Name Last Name Gender Age

Gyaneshwar Bohara Male 31
• A record is an entity

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Tables
• A bunch of records forms a table

First Name Last Name Gender Age

Eric Breimer M 30
Jeff Albert M 22
Jackie Pizzo F 21
• A table is a group of related entities

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Databases
• A bunch of tables form a database

Customer Table Order Table

Product Table

• A database can represent a single business or an entire market

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Databases
• But, databases are not just a bunch of tables
Orders
OID CID PID Quantity
001 508 199 500,000
002 508 201 2
003 510 201 1

Customers Products
CID FName LName Address PID Description Cost
508 Eric Breimer ... 199 Viagra $45.99
509 Andrew Zych ... 200 Tooth Paste $2.58
510 Greg Smith ... 201 Hair Gel $5.99

• A database also includes relationships between the

different tables
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Find the name and hire date of the manager working on the sales manual
project
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Traditional File Processing Sucks
File Processing:
• Data is organized, stored, and processed in independent files of data
records

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 Problems of
File Processing
• Data Redundancy –
• duplicate data requires
update to many files

• Lack of Integration –
• data stored in
separate files
hard to combine data

• Data Dependence –
• changing the file format requires changing the program…
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Database Management Approach
• Consolidates data records into one CENTRAL database that can be
accessed by many different application programs.

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DBMS Software Components
• Database Definition
• Language and graphical tools to define entities, relationships, integrity
constraints, and authorization rights
• Application Development
• Graphical tools to develop menus, data entry forms, and reports

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DBMS Software Components
• Transaction Processing
• Controls to prevent interference from simultaneous users and
• Controls to recover lost data after a failure
• Database Tuning
• Tools to monitor and improve database performance

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Database Interrogation
Definition:
• Capability of a DBMS to report information from the database in
response to end users’ requests

• Query Language – allows easy, immediate access to ad hoc data

requests

• Report Generator - allows quick, easy specification of a report format

for information users have requested

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Natural Language vs. SQL Queries

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 Some DBMS Softwares
• Oracle RDBMS
• Microsoft SQL Server
• IBM DB2
• MySQL
• PostgreSQL
• Microsoft Access
• MariaDB
• SQLite

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