1

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

(DBMS)
2 DATA

• Data
• A necessity for almost any enterprise to carry out
its business. Consists of raw facts, and when
organized may be transformed into information
• Database
• A collection of data organized to meet users’ needs
• Database is a collection of related data and its data
organized in a structured format for optimized
information management.
3 DATABASE

• Example:
• Record of students stored in files
• Information stored over internet
• Phone book is a database of names, addresses and
phones.
• Database management system (DBMS)
• A group of programs that manipulate the database
and provide an interface between the database and
the user of the database or other application
programs
 4 DBMS

A collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and

extract information from a database. There are many different types
of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal
computers to huge systems that run on mainframes. The following
are examples of database applications:
• computerized library systems
• automated teller machines
• flight reservation systems
• computerized parts inventory systems
From a technical standpoint, DBMSs can differ widely.
 5 DBMS
• The terms relational, network, flat, and hierarchical all refer to the way a
DBMS organizes information internally.
• The internal organization can affect how quickly and flexibly you can extract
information.
• Requests for information from a database are made in the form of a query,
which is a stylized question.
• For example, the query

SELECT ALL WHERE NAME = "SMITH" AND AGE > 35

requests all records in which the NAME field is SMITH and the AGE field is
greater than 35.
 6 DBMS

• The set of rules for constructing queries is known as a query language.

• Different DBMSs support different query languages, although there is
a semi-standardized query language called SQL (structured query
language).
• Sophisticated languages for managing database systems are called
fourth-generation languages, or 4GLs for short.
• The information from a database can be presented in a variety of
formats.
• Most DBMSs include a report writer program that enables you to
output data in the form of a report.
7 DATABASE SYSTEM

• Database System
• is an integrated system of hardware, software,
people, procedures, and data
• that define and regulate the collection,
storage, management, and use of data within a
database environment
 8 TERMINOLOGY

• Character
• Basic building block of information, represented by a byte
• Field
• A group of characters
• Record
• A collection of related fields
• File
• A collection of related records
• Database
• A collection of integrated and related files
DATA ENTITIES, ATTRIBUTES, AND
KEYS
9

• Entity
• A generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for
which data are collected, stored, and maintained
• E.g., Customer, Employee
• Attribute
• A characteristic of an entity; something the entity is identified by
• E.g., Customer name, Employee name
• Keys
• A field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the
record
• E.g, A field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record
10 KEYS AND ATTRIBUTES

Employee # Last name First name Hire date Dept. #

005-10-6321 Johns Francine 10-7-65 257

549-77-1001 Buckley Bill 2-17-79 650

098-40-1370 Fiske Steven 1-5-85 598

Key field Entities

Attributes (fields)
(records)
11 FORMS

• A form is used to view all fields for one records at a time/ it

can also be used to enter data into the database.
12 REPORTS

• Report tool is used to extract data from the database and

present the information in the format that tables and forms
to do not permit.
• It can be used to group related record together. It can be
created in a number of different presentation styles.
 PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE OF
13 DATABASE
• Purpose of Database
• Optimizes data management

• Transforms data into information

• Importance of Database
• Defines the database’s expected use
• different approach needed for different types of databases
• Avoid data redundancy & ensure data integrity
• data is accurate and verifiable
• Poorly designed database generates errors
• leads to bad decisions
14 FUNCTIONS OF DBMS/DATABASE
SYSTEM

• Functions of DBMS/Database System

• Stores data and related data entry forms, report definitions, etc.
• Hides the complexities of relational database model from the user
• facilitates the construction/definition of data elements and their
relationships
• enables data transformation and presentation
• Enforces data integrity
• Implements data security management
• access, privacy, backup & restoration
DATABASE ADMINISTER AND DESIGNERS
15
• DBA – Database Administrator
- Responsible for authorizing access to the database,
coordinating, monitoring its use, acquiring hardware,
software needed.
• Database designers
- Responsible for identifying the data to be stored, storage
structure to represent and store data. This is done by a team
of professionals in consultation with users, and applications
needed.
16 DRAWBACKS

• Data redundancy
• Duplication of data in separate files

• Lack of data integrity

• The degree to which the data in any one file is accurate

• Program-data dependence
• A situation in which program and data organized for
one application are incompatible with programs and
data organized differently for another application
17 DATABASE APPROACH

• The database approach…

• A pool of related data is shared by multiple application
programs
• Rather than having separate data files, each application uses a
collection of data that is either joined or related in the database
18 ADVANTAGES

• Improved strategic use of corporate data

• Reduced data redundancy
• Improved data integrity
• Easier modification and updating
• Data and program independence
• Better access to data and information
• Standardization of data access
• A framework for program development
• Better overall protection of the data
• Shared data and information resources
• Flexible
19 ADVANTAGES

• Reduced data redundancy:

used about database and means siply that same fields appear
more than once in the database. It is wasteful and inefficient for
several reasons and database designers attempt to eliminate it
as for as possible by using data normalization.
• Reduced updating errors and increase consistency
• Consistency: is that when transection is taking placed on a
database items, then access to it should not be allowed to
other user during that transection.
20 DISADVANTAGES

• Relatively high cost of purchasing and

operating a DBMS in a mainframe operating
environment
• Increased cost of specialized staff
• Increased vulnerability
21 DBMS

• Two types of DBMS:

• Relational DB
• Flat file DB
22 RELATIONAL DATABASE

• Relational database
• All data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables,
called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files
• Allow the user to work with several database files at
the same time and share information across the file.
 23
Data Table 1: Project Table Data Table 2: Department Table

Project Number Description Dept. Number Dept. Number Dept. Name Manager SSN

155 Payroll 257 257 Accounting 421-55-99993

Manufacturin
498 Widgets 632 632 765-00-3192
g
226 Sales manager 598 598 Marketing 098-40-1370

Data Table 3: Manager Table

SSN Last Name First Name Hire Date Dept. Number

005-10-6321 Johns Francine 10-7-65 257

549-77-1001 Buckley Bill 2-17-79 650

098-40-1370 Fiske Steven 1-5-85 598

24 RELATIONAL DATABASE
TERMINOLOGY
• Selecting
• Data manipulation that eliminates rows according to
certain criteria
• Projecting
• Data manipulation that eliminates columns in a table
• Joining
• Data manipulation that combines two or more tables
• Linked
• Relating tables in a relational database together
25 DBMS

• Flat-file DB:
• Allows the user to create many database but lets them
work with only one file at a time
• E.g. one can create simple applications such as mailing
list database and personal file.
26 POPULAR DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
FOR END USERS
• Microsoft Access
• Lotus Approach
• Inprise (formerly Borland) dBAS
• SQL