REVIEWER FOR STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

LESSON 1

Statistics- Collecting, Organizing, Summarizing, and Interpreting Data

Probability- field of mathematics that deals with chances.

4 Basic terms of Probability

Experiment - It is an activity in which the result cannot be predicted with certainty.
Trial - Each repetition in an experiment.
Outcome - Result of an experiment.
Sample Space- Set that contains all possible outcomes of the experiment.
Example: A coin is tossed twice
Experiment: Tossing a coin
Trial: Twice
Sample Space: {HT, TH, TT, HH}
NOTE: Tossing a coin twice and Tossing two coins once has the same sample space.

Random Variable- a numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome of an experiment.

Two types of Random Variable
Discrete Random Variable Continuous Random Variable
• Countable • Measure/Uses tools or equipments
• Whole number • Can have a decimal
Example: Number of students who failed in Math Example: Length of a table
Number of ripe bananas in a basket Amount of Sugar
Number of pencil in the box Voltage of a battery

Discrete Probability Distribution Properties

1. The probability of each value of a discrete random variable is between 0 and 1 inclusive. 0 ≤ p(x)
≤1
2. The sum of all probabilities is 1. Σ𝑝(𝑥)=1
NOTE: The Two properties must be satisfied to be able to say that the table is a Discrete Probability
Distribution. If one property is not satisfied, then it is NOT a Discrete.

Example :Determine whether the table below is a Discrete Probability Distribution or Not.
X 2 4 6
P(x) 0.5 0.75 -0.25

Answer:
1. Check the probabilities if they are in between 0-1
0.5 – in between
0.75 - in between
-0.25 – not in between because it is lower than 0.
NOTE: Since 1 of the probability is not in between, therefore the 1st property is not satisfied.

2. Add all the probabilities, it should be equal to 1.

0.5 + 0.75 + (-0.25) = 1
Therefore the 2nd property is satisfied.
 CONCLUSION: Since property 1 is not satisfied, therefore it is NOT A DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

CONSTRUCTING A PPROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

A discrete probability distribution is a listing of all possible values of a discrete random variable
along with their corresponding probabilities. It is represented in tabular, graphical/Histogram or formula
form.

STEPS ON HOW TO CONSTRUCT A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

a) List the sample space.
b) Count the number of random variables in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome.
c) Construct the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable.
d) Construct the probability distribution of the random variable by getting the probability of
occurrence of each value of the random variable.
e) Construct the probability histogram.

EXAMPLE: Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested to determine the number of tails that will
come out. Let us use T to represent the number of tails that will come out. Construct a probability
distribution.

a.) Make a diagram then sample space

Tree Diagram Sample Space

{HH, HT, TH, TT}

b.) Count the number of random variables in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome.

Outcomes from the Number of the Random Variabe (T

sample space in each outcome
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2

The values of the Random Variable T are 0, 1 and 2

c.) Construct the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable.
NOTE: Make a new table.1st Column – Values. 2nd Column - Frequency
Frequency – Ilang beses naulit ang Value .

Values Frequency
0 1
1 2
2 1
 d.) Construct the probability distribution of the random variable by getting the probability of
occurrence of each value of the random variable.
NOTE: Dadagdagan lang ng isang column ang table sa Step 3.
3rd column – Probability

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟−−−𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
Probability = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟−−−𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

Values Frequency Probability

1
0 1
4
2
1 2
4
1
2 1
4

e.) Construct the probability histogram

REMINDERSP:
Without Replacement- Kapag nakuha na, hindi na ibabalik sa pagpipilian.
- Kapag bumalik sa 1st column sa diagram, balik sa original ang bilang.