XXXXX: Important Instructions To Examiners

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Automobile Engineering Subject Code: 22656
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
XXXXX
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q.N. Scheme
01 a Enlist the four types of vehicle layout. ½ mark

each
1. Front engine front wheel drive (FEFWD) (any 04)
2. Rear engine rear Wheel Drive (RERWD)
3. Front engine rear wheel drive (FERWD)
4. All wheel drive or Four wheel drive(4WD)
b State any two function of Gear box in automobile.

01 mark
1. To obtain different speeds each
(any 02)
2. To climb the hill by obtaining different torque
3. To run the vehicle in reverse direction
4. To provide neutral position so that engine power is saved.
Define:-
c
01mark
Castor angle: It is the angle between the king pin centre line that is steering axis and
each
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the vertical in the plane of wheel.
Camber Angle: Camber angle is the angle between the vertical line and center line
of the tyre when viewed from the front of the vehicle.
d State different types of Rims. 02 marks
1. Van 5 Degrees Seat-angle Well-base Rim.
2. U-type Drop-centre 15 Degrees Taper Rim.
3. Detachable-rim
4. Semi-drop-centre Two-piece Rim
5. Wide-base Two-piece Rim
6. Wide-base Three-piece Rim
7. Divided Flat-base Rim.
State any two functions of Battery.

e 01 mark
1. It supplies high electric current to starter motor. each
(any 02)
2. It supplies low current to ignition system.
3. It stores electrical energy and control the voltage in electrical system.
4. It also supplies current to various electrical accessories used in automobile.
Define:
f 01 mark
Public service vehicle: Vehicle used to travel public from one place to another place each
Transport vehicle: Vehicle used to transport goods from one place to another place
Name any four major components of transmission system used in automobile. 02 marks
g
1. Clutch
2. Gear box
3. Propeller shaft
4. Universal joint
5. Differential
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Q. Sub Answer Marking

No Q. N. Scheme
.
02 a Classify automobiles on the basis of:- 1mark each
i. On the basis of fuel used:

1. Diesel Vehicle
2. Petrol Vehicle
3. Gasoline Vehicle
4. Electric Vehicle
5. Duel Fuel Vehicles
ii. On the basis of capacity:

1. Light Commercial Vehicles (LCV)
2. Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV)
iii. On the basis of transmission:
1. Conventional Transmission using Gearbox
2. Semi –Automatic Transmission
3. Fully Automatic Transmission
iv. On the basis of drive:

1. Left Hand Drive
2. Right Hand Drive
3. Rear Wheel Drive
4. Front Wheel Drive
5. All Wheel Drive
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02 b Explain working of semi floating rear axle with neat sketch. 02 marks for
working and
02 marks for
figure
The semi-floating axle has a bearing located on the axle and inside the axle housing,
tasked with supporting all the loads. Its larger size allows it to handle the
delivered torque efficiently. The inner end of the axle is supported by the differential side
gear, freeing it from the weight-bearing responsibility.
Conversely, the outer end supports the vehicle's weight and absorbs the final thrust. The
wheel can be bolted directly to the flanged outer end, while in some models, the wheel
hub is keyed onto the axle's outer end. Widely used in cars, the semi-floating axle is the
simplest and most cost-effective of all types.
02 c Explain working of master cylinder with neat sketch.
02 marks for
working and
02 marks for
figure
The Master Cylinder is the heart of the hydraulic brake system.

• It consists of two main chambers.
• The fluid reservoir which contains the fluid to supply to the brake system, and the
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compression chamber in which the piston operates.
• The reservoir supplies fluid to the brake system through two ports.
• The larger port is called the filler or intake part and is connected to the hollow portion
of the piston between the primary and secondary cups which act as piston seals.
• The smaller port is called the relief, bypass or compensating port which connects the
reservoir directly with the cylinder and lines when the piston is in the released position.
• When the brake pedal is depressed, the master cylinder piston moves forward to force
the liquid under pressure into the system.
• The relief port is sealed out of the system.
• The liquid pressure is conducted to the wheel cylinders, where it forces the wheel
cylinder pistons out wards.
• These pistons force the brake shoes out against the brake drums.
• When brake pedal is released, the return spring quickly forces the master cylinder
piston back against the piston stop.
• Because the fluid in the lines returns rather slowly, a vacuum tends to form in the
cylinder in front of the piston.
• This causes the primary cup to collapse to allow the liquid to flow from the reservoir
through the filter port past the piston to fill the vacuum.
02 d Describe working of wishbone type suspension system with neat sketch.
 The wishbone type is the most popular independent suspension system.

 It consists of two (occasionally parallel) wishbone-shaped arms to locate the
wheel. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to the chassis and one 02 marks for
joint at the knuckle. working and
02 marks for
 The shock absorber and coil spring mount to the wishbones to control vertical
figure
movement.
 The vehicle weight is transmitted from the body and the cross member to the coil
spring through which it goes to the lower wishbone member.
 The wishbones not only position the wheels and transmit the vehicle load but also
rest acceleration, braking and cornering forces.
 The upper arms are shorter in length then the lower ones. This helps to keep the
wheel track constant thereby avoiding the tyre scrub thus minimizing wear.
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3 a
Vehicle layout of four wheel drive
02 for figure
02 for
A 4-wheel drive system works by transferring power to all 4 wheels through a gearing explanation
arrangement known as differentials.
The engine connects to these differentials by a drive shaft, which feeds the power to the
wheels using the drive axles.
To increase the effective use of the vehicle required to travel on rough unconstructed
roads and trucks, a special arrangement known as four-wheel drive is provided. Due to
all four wheels getting driven, the whole weight of the vehicle is available for traction.
The system is provided in jeeps which are known all-wheel drive vehicles. These
vehicles are also called off-road vehicles as it is constructed mainly for the purpose of
unformed or off-road driving conditions. Example: Mahindra Scorpio, Gypsy, Mahindra
Bolero etc.
b Working of rack and pinion gear box :---
02 for figure
02 for
explanation
As gear ratio is limited to diameter of steering wheel and pinion gear so it can be used in
small car and operated by light force
In these types of steering gear a pinion is mounted on the end of the steering shaft. The
pinion engages with the rack which is proved with ball joint at its each end in order to
allow for the rise and fall of wheel.
The rotary motion of steering wheel is transmitted to the pinion
The circular motion of pinion is converted in to the linear rack movement, which is
further transmitted to tie rods to stub axle through ball joint.
These types of steering gear provide sufficiently low gear reduction for car and it
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occupies very small space and less number of linkages.
Rack and pinion steering gear is used in Maruti 800 cars and Maruti Swift.
The rack and pinion gear design is two types
1) Center take off rack :-- in this tie rod are connected at the center of rack
2) End take off rack :-- in this tie rod are connected at the end of rack
The rack and pinion gear set has two main functions: 1) Conversion of the steering
wheel's rotational motion into the linear motion needed for the vehicle's wheels to turn.
2) Reduction of gears, which makes it easier for the steering wheel to turn the wheels.
c
Description of tubeless tyre :--
02 for figure
Tubeless tyre is advance version of conventional tube tyre 02 for
The basic difference is that tubeless tyre does not enclose a separate inner tube. explanation
In this types of tyre there is special air retaining bead arrangement.
This types of tyre is directly mounted on the rim
The air under pressure is filled in the tyre itself through a non return valve is fitted on the
rim.
It is toroidal shape inflatable envelope made of outer cover with a special inner lining.
It does not employ any sealant and depend up on air-tight card fabric to retain the air.
The bead is fit on the circumference of the wheel rim.
Tread is a surface part come in contact with road surface made of synthetic rubber
Non return valve is an integral part which allows high pressure air in one way.
The tubeless tyre is lighter and run cooler than the tube tyre
Strength of these tyre is less.
Tubeless tyres, are tyres without a tube.
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d
Working of battery ignition system: ---
The current creates a magnetic field around the soft iron core of the coil. As the breaker points
open, the current flows through the condenser; when they close, the current flows through the
contact breaker. 02 for figure
1 Ignition Switch: -- It is used for ON or OFF the engine. One end of the switch is 02 for
connected with the Primary Winding of Ignition Coil via Ballast Resistor, and every explanation
other stop is attached with the Battery.
2 Battery:--The battery is provided for supply the initial current to the ignition device
greater especially ignition coil. Generally, the voltage of the battery is 6V or 12V or 24
V. In a vehicle lead-acid Battery use widely
3 Ignition coil: -- The main purpose of it is to step up battery voltage so that it is

sufficient for generates the spark.
It is working as a step-up transformer, and has two winds, one is primary which have a
lesser turn, and the other one is secondary which have a higher number of turn.
4 Ballast resistors: -- This is used to limit the current in the ignition circuit and generally
made of Iron. It is placed in series between the Ignition Switch and Ignition Coil.
However, it is used in old automobile vehicles.
5 Contact Breakers: -- The contact breaker is an electrical switch which is regulated by

the cam and when the breaker is open, current flows through and the condenser charges
it.
6 Distributors: -- It is used in the multi-cylinder engine, and its purpose is to regulate

spark in each spark plug at the correct sequence.
7 Capacitor: -- A capacitor is a storing device where electrical energy is stored. It is fitted

parallel to the contact breaker, while the current drops then it supplied the extra current
so that the spark is produced. It is product of metallic plates separated with the aid of
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using air or every other insulating material.
8 Spark Plug: -- the actual Spark is generated for the combustion of Fuel or Charge. If
there may be greater than one spark plug exists then everyone is connected one at a time
with the distributor and offers the spark in the sequence.
Compare CNG Vehicle with LPG Vehicle :--

4 a
CNG Vehicle LPG Vehicle
i) Energy content 38.7MJ/m3 93.2 MJ/m3

of fuel
1 mark each
ii) Density @ 0.7Kg/m3 1.899Kg/m3
(15deg.cen.)
iii) Chemical Methane CH4 Propane C3H8 & Butane

formula of fuel C4H10
iv) Application Alternative fuel Heating and cooking in

for automobile homes, also has industrial
and agricultural uses
b Types of sensor and their function: --
Sensor Function
It measures the density and volume of the
Air-flow sensor
air entering the combustion chamber.
It monitors engine knocking and ensures 01 mark

Engine knock sensor each for
the air-fuel mixture is ignited correctly.
sensor and
It monitors the spinning speed and position their function
Engine speed sensor (any four)
of the crankshaft.
Camshaft position It monitors the position and proper timing
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sensor of the camshaft.
Monitors engine load by measuring the

Manifold Absolute
difference between the manifold and
Pressure (MAP) sensor
outside pressure.
Throttle position sensor Monitor the position of the throttle valve.
Voltage sensor It manages the idling speed of the vehicle.
It helps to measure the oxygen level

Oxygen sensor
present in the exhaust gases.
It measures the Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

NOx sensor
present in the exhaust gases.
Temperature sensor It monitors the engine temperature.
Fuel temperature It monitors the temperature of the fuel

sensor entering the engine.
Speed sensor It measures the speed of the wheels.
It recognizes any obstacle present in the

Parking sensor
front or rear of the vehicle.
It detects rain and sends a signal to ECU to

Rain sensor
activate the wipers.
It is used to measure the temperature of the

engine coolant. The readings from this
Coolant Temperature sensor are then fed back to the engine
Sensor control unit (ECU). This data from the
sensor is then used to adjust the fuel
injection and ignition timing.
It helps to monitor the oil pressure in the

Engine oil pressure
engine, and ensures that the engine is
sensor
operating at optimal levels.
A coolant level sensor is used to detect the

Coolant level sensor presence or absence of critical coolant
fluid inside a coolant system
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c
Responsibilities of Service Station Supervisor:--
1) Managing all team members to ensure that the station performs at its best, every day.
2) Leading the team in providing a great guest experience through excellent service.
3) Managing every aspect of the station operation safely and efficiently.
4) Ability to work effectively and communicate with superiors, subordinates & 04 mark
customers.
5) Observe the day-to-day workflow and assignments of service staff.
6) Conducts performance evaluations that are timely and constructive.
7) Handles discipline and termination of employees as needed and in accordance with
company policy.
8) Maintain preventive maintenance records and part inventory.
9) Estimate repair cost and services completed in a timely manner
d Colour codes used in automobile wiring system:--
For identification of cable different colour codes are used
Colour codes Description
Brown (Br) Used for the battery and generator circuit
Yellow (Y) Used for dynamo circuit
White (W) Used for the ignition circuit and all electrical
06 Colour
components while the ignition is on but do not
codes 04
require a fuse, e.g. starter solenoid switch. marks
Green (G) Used for auxiliary circuits fed through the ignition
switch and protected by the ignition fuse, e g.
indicators & brake stop lamp
Blue (L) Used for the head lamp circuit and fed from the
terminal on the lighting switch
Red (R) Used for the side and tail lamp circuit and fed from
the terminal on the lighting switch
Black (B) Used for earthed circuit
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e
Objectives of the Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 :-- (any four)
The Indian Motor Vehicle Act of 1988 was established to solve the following
issues/objectives.
1) Sticking to strict procedures for granting licences and calculating the validity period of 01mark
such licences. each(any four
2) To maintain road safety requirements.
3) Dangerous and explosive material transportation rules,
4) Pollution control measures, Third party liability, and Vehicle registration.
5) To maintain the country’s rapidly growing quantity of personal and commercial cars.
6) To raise the amount of compensation available to hit-and-run cases.
7) To eliminate the time limit for traffic accident victims to file compensation claim.
5 a Explain the working of Epicyclic gear box with neat sketch
Fig-03 marks
Working-03
marks
Working of Epicyclic Gearbox
The working principle of the epicyclic gearbox is based on the fact the fixing any of the
gears i.e. sun gear, planetary gears and annular gear is done to obtain the required torque
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or speed output. As fixing any of the above causes the variation in gear ratios from high
torque to high speed. how these ratios are obtained are as follows:
First gear ratio
This provides high torque ratios to the vehicle which helps the vehicle to move from its
initial state and is obtained by fixing the annular gear which in turn causes the planet
carrier to rotate with the power supplied to the sun gear.
Second gear ratio
This provides high-speed ratios to the vehicle which helps the vehicle to attain higher
speed during a drive, these ratios are obtained by fixing the sun gear which in turn makes
the planet carrier the driven member and annular the driving member in order to achieve
high-speed ratios.
Reverse gear ratio
This gear reverses the direction of the output shaft which in turn reverses the direction of
the vehicle, this gear is achieved by fixing the planet gear carrier which in turn makes the
annular gear the driven member and the sun gear the driver member.
b Draw the layout of Air braking system explain its working
Fig-03 marks
Working-03
marks
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WORKING:
As shown in the figure, in the air brakes the compressed air (around 700 kPa) is used to
actuate the brake mechanism. The figure shows the complete layout of the Air Brake
System. It consists of Air filter, unloading valve, Air compressor, Air reservoir, Brake
valve, and 4 numbers brake chamber. The compressor takes atmospheric air through the
air filter and compresses the air. This air is stored under pressure in the air reservoir.
From this reservoir air goes to various accessories of the vehicle which operates on
compressed air. Part of the air goes to the brake valve. The control of the brake valve is
done by a driver who controls the intensity of braking according to an emergency.
Pedal Depressed: When the brake pedal is depressed, compressed air from the reservoir
is transmitted through pipes equally in all directions to the brake chambers through brake
valve which further applies the brake.
Pedal Released: When the driver releases the brake pedal, the master cylinder piston
returns to its original position due to return spring, and the pressure is dropped. It
releases brake shoes from brake drum to their: original position and brakes are released
c State wheel balancing and wheel alignment. Describe its procedure
Wheel balancing, A tyre balance corrects the weight imbalance on your tyre and wheel
assemblies, Wheel balancing is the process of attaching small weight's to a wheel's rim to
distribute the weight of the wheels evenly on each axle. This means that as a wheel
rotates the full circumference of the tyre is in contact with the road ensuring a consistent
wearing of the tyres across the width.
Procedure for balancing is as follows
1. Turn on , the balancer.
2. Clean the tire, rim flange and wheel.
3. Mount the tire/wheel assembly on a balancer. Balancing –
4. Enter the A & D wheel dimensions. defination-
01marks
5. Enter width wheel dimensions.
6. Lower the hood to spin the wheel and check dimensions. Procedure-02
7. Raise the hood after the tire stops rotating. marks
8. Add/remove required weight on wheel rim.
Wheel alignment:-alignment corrects the angles of the tires so they always come in
contact with the road in the right way.
Three primary types of wheel Alignment exist:
 Toe Alignment: This focuses on the angle of the tires when viewed from above
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the vehicle or car.
 Camber Alignment: Camber refers to the vertical angle of the tire. ...
Alignment-
 Caster Alignment: The caster measures the steering axis's forward or backward
defination-
tilt when viewed from the side.
01marks
 These alignments are carried out by Dunlop alignment Equipment or now a days
by computerized setup is used. Initial misalignments are verified and angles are Procedure-02
maintained as per specifications. marks
Procedure for wheel alignment is as follows
1.front wheels are true running and wheel bearings are properly adjusted
2.tyres are inflated as specified.
3.front suspension springs are properly seated and ball joints are not excessively
loose.
4.vehicle is laden or un laden condition as recommended by manufacturer.
5.surface level must be perfect leveled.
Following gauge should be used
a)wheel alignment gauge
b)camber gauge
c)castor and king pin gauge
Explain construction working of differential with neat sketch.

6 a
Fig-03 marks
Construction
/
working-03
marks
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Construction of standard differential –

As shown in the above figure, there are various parts in this differential unit. This is an
open differential. A pinion gear is mounted on the pinion shaft. Actually, this pinion
shaft is a propeller shaft. This pinion gear rotates the big ring gear. A Carrier unit is
mounted on the ring gear. It consists of two bevel pinions (planet pinions) and two
bevels (sun) gears. The sun bevel gears are connected with the half shaft of the rear axle.
A differential housing covers this whole assembly. And axle housing covers the half
shaft.
Working of Differential :-
The power is transferred from engine’s drive shaft to pinion gear, since the pinion gear &
ring gear are meshed, power flows to ring gear.As the spider gear is connected with the
ring gear, power flows to it. Finally from the spider gear, power gets transferred to both
the side gears.
When a vehicle moves on a straight path, the differential gear assembly (whole
assembly) turns as a unit. The ring gear, both differential side gears and both axles are in
this unit. The two planet pinions do not rotate with the pinion shaft. Because they apply
the same force on the sun pinions. Therefore, both sun pinions rotate at the same rpm
with the ring gear.
During the right turn, the vehicle’s right (inside) wheel rotates slower than the left
(outside) wheel. Inside of the differential case, the planet pinion rotates on its self-axis
along with the ring gear. This allows the independent rotation of both side wheels. As the
carrier rotates with the ring gear, the planet pinion rotates at the same rpm. But, due to
the pinion’s spinning on the self-axis, it reduces the rpm of the right sun gear and
increases the rpm of the left sun gear. The vice-versa action happens while the vehicle
turns left. the plane pinion reduces the rpm of the left side sun gear and increases the
right side sun ears rpm.
b List the main component of lead acid battery. Explain its construction with neat
sketch.
main components of lead acid battery
1.Separator
Listing-
2. Electrolyte 02marks
3. Container
4. Cover of cell
5. Vent plug
6. Connecting bar
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7 terminal posts
Sketch-
02marks
(Relevent
Sketch to
considered)
Construction: it consist following components

1.Separator: It is most important part of lead acid battery. Which separate the positive Construction
and negative plates from each other and prevents the short circuit? The separators must -02 marks
be porous so that the electrolyte may circulate between the plates . The separators must
have higher insulating resistance and mechanical strength. The material used for
separators are wood, rubber, glass wood mate, pvc.
2. Electrolyte: in lead acid battery dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4)is used as an
electrolyte. For this purpose one part concentrated sulphuric acid is mixed with three
parts of distilled water.
3. Container: Container is a box of vulcanized rubber, molded rubber, molded plastic,
glass or ceramic , on the base of this box there are supports block on which the positive
and negative plates are established. Thus between this supports there are grooves which
works like a mud box. The active material separated from the plates get collected in this
mud box and it cannot make the contact with the plates thus the internal faults due to the
mud are avoided.
4. Cover of cell: In lead acid battery it is also made of the same material which is used is
used for making container. It is used to cover the complete cell after the installation of
the plates in it . it protects the cell from the dust as well as other external impurities.
5. Vent plug: The vent plug are provide in the cover plate of the cell which are used to
fill up the electrolyte in the cell or the inspection of internal condition of the cell the
vent plugs are also use for to exhaust the gases generated in the cell to the atmosphere.
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6. Connecting bar: It works like a link and used to connect the two cells in series.
Terminal of one cell and negative terminal of another cell.
7 terminal posts: There are the terminals of the battery which are connected to charging
circuit as well as the load. For identification the diameter of the positive terminal is
design more as compared to the negative terminal.
c Explain different types of vehicle maintenance.
There are four types of vehicle maintenance namely :
1. Preventive maintenance
2. Break maintenance
3. Periodic maintenance or schedule maintenance
4. Operation Maintenance
1. Preventive maintenance :
Prevention without breakdown or without giving trouble on road some attention or

maintenance taken to the vehicle is called as preventive maintenance. It intends to reduce
or totally eliminate breakdown and accidents due to mechanical failure and reduces Types listing-
repair cost. This type of maintenance is done to prevent problems from occurring in the 02 marks
future. It involves routine checks, adjustments, and replacements of various components
and fluids, such as oil changes, tire rotations, and brake inspections.
Explaination-
A good preventive maintenance program lead to following advantages:
04marks
A) Reduce the breakdown of vehicle.
B) Increase safety due to reduced breakdown.
C) Less expenses on repairs.
D) Good control on inventory of spare parts.
E) Lesser number of equipment are require.
2. Breakdown maintenance :
Break down maintenance is a attention which is to be provided when the motor vehicle
becomes immobilized due to fault created during running. These fault are started
difficulties, puncture, Electrical fault, carburetor and fuel supply fault, overheating, fan
belting, breakage and accident etc.
3. Periodic maintenance :
Periodic maintenance or operatives maintenance is attentions provided attention provide

to motor vehicles after in operation for a specified time or covered distance.
4 Operations and maintenance
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Operations and maintenance usually includes tasks to maintain equipment before
significant issues arise, such as inspections, cleaning, minor part replacement,
lubrication, and fluid monitoring.
19

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Q. Sub Answer Marking

01 a Enlist the four types of vehicle layout. ½ mark

b State any two function of Gear box in automobile.

3. To run the vehicle in reverse direction

4. To provide neutral position so that engine power is saved.

d State different types of Rims. 02 marks

1. Van 5 Degrees Seat-angle Well-base Rim.

2. U-type Drop-centre 15 Degrees Taper Rim.

4. Semi-drop-centre Two-piece Rim

5. Wide-base Two-piece Rim

6. Wide-base Three-piece Rim

7. Divided Flat-base Rim.

State any two functions of Battery.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

02 a Classify automobiles on the basis of:- 1mark each

i. On the basis of fuel used:

5. Duel Fuel Vehicles

ii. On the basis of capacity:

iv. On the basis of drive:

The Master Cylinder is the heart of the hydraulic brake system.

 The wishbone type is the most popular independent suspension system.

b Working of rack and pinion gear box :---

The rotary motion of steering wheel is transmitted to the pinion

The rack and pinion gear design is two types

3 Ignition coil: -- The main purpose of it is to step up battery voltage so that it is

5 Contact Breakers: -- The contact breaker is an electrical switch which is regulated by

6 Distributors: -- It is used in the multi-cylinder engine, and its purpose is to regulate

7 Capacitor: -- A capacitor is a storing device where electrical energy is stored. It is fitted

Compare CNG Vehicle with LPG Vehicle :--

i) Energy content 38.7MJ/m3 93.2 MJ/m3

iii) Chemical Methane CH4 Propane C3H8 & Butane

iv) Application Alternative fuel Heating and cooking in

b Types of sensor and their function: --

It monitors engine knocking and ensures 01 mark

Camshaft position It monitors the position and proper timing

Monitors engine load by measuring the

Throttle position sensor Monitor the position of the throttle valve.

Voltage sensor It manages the idling speed of the vehicle.

It helps to measure the oxygen level

It measures the Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Temperature sensor It monitors the engine temperature.

Fuel temperature It monitors the temperature of the fuel

Speed sensor It measures the speed of the wheels.

It recognizes any obstacle present in the

It detects rain and sends a signal to ECU to

It is used to measure the temperature of the

It helps to monitor the oil pressure in the

A coolant level sensor is used to detect the

d Colour codes used in automobile wiring system:--

For identification of cable different colour codes are used

Colour codes Description

Brown (Br) Used for the battery and generator circuit

Yellow (Y) Used for dynamo circuit

Black (B) Used for earthed circuit

5 a Explain the working of Epicyclic gear box with neat sketch

Working of Epicyclic Gearbox

First gear ratio

Second gear ratio

Reverse gear ratio

b Draw the layout of Air braking system explain its working

c State wheel balancing and wheel alignment. Describe its procedure