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    Nilayda Karakılıç
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    7 views17 pages

    Amerikan Edebiyatı 240324 164106

    Uploaded by

    Nilayda Karakılıç

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 17
    CHAPTER 1 FARIN AMERICAN AND CorleniAr PERIOD To 1346 American Indians ane separated different tribes that is Why Wwe call Indian cultures Each +ribes has own culture, literature , etc. American literature's first examples are myths, legends, tales ond lyrics (songs). the most important aspect of these first examples is that +hey were orally transmitted. Their narratives include settled of agricuttural trikes such as _puchlo dwelling Acoma (Acoma is the +ribe living in Nothern poirt). Another Indian tribes are Navaho, Ojibwe Cloeside dwellers), Hopi (desert tribes). Animism: Hayvealara topan din. Couns of Elders: thtiyar heyeti. Transcendental / Over Souls Universal mind or spirit unifies every living creatures. This is a thind of unifying Principle. Gvery living +hing to each other ond to universe. “Trickster Characters: They were clever but they use. theic mind +o 4rict others. — American Indians coiled America as Ture Islond because they betieved that America stands on a +turte’s back. “The words transmitted from Indians _-to _ Americans « Se easeceeceeeereee eae ea ceeeeeeeeEeeeeR eee cece eRaaSeeeEEEEEsaeeSEEE ESSE Speen eee ere mene eeree eee eer ee teeter ree eee reeete eer rere eereeee Nee Eee eere eee eee eee eae tomahawk, and totem. “Totem: Dini Sembolize eHigine incinlan heybelcih. Roanohe’ The first colony was set up in 1585 off the Coast of North Cetrolina. They alll disappeared, The exploration of Roaneve wits recorded by Thomas Hariot in “A Brief ond True Report of the New- Pound Lond of Virginia” (1588). Jomestown: The second colony was Set up in (bot. It endured starwottion » brutality ond misrule. The Jamestown Colony’ s main fecords are +he wari tings of Captain Sohn Smith. — First wsitten IHeratwe works were in English. — Colombus actually wonted to discover India, te did not aware of where he discovered. Because of +hat, Native Americans were called Indians hough they were net from India, Spain helped Colombus +o go to discover a new land. = The_ first slovery ia America. in 1614. — The First Puritan colonists who setHed New England wos Pilgrims, a small group of believers who had migrated from Holland +0 England, Plymouth with May flower, William Bradford (1540 - 1657) "of Plymouth Plowtation’ (the record of their journey +0 Englan and how they established a new colony in New England, Perna " Maypiower Compact” as a harbinger of the Declaration of Independence. —Puritan minds rected he Sense of fin 30 they always wroke non-fic Anne Brad street (1b12- 1672) The Tenth Muse Joely Sprung Up in America” CHhe frst published book af poems by an American was also the -firs+ American beok to be published by a women. _ award Taylor (tou 1429) Metrical History af Christianity” Cmevaly a history oft motctyrs.) ~The finest examples of 14+h century poetry mr North America, Michael Wiggles worth (134 - 1407) iar Day of Doom (a long parrakive, this 4errifying popularization of Calvinistic doctrine was the most popular poem ef +e colonial period.) — The first American best -seller is ein appaling portrait of damnation +o hell in ballad meter — The colonial writers followed the forms , genres of their mother land (Englond). Samuel wall (1632-1230) “Diary” (he recorded the Block Death and Gireat Fire. Hary Rowlandson 4635 - (b78) —The eacliest woman prose wsriter of note. She wols captivated during H week ,an Indian massacre in 1b} by Indians. * Cotton Mother (1bb3~ 1428) “Magnatia Christ Americana” (Ecclesiastical History of New England) — His most ambitious wort, exhaustively chronicles the setHement of New England +hreugh eo series of biographies. ts Structure so norrative Progression of representative American “Semt's lives”. _ Pager W Williams C103 - 183). See eea eee seg eee EERE SJ eee reer See Indian languages ond culture. —He established a new colony ot Rhode Isleind that would welcome persons of different religions. He maintained religious Goleracy. Williams also believed im +he separation between church and State, A believer in equality and democracy , he wos a friend of Indians, ~The spirit of toleration ond religious freedom hat gradually grew th the American colonies was first established 7a Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, home of the Quaters. Quaters means *Friencls’. They believed In the sacredness. of the individual conscience os the fountamhead of social order and morality. The fundamertat Quater belief in universal {ove and brotherheed made +hem deeply demecratic ond oppesed +o dog: matic religious authority, Doha Woolman (4320-1332) “Journal” (the best —known Quater wert) Some Considerations on the heeping of Negcses* (His two essays published mn 1754 and 1462) — Woolman was also one of the first antislavery writers. He wos humanitarian, and he followed co path of ‘passive obedience’. William Byrd (1bt4 - 4444) History of the Dividing ine” = Byrd's writings are fine excmples of the sheen interest southerners fvoi in the motterial world: the land , Indians, animals, and setHers. Robert Beverly (1643 - 1322) iain History and Present State of Mieginia” =Ih general, +the colonial South may fairly be linked with a (baht. wocldla. taLermative. and realistic (Herans +tradition Inctative Sees eee “ of English literary fashions, the southerners attained imoainative heights in witty , precise observations of distinctive New World Conditions. ' Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) The Interesting Noccative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the Aficon” Can early excimple of he Slave Noirrative gene —He was the fist blak writer m America +o write an autoblegrophy. Equiano ives on account ef his notive lend (Africa) and the horrors and cruelties of his Captivity cind enslavement 7 the West Indies. _ Jupiter Hammon (1420- 4800) “An Adress to the Negroes of. the State of New Yoru.” Lhe advocated freeing children of. Slaves instead of condenwing them +o. hereditary slavery) “hn. Evening “Thought” (the first poem published by a blac mate ) CHAPTER 2 DEMOCRATIC ORIGINS AVD REVOLUTIONARY wRTERS (1446-1820) American Revolution War (45-1483) wos the Sirs Modern war of liberation against a colonial power. Spata ond France fought against Great Britain ta this war. The triumph of American independence seemed +o many at the time a divine sign that Pmerica and her people were destined for greatness (frmerican exceptionalism) Americans were painfully aware of their excessive dependence on English literary models. They were aware that they should produce their own literature. Cultural revolutions, unlike military revolutions, cannot be success fully ‘imposed but must grow from the Soil of shared experience. To create their own literature, they were in need the soil of experience because they could net be American Nation. They gothered from different Places. Founding foshers of American Literature in 19. ¢. x Washington Ieuing — Tames Fenimore Cooper = Ralph Waldo Emerson = Henry David Thoreau — Herman Melville = Nathaniel Hawthorne. = £agar Piilan Poe > Walt Whitman = Emily Dickinson Men of letters, educate! people were mainly in English Origin. They identified themselves _usith Great Britain, England rather than United States of America or American nertion. English modes of thought and Enplish fashions in dress and behaviour, American awereness of literary -fashton still lagged behind the Engitsh, and this time lag intensified American imitation (the form, content, Style were imitated). Educated people were interested in politics, Jaw and diplomacy Sather than literature ond art because +hey tried to establish a new state On the other hand, writing did not pay. New Nort Knickerbocher mea ef. letters, The first Hollandish Sage gece eceaeee acerca eee eae Peers See The, Hartford Wits ere Poets) a gfoup of literary men found in ale Univer sity. Only Fournalism offered financial remuneration , but the mass audience wanted wanted light, unolemanding verse and short topical essays net long, or experimental wort. The high point of piracy , in ($15, Corresponds with +the low point of American writing. “The cheap ond plentyful supply of pirated foreign beots and Classics in the first 50 years of the new country did educate Prmericans , including the first reat writers, Who began +o Make their appearance around 1525. THE AMERICAN ENLGHTENMENT Qhat is enlightenment? Cultural and intellectual movement. The (8th century Pimericon Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on fationality rather +han 4radition, Scientific inquiry Instead of unquestioning religious degma, Gnd representative — goverAment in place of menacchy. The Hhinters and wwiters were devoted +o the ideals of justice , liberty , and equality as the natural rights of man. Bemamin Franeiin (4406-1740) Benjamin Frantiin , whom Dewid Hume catled America’s " ficst great man of letters” ‘|, embodied the Enlightenment ideal of humane rationality, tHe was the first great self- educated man in America. He was practical, idealistic, hard- working ond succesful. Weiter, printer, publisher, Scientist, philanthropist and diplomat , he was the most famous and respected private figure of fis time. te became rich by Printing +e pirate boots. “Dutobiograph” Chis famous boot.) “Poor Richard's PUmonact.” (he writes on Farming. Moreover, in this annual boot of useful encouragement , aduice, and fuctual information , Amusing characters such as old Father Abraham ond Peer Ricard exhort the reader pithy memorable sayings. Piso he was on important figure at +he 1984 convention oF Which the U.S. Constitution was drafted. (Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincolm, George Washington and Benjamin Pranuin are the founders of United States of America). Hector St. Tohn de Crévecoeur (1235-1813) He was a French aristocrat. He depicts America as an Agrarian place {a 12 letters. Crévecoeur was the earliest European +o develop a consi - dered view of America ond the new American character What then is the American;sthissnewsman? He is either a European, or the descendant offa)European, hence that(strangeymixture) Of~blood) which you will find in no other the passage is country. I could point out to you a family eee whose grandfathergwasjan@Englishman, * melting pot” am of America French woman, and whose present four depicting the new sons have now four wives of different Qmerican people nations%..Here individuals of all nations are gna chewacters. THE PoLIticaL PamPHLET Thomas Paine _(1337-- 1809) * CommonSense.” (a pamphes) Paine wrote Moicing +he idea of American exceptionalism still strong in thee UWS. American Exceptionalism: They believed that they were destined and ented +o be distinct , important, and privileged Citizens af +the world. Political writings in a democracy had to be clear to appeal to the vot- ers. And to Hhave™infornredvoters, universal education was promoted by many of the founding fathers. One indication of the vigorous, if simple, literary life was the prolifer— ation of newspapers. More newspa— pers were read in America during the Revolution than anywhere else in the world @ramigration@lsoman- dateaa'Simpie ste" Clarity was vital to a@mewcome»r) for whom English might be a second lan— guage. Thomas Jefferson’s original draft of the Declaration of In- dependence is clear and _ logical, but his committee’s modifications made it even simpler. Wwe ree eralist Papers, written in support of the Constitution, are also lucid, logical arguments, SwWirtabre™fsFr NEOCLAssism* Epic, MOCK-EPIC AND saTiLe diterary writing sas aot as simple and direct as Political writing. They followed the established poems, elegant Neoclassicism of England. American literary patriots felt Sure that the great American Revolution naturally would find expression in +the epic. Epics A long, dramatic narrative poem in elevated language , celebrating the feats of a legendary hero. Mock epic! The meck epic gene encouraged American peets +o use their notural voices oind did not lure them inte a bog of pretentious and predictable patTetic sentiments and faceless Conventional poee epithets out of the Greek poet tomer and the Roman poet Nirgil by way of the English peets- Timothy Dwight (1452- 4814) One of the grove of writers Known oS the Hartford Wits. “The Conquest of Conaan” Con the Biblical story of Toshua's struggle to enter the Promised land. 3 Sohn Trumbull M' Pingal” Chombastic orethory of the Revolution is itself ridiculed) Samuel Butler “Uudibras” (the mock eple derices Tory, M’ Pindal. (+ criticizes Puritans) * Satire appealed +o Revolutionary gudiences party because it contained social comment and criticism , and Political -+repics A Ae ei eR ee a a . a - ee aE Royall Tyler (1354 - (§26) “The Contrast” (the first American comedy +o be performed. The play introduces the first Yontee (New Yorker) character Tonathan.) Hugh Henry Bractencidge * Modern Chivalry” (Brerctenridge raised on the American Frontier, based his huge, picaresque novel on Don Quixote. POET of THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Philip Freneau (1452-1832) From a Huguenet (radical Pench Protestant) batctground, Preneau Poughts as a militiaman (the warriors tn ancegular arm) during the Revolutionary War. te was imprisoned m wo British ships. “The British Prison” (his poem that he usrote on his experienc. and bitter condemnation of the crueltes of the Brition) " Eutaw Springs “ * American Liberty * ‘8 Political Litany" "s Midnight Consultation * * George the Third’s Soliloquy” (brough+ him fame as +the “Poet of the American Revolution’) Thomas Sefferson and Freneau established the militant, anti-Pederalist “National Gorette” in 1741. His popular poems were published in Newspapers for the average reader. “The Nictue of Tobacco" (conceras the indigenous plant, a matastays of the seuthern economy ) “The Wild Honey Suctie" (+0 refined neoclassic lyricism in often-antholegired works) Noah Webster (1458-1463) « a Dictionor. tt Spelling Boot" Dedidiah Morse “ American Geography” Clandmart reference work, promoted Knowledge of the vast and expanding American lond itself.) WRITERS of FICTION The first important fiction writers widely recegnized teday Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving , and James Fenimore Cooper Cwell - Known Revolutionary weiters ond we should know these three writers aS national writers of America) , used American subjects , historical perspectives , themes of change, ond nostalgic tones, With them, American Itterature began te be read and apprécioted in the US. and obroad. Charles Broctden Brown (4H - 1810) He was the first professional American weiter. He deue- loped +the genre of American Gothic. Brown's Gothic Sensibility

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