Lecture 06

Course Instructor
Ms. Sidra Zaheer
Lecturer
School of Public Health,
DUHS

Introduction to Biostatistics

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Lecture 06

t – Test
Inference Regarding Sample Means

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Previous class
 Hypothesis testing with single mean

 Null and Alternative hypotheses

 Level of significance
 Test statistic
 p-value ( critical region)
 Computation/analysis (SPSS)
 Conclusion

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What are we doing today?
 Two-sample t-test
 Paired t-test
 Independent samples
 Equal variance
 Unequal variance

 Confidence intervals
 Comparison of CI to hypothesis test

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Learning Objectives
 Understand the procedure of hypothesis testing and
assumptions for two population means.

 Understand the concept of dependent/paired samples.

 Comparison of dependent/paired sample means using t-

test.

 Understand the assumptions of independent samples

mean test.

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What kind of t is it?
 Single sample t – we have only 1 group; want to test
against a hypothetical mean.

 Paired/Repeated measures (Dependent t) – we have

two means. Either same people in both groups, or
people are related, e.g., husband-wife, left hand-right
hand, hospital patient and visitor.

 Independent samples t – we have 2 means, 2 groups;

no relation between groups, e.g., people randomly
assigned to a single group.
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t – Test
One Sample Mean Test
When to use…

 To compare mean of a single sample mean to a

population mean or a hypothetical mean.

 Population standard deviation is unknown.

 Sample size is < 30*.

 Underlying variable is normally distributed.

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Example: t -test
 An investigator conducted an experiment to see if a
given therapy works to reduce test anxiety in a sample
of college students. A standard measure of test anxiety
is known to produce a µ = 20. In the sample drawn of
25 the mean = 18 with s = 9.

 Use a significance level of 5%. Test average test anxiety

score in the college students who received therapy is
lower than 20.

H0 ? and Ha ?
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Two Samples t-Test
i- Paired samples t-test
 The paired samples test is a kind of research called repeated
measures test (aka, within-subjects design), commonly used
in before-after-designs.

 We often want to know whether the means of same population

on some quantitative outcome is differ or not at different time or
in different circumstances (before-after method, matched
subjects method, repeated measures method).

 The paired t-test provides a hypothesis test of the difference

between population means for a pair of random samples whose
differences are approximately normally distributed.

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Paired Sample t Test
Single-Sample
 Single observation from each
participant
 The observation is
independent from that of
the other participants
 Comparing a mean score to a
distribution of mean scores .
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Paired-Sample
 Two observations from each
participant
 The second observation is
dependent upon the first
since they come from the
same person.
 Comparing a mean of
difference scores to a
distribution of means of
difference scores
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Hypothesis Testing with two samples t-test
 State the hypotheses

 Upper-tailed Test
Ho: (µ1 - µ2) ≤ 0
Ha: (µ1 - µ2) > 0 Rejection
region

 Lower-tailed Test:
Ho: (µ1 - µ2) ≥ 0 Rejection
region
Ha: (µ1 - µ2) < 0

 Two-tailed Test:
Ho: (µ1 - µ2) = 0 Rejection
Rejection
region
region
Ha: (µ1 - µ2) ≠ 0

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Scenario
 A tumor size study: Having an accurate measure of tumor
size is extremely important because it allows a physician to
accurately determine if a tumor is growing, shrinking or
remaining constant.

 The problem is that often the measurements of the tumor

size vary from physician to physician.

 In the past, tumor size was measured using the linear

distance across the tumor, but this was found to be very
variable because of the irregular shape of some tumors. A
new method called the RECIST criteria traces the outside
of the tumor. The RECIST method was believed to give
more consistent measures of the volume of the tumor.

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 Available data
 For a portion of the study, a pair of doctors were
shown the same set of tumor pictures. The volume
of the tumor was measured by two separate
physicians under similar conditions.

 Question of interest: Did the measurements

from the two physicians significantly differ?

 If not, then there would be no evidence that the

volume measurements change based on physician.
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 Analysis

 20 scans were measured Tumor Dr. 1 Dr. 2

by each physician (10 are
shown here) 1 15.8 17.2
2 22.3 20.3
 Measurements in cm3 3 14.5 14.2
 What can you say about 4 15.7 18.5
these samples?
 Two measurement on the
5 26.8 28.0
same person 6 24.0 24.8
 They are related so we
must account for this 7 21.8 20.3
 Much research in statistics 8 23.0 25.4
deals with how to handle
correlated data, but in this 9 29.3 27.5
case it is pretty easy 10 20.5 19.7
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Dependent sample
Tumo Dr. 1 Dr. 2 Difference
r
 We can measure the effect of
1 15.8 17.2 -1.4
the treatment in each person
by taking the difference 2 22.3 20.3 2.0
3 14.5 14.2 0.3
d i  x1i  x2i 4 15.7 18.5 -2.8
5 26.8 28.0 -1.2
 Instead of having two
samples, we can consider our 6 24.0 24.8 -0.8
dataset to be one sample of 7 21.8 20.3 1.5
differences 8 23.0 25.4 -2.4
 Just like the one sample
problem 9 29.3 27.5 1.8
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10 20.5 19.7 0.8 15
Paired t-test
1) Null hypothesis: No difference between physicians effect

H 0 :  dr1   dr 2   dr1   dr 2  0

H A :  dr1   dr 2   dr1   dr 2  0
2) Alpha=0.05

3) Test statistic: paired sample t-statistic

4) Reject H0 if p-value < 0.05, (p-value=0.69)

5) SPSS Analysis, Fail to reject null hypothesis

6) Conclusion: there is no evidence of a difference in tumor

volume measurement based on physician
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Normality
 We can see that the assumption of normality of
the differences is reasonable in this case
Histogram of diff
5
4
3
Frequency

2
1
0

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

diff
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Paired t-test in SPSS
 Import Data1.sav

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Paired t-test in SPSS
Analyze –> Compare means –> Paired samples t test

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Paired t-test in SPSS

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Paired t-test in SPSS

To interchange
the means
position

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SPSS Output

Conclusion: p-value (0.69) > α (0.05)

There is no evidence of a difference in tumor volume
measurement based on physician
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 Confidence Interval
 Confidence interval for paired t-test constructed in the
same way as one-sample t-test
 sd sd 
 d  t1 a / 2 , d  t1 a / 2 
 n n

 For our example, the 95% confidence interval is (-1.46 , 1.02)

 Note that the conclusion from the hypothesis test and the
confidence interval are the same
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ii- Independent t-Test:

The independent-samples t-test (or independent t-test)

compares the means between two unrelated groups on the
same continuous, dependent variable.
Ex. Comparison of cholesterol in males and females

Thus, an independent-measures design can be used to test

for mean differences between two distinct populations (such
as men versus women) or between two different treatment
conditions (such as drug versus no-drug).

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Independent t-Test
 For example, an independent t-test is used to understand
whether first year graduate salaries differed based on
gender (i.e., your dependent variable would be "first year
graduate salaries" and your independent variable would be
"gender", which has two groups: "male" and "female").

 Alternately, an independent t-test can use to understand

whether there is a difference in text anxiety based on
educational level (i.e., your dependent variable would be
"test anxiety" and your independent variable would be
"educational level", which has two groups:
"undergraduates" and "postgraduates").

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 Assumptions

Independent t-Test:
It is only appropriate to use an independent t-test if your data
"passes" six assumptions that are required for an independent t-test
to give you a valid result

Assumption #1:
Dependent variable should be measured at the interval or ratio
level (i.e., they are continuous).
Examples: Revision time (measured in hours), intelligence
(measured using IQ score), exam performance (measured from 0
to 100), weight (measured in kg), and so forth

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Assumptions cont…
Assumption #2:
Independent variable should consist of two
categorical, independent groups.
Example independent variables that meet this criterion
include gender (2 groups: male or female), employment
status (2 groups: employed or unemployed), smoker (2
groups: yes or no), and so forth.

Assumption #3:
You should have independence of observations, which
means that there is no relationship between the observations
in each group or between the groups themselves.

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Assumptions cont…
Assumption #4:
There should be no significant outliers. Outliers are simply
single data points within your data that do not follow the usual
pattern
Assumption #5:
Dependent variable should be approximately normally
distributed for each category of the independent variable.
You can test for normality using the Kalmogorov/Shapiro-Wilk test
of normality, which is easily tested for using SPSS.
Assumption #6:
There needs to be homogeneity of variances. You can test this
assumption in SPSS using Levene’s test for homogeneity of
variances.

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Independent t Test
Paired-Sample
 Two observations from each
participant
 The second observation is
dependent upon the first
since they come from the
same person.
 Comparing a mean
difference to a distribution
of mean difference scores
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Independent t Test
 Single observation from each
participant from two
independent groups
 The observation from the
second group is independent
from the first since they come
from different subjects.
 Comparing the difference
between two means to a
distribution of differences
between mean scores .
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Scenario
 Another aspect of the tumor volume study was trying
to compare the tumor volume among patients with
different forms of cancer. The average tumor size is
important to know the effect of treatment can be
determined.

 In this study, patients with brain, breast and liver

tumors, but initially we will only compare the brain
and breast cancers.
 All of the tumors were measured using the RECIST
method
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Data
Brain Breast
Information
n 20 24
 For the tumor volume xbar 15.2 cm3 16.9 cm3
study, there were 20 brain s 2.42 2.83
cancer subjects and 24
breast cancer subjects
 The summary statistics
and histogram for the data
are given here
 What can you say about
the distributions?
 Does the equal variance
assumption seem valid in
this case?

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Hypothesis
1)
test
The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the volume
of the tumor in the two forms of cancer
brain  breast  0
H0: mean brain tumor size = mean breast tumor size
Ha: mean brain tumor size ≠ mean breast tumor size brain  breast  0

2) Two independent samples with equal variance; alpha =

0.05

3) Test statistic: independent sample t test

4) Reject H0 if p-value < 0.05 (p-value: 0.043)

5) SPSS output, Reject null hypothesis

6) Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the size of

brain and breast cancer tumors
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Independent t-test with SPSS
Import Data2.sav

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 Analyze  Compare means  Independent samples t-test

We have to make
grouping variable
first, according to
given
independent
groups

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 Analyze  Compare means  Independent samples t-test

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 1

2 5

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SPSS Output

Levene’s Test for Equality of Variance:

Since from Leaven’s Test p‐value is greater than α = 0.05 than we

conclude that population variances are equal and use 1st row t‐calc
& P‐value for testing two samples mean and vice versa
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SPSS Output

Conclusion:
• Since from t-test, p‐value (0.043) is less than α = 0.05
than we conclude that there is a significant difference
in the size of brain and breast cancer tumors.
• 95% Confidence Intervals (-3.30, -0.05)
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