Management Science Prelims

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Management
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Four functions of management ( four principles of management )

•Planning –it requires that managers be aware of environmental
conditions facing their organization and forecast future conditions.
•Organizing -the function of management that involves developing an
organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the
accomplishment of objectives.
•Leading -Leading involves the social and informal sources of influence
that you use to inspire action taken by others.

• Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from

standards. It consists of three steps, which include (1) establishing
performance standards, (2) comparing actual performance against
standards, and (3) taking corrective action when necessary.

What is Management ?
• The process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities in a
systematic way in order to achieve a common goal
• According to Henri Fayol “Management is to forecast, to plan, to organize,
to command, to coordinate and control activities of others.”

Features of management
• Management is Goal-Oriented: The success of any management
activity is assessed by its achievement of the predetermined goals.
• Management is a Group Activity: Management is very much less
concerned with individual’s efforts. It is more concerned with groups.
• Management is Continuous: Management is an ongoing process. It
involves continuous handling of problems and issues. It is concerned
with identifying the problem and taking appropriate steps to solve it

Natures of Principles of Management

• Universal Applicability: Universality refers to that truth which is
equally applicable in all spheres (both business and non-business).
The principles of management are also universal in nature.
• Contingent: The principles of management are not fixed or
permanent. They are affected by situations or circumstances.
Therefore, the decision to implement them or not is taken according
to the situations or circumstances.

• Social process: management essentially involves managing people

organized in work groups. It includes retaining, developing and
motivating people at work as well as taking care of their satisfaction
as social beings.
• Coordinating Force : Management reconciles the individual goals
with the organizational goals and integrates human and physical
resources.

• Creative organ :Management creates active effect by producing

results which are more than the sum of person efforts of the group
members. It provides progression to operations, financial resources,
matches jobs to goals and connects work to physical. It provides
creative ideas, new imaginations and visions to group efforts. It is not
a passive force adapting to external environment but a dynamic life-
giving element in every organization.

• Purposeful: Management is usually aimed toward achieving organization

goals and purpose. The success of management is measured by the
extent to which the desired objectives are attained.
• Composite process: Functions of Management can’t be undertaken
consecutive, freelance of every different. Business Management could be
a composite method created from individual ingredients. The entire
functions are a unit performed by involving many ingredients. Therefore,
the entire method is integrative and performed in a very network fashion.

• Composite process:

Functions of Management
• Planning – it involves the forecasting of future problem and
selecting the proper course of action to solve the problem.
• Organizing – it involves the division and subdivision of activities into
the department , section and job as well as the integration of
activities of an organization . It is a collection of various factors like
man , machinery , material , money
• Directing – it is concerned with guiding the people at work for
securing their cooperation in the execution of work. It helps in
influencing , motivating human resources towards the achievement
of organizational goals.

• Staffing- this function of management is also related with human

resources .it helps in placing right men at the right job.
• Controlling – it is concerned with measuring and comparing the
operating results with plan and take corrective action if any deviation
occur.

• Management is goal-oriented: Management is not an end in itself. It is a means

to achieve certain goals. Management has no justification to exist without goals.
• Management is universal: Management is an essential element of every
organized activity irrespective of the size or type of activity. Wherever two or
more persons are engaged in working for a common goal, management is
necessary.
• Management is a continuous Process: Management is a dynamic and an on-
going process. The cycle of management continues to operate so long as there is
organized action for the achievement of group goals.

Management Discipline

• Management as a discipline refers to that branch of knowledge which is

connected to study of principles & practices of basic administration. It
specifies certain code of conduct to be followed by the manager & also
various methods for managing resources efficiently.
Discipline ensures individuals maintain silence at workplace and work as a
single unit with their team members to achieve organization goals and
objectives. It motivates them to respect their organization.
Disciplinary action may be in the form of written warning, suspension,
reduction in pay, demotion or termination.

Demotion and Termination .Demotion involves reassigning an employee to a

lower-paying position. This option is typically invoked for a worker who hasn't
improved his performance, but might function successfully in a different role.
Termination of employment comes into play for continuing behavioral problems
or outright misconduct, such as theft of company funds.
Suspension- The letter outlines the suspension's length, when the employee
may return to work, what's needed to correct the problem, and the
consequences of not making the required changes
A written reprimand is appropriate when the employee ignores a verbal
warning about his behavior. The reprimand outlines the incident, why the
behavior is inappropriate, what needs to change, and the consequences of non-
compliance.

Management as a Science
and as an Art

• Management is an Art as well as Science: It contains a systematic body

of theoretical knowledge and it also involves the practical application of
such knowledge. Management is also a discipline involving specialized
training and an ethical code arising out of its social obligations. It is called
an art because managing requires certain skills which are personal
possessions of managers. Science provides the knowledge & art deals
with the application of knowledge and skills.

Management as an Art
Practical Knowledge :Knowledge refers to possession of facts and techniques of
a particular field. Knowledge can be acquired through study and/or practical
experience. Generally, in art, more emphasis is given on acquiring knowledge
through practical experience. In management, knowledge is acquired both through
study and experience. Thus, management is an art.
Goal-Oriented: Every art is result oriented as it seeks to achieve concrete results.
In the same manner, management is also directed towards accomplishment of
pre-determined goals. Managers use various resources like men, money, material,
machinery & methods to promote growth of an organization.

Emphasis on Creativity : Art puts emphasis on creativity through which

new things or ways of working are created. This is done in management
too; managers create new products, new ways of working, new means
of financing, new ways of marketing and so on.

Management as science
Principles Based on Experimentation :In science, principles are
evolved on the basis of experiments conducted in laboratories. In
management, management principles are based on personal
observations and experiences.
Universally acceptance principles: Management also contains
some fundamental principles which can be applied universally like the
Principle of Unity of Command . Scientific principles represents basic
truth about a particular field of enquiry. These principles may be
applied in all situations, at all time & at all places. . E.g. - Law of
Gravitation

• Experimentation & Observation - Scientific principles are derived

through scientific investigation & researching i.e. they are based on
logic. E.g. the principle that earth goes round the sun has been
scientifically proved. Management principles are also based on
scientific enquiry & observation .E.g. it is observed that fair
remuneration to personal helps in creating a satisfied work force.

Management and
Administration

Management
Management is an art of getting things done through others by directing their
efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals.
Management is a doing function because managers get work done under
their supervision.
Management decides who should as it & how should he dot it.
The management decisions are influenced by the values, opinions, beliefs &
decisions of the managers.

Administration
•It is concerned with formulation of broad objectives, plans & policies.
•Administration is a thinking function because plans & policies are
determined under it.
•Administration decides what is to be done & when it is to be done.
•The administration is influenced by public opinion, govt. policies, religious
organizations, customs etc.

Management skills are essential skills in order to get people together

to accomplish desired objectives.
Most essential management skills:
1.Decision-making skills: A lot of situations will require quick
decisions to be made by the manager without neglecting to analyze
the whole situation and the possible consequences of his actions.
2.Problem-solving skills: the manager needs to solve upcoming
problems and obstacles quickly to ensure a smooth workflow in
general.

• Time management skills :Another essential management skill is

the ability to manage time.
Soft skills:
Communication management skills : essential part when it comes
to the communication of objectives and the distribution of tasks. The
manager should have the ability to accept constructive criticism ,
integrate ideas and listening skills.
Leadership management skills: requires from the manager to guide
his team-members to any given objectives and help them with the
completion of the distributed tasks.

Team building: The team building process requires from the manager
to implement the team spirit in all of the team members. Team building
skills lie in the encouragement of all team members to express
suggestions and ideas and to find own creative solutions for upcoming
problems.
Conflict management skills: In order to grant a smooth workflow, the
manager will have to solve all kinds of different conflicts between his
team members. He will need to mediate between conflicting parties.

• References
• https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/management-principles-v1.1/s05-04-planning-organizing-leading-an.html
• https://thebizmanagementguide.com/nature-of-business-management/
• https://careertrend.com/types-discipline-used-workplace-2647.html
• https://smallbusiness.chron.com/four-basic-functions-make-up-management-process-23852.html
• Books: 1. Basic Management (2015) 3G E Learning
• 2.Principles of Management, (2015) 3G E Learning
• 3.Kotler, P. and Armstrong G. Principles of management 13th edition (2014)
• 4.M: Management 5th Edition By Thomas Bateman and Scott Snell and Robert Konopaske (2018)
• 5. Fundamentals of Management 8TH edition by Ricky W. Griffin (2016)
• E-Books: https://iedunote.com/management-science-art
• https://www.homeworkforyou.com/static_media/uploadedfiles/Fundamentals%20of%20Management%208th%20Edition%20Ricky%20Griffin%20978-1285849041.pdf
• Fundamentals Management 8th Edition Ricky Griffin 978-1285849041.pdf (2016) https://theeye.eu/public/Books/Materials%20science%20and%20engineering/G401%20Managerial

%20economics%20and%20management/Stephen%20P.%20Robbins%2C%20Mary%20A.%20Coulter%20Management.pdf Management, 13th Edition, ISBN 978-0-13-391029-2 by Stephen P. Robbins
and Mary Coulter, published by Pearson Education © 2016.

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EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED

QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

Four functions of management ( four principles of management )

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

Natures of Principles of Management

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Social process: management essentially involves managing people

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Creative organ :Management creates active effect by producing

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Purposeful: Management is usually aimed toward achieving organization

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Staffing- this function of management is also related with human

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Management is goal-oriented: Management is not an end in itself. It is a means

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Management as a discipline refers to that branch of knowledge which is

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

Demotion and Termination .Demotion involves reassigning an employee to a

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Management is an Art as well as Science: It contains a systematic body

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

Emphasis on Creativity : Art puts emphasis on creativity through which

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Experimentation & Observation - Scientific principles are derived

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

Management skills are essential skills in order to get people together

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• Time management skills :Another essential management skill is

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

VIRTUE EXCELLENCE SERVICE

• 2.Principles of Management, (2015) 3G E Learning

• 3.Kotler, P. and Armstrong G. Principles of management 13th edition (2014)

• 5. Fundamentals of Management 8TH edition by Ricky W. Griffin (2016)

• Fundamentals Management 8th Edition Ricky Griffin 978-1285849041.pdf (2016) https://theeye.eu/public/Books/Materials%20science%20and%20engineering/G401%20Managerial

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