Functions Lecture1

FUNCTIONS
Dr. Joshua Kiddy Kwasi Asamoah

Department of Mathematics
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 1 / 73

Lecture Outline
1 Introduction
2 Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Reciprocal functions: p ∈ Z−
Radical functions: p form is 1/n; n ∈ N
4 Polynomial Functions
5 Rational Functions
6 Algebraic Functions
7 Transcendental Functions
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Trigonometric
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions Functions 2 / 73
Introduction
Outline of Presentation
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Introduction
Definition
1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

2 In general, a function is a map between two sets that assigns to each element in the
first set a unique element in the second set.
X Y
x input output y
f

Introduction
Definition

S R
s input output h
f
It could map a student to its height.

Introduction
Definition

P N
p input output f (p)

f
It could map a product to its price.

Introduction
Definition

P Name
c input output n = f (c)

f
It could map a country to its president.

Introduction
Definition
Definition
1 A real-valued function f assigns a unique real number y to each input x.

Introduction
Definition
Definition
2 If the function f is defined from a set X to Y , then we write
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)

Introduction
Definition
Definition
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)

Introduction
Definition
Definition
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)
The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

Introduction
Definition
Definition
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)
Remark
1 Uniqueness here means an input cannot yield more than one output i.e. x 7→ y1 , y2 is
not allowed.

Introduction
Definition
Definition
f : X → Y
x 7 → y = f (x)
Remark
1 Uniqueness here means an input cannot yield more than one output i.e. x 7→ y1 , y2 is
not allowed.
2 However, two different inputs x1 and x2 can be assigned to the same output y.

Introduction
Definition: If x → f → y
Definition (Domain)
The domain Df of a function f , is the set of all possible inputs where f is defined.

Introduction
Definition (Domain)
Definition (Codomain)
Y , the set of all possible outputs, is called the codomain of f .

Introduction
Definition (Domain)
Definition (Range)
© ª
The set of all assigned outputs, f (X ) = f (x) | x ∈ X , is called the range/image of f .

Introduction
Definition (Domain)
Definition (Range)
© ª
The set of all assigned outputs, f (X ) = f (x) | x ∈ X , is called the range/image of f .
Definition (Graph)
The graph of the function y = f (x) is a pictorial representation of the function. It is the
collection of the points (x, f (x)). It represents a curve in the Cartesian plane.
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Constant Function
Constant functions
f: R → R
x 7 → c
1 Any real number x is assigned to the unique real number c: f is a function, but
specifically, f is a constant function.

Constant functions
f: R → R
x 7 → c
2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is Df = R.

Constant functions
f: R → R
x 7 → c
3 Its range is {c} .

Constant functions
f: R → R
x 7 → c
3 Its range is {c} .
4 Its codomain is R.

Constant function graph
Definition
A constant function is a function whose value is the same for every input value
f: R → R
x 7 → 1
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Step Function
Step Function (or staircase function)
Definition
They are function that increases or decreases abruptly from one constant value to another.
f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

Definition
f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.
1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

Definition
f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers x ≤ −4 or −4 < x ≤ 0 or 0 < x ≤ 2. That is
Df = (−∞, −4] ∪ (−4, 0] ∪ (0, 2] = (−∞, 2].

Definition
f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

2 This function is defined for all real numbers x ≤ −4 or −4 < x ≤ 0 or 0 < x ≤ 2. That is
Df = (−∞, −4] ∪ (−4, 0] ∪ (0, 2] = (−∞, 2].
3 Its range is {−1, 1, 2} and its codomain is (−∞, 10).
Step Function graph

f: R → (−∞, 10)

2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ f (x) = 1 if − 4<x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.
3
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) −2 Functions 11 / 73

Example of Non Step Function
Consider the following relation

g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g(x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.


g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g(x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.
1 g assigns two values to x0 = −4.


g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g(x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

2 That is g(−4) = {1, 2} .


g: R → R 
2

 if x≤ − 4
x 7→ g(x) = 1 if − 4≤x≤0


−1 if 0<x ≤ 2.

2 That is g(−4) = {1, 2} .
3 Thus, g is NOT a function.

Constant, Step, and Piecewise functions Piecewise Functions
Piecewise functions
Definition
Piecewise functions are defined by different functions for different intervals of the domain.
f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.
1 f is a piecewise function.

Piecewise functions
Definition
f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.
2 Df = [0, +∞) ∪ (−∞, 0) = (−∞, ∞) = R.

Piecewise functions
Definition
f: R → R
(
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0.
2 Df = [0, +∞) ∪ (−∞, 0) = (−∞, ∞) = R.
3 Its range is I = { −x + 2 | x ≥ 0} ∪ { 2x + 2 | x < 0} .
x ≥ 0 =⇒ −x ≤ 0 =⇒ −x + 2 ≤ 2.
x < 0 =⇒ 2x + 2 < 2.
Therefore, I = (−∞, 2] ∪ (−∞, 2) = (−∞, 2].
Piecewise functions graph

f: R → R
( 3
−x + 2 if x ≥ 0
x 7→ f (x) =
2x + 2 if x < 0. 2
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
−2
−3

Power functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Power functions
Power Functions
Definition
Power functions are functions of the form of
f (x) = axp (1)
where p is any real number (p ∈ R) and a is a non-zero real number, that is (a ∈ R − {0}).

Power functions
Power Functions
Definition
f (x) = axp (1)
Some examples of Power Functions

1 Monomial Functions are power function with positive power, that is p ∈ Z+

Power functions
Power Functions
Definition
f (x) = axp (1)

2 Reciprocal Functions are power function with negative power, that is p ∈ Z−

Power functions
Power Functions
Definition
f (x) = axp (1)

2 Reciprocal Functions are power function with negative power, that is p ∈ Z−
1
3 Radical Functions are power functions where the degree p is of the form n and n ∈ N

Power functions
Power Functions
Example
f (x) Domain Range f (x) Domain Range

p
x2n R R+ 2n
x R+ R+
p
x2n+1 R R 2n+1
x R R
1 1
R − {0} R+ − {0} p R+ − {0} R+ − {0}
x2n 2n
x
1 1
2n+1
R − {0} R − {0} p
2n+1
R − {0} R − {0}
x x
n ∈ Z+ , R − {0} = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, +∞), R+ = [0, +∞), R+ − {0} = (0, +∞)

Power functions Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Monomials: Graph of f (x) = 1
Domain = R
3
Range = {1}
f (x) = 1
1
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
−2
−3
Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x
Domain = R
3
Range = R f (x) = x
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
−2
−3
Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x2
Domain = R
3
Range = R+
1
f (x) = x2
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
−2
−3
Monomials: Graph of f (x) = x3
Domain = R
3
Range = R
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
f (x) = x3 −1
−2
−3
Power functions Reciprocal functions: p ∈ Z−
Reciprocal functions: Graph of f (x) = x−1
Domain = R − {0}
3
Range = R − {0}
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
f (x) = x−1
−1
−2
−3
Domain = R − {0}
3
Range = R+ − {0}
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1 f (x) = x−2
−2
−3
Domain = R − {0}
3
Range = R − {0}
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
f (x) = x−3
−2
−3
Power functions Radical functions: p form is 1/n; n ∈ N
p
Radical functions: Graph of f (x) = x = x1/2
p
f (x) = x 3
Domain = R+
Range = R+
2
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
−2
−3
Power functions Radical functions: p form is 1/n; n ∈ N
p
Radical functions: Graph of f (x) = 3 x = x1/3
p
3
g(x) = x 3
Domain = R
Range = R
2
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
−2
−3
Polynomial Functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Definition
Sum of monomials of different degrees is called a polynomial. If f is a polynomial, then
f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn (2)
1 n is a non-negative integer called the degree;

2 an is a non-zero real number;
3 ai ’s are called the coefficients of the polynomial f .

Definition
Sum of monomials of different degrees is called a polynomial. If f is a polynomial, then
f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn (2)
1 n is a non-negative integer called the degree;

2 an is a non-zero real number;
3 ai ’s are called the coefficients of the polynomial f .
Note
1 The domain of a polynomial function is R.
2 Polynomials of degree 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic functions
respectively.
Polynomial Functions with 2 as highest power
f (x) = 1/2 + x2 , 3
Df = R,
R(f ) = [1/2, +∞)
2
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
−2
−3
g(x) = 1 − 2x − 3x2 + 2x3 1

Dg = R,
R(g) = R
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
−1
−2
−3
−5 −4 −2 0 2 4
2
h(x) = (x − 1)(−x + 3) (x), −1
Dh = R,
R(h) = [−1.6, +∞)
−2
−3
Rational Functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Rational Functions
Rational Functions
Definition
P(x)
1 A rational function is a ratio f (x) = Q(x) , where P and Q are polynomials.
The domain of f is Df = x ∈ R | Q(x) 6= 0 .

© ª
2
Example
3x
1 f (x) =
x3 − 1
3x3 − x6
2 f (x) = 2
2x − x + 2

Rational Functions
Rational Functions
3
x3 −2x
f (x) = x2 −1
, 2
Df = R − {−1, 1} ,
1
R(f ) = R
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3

Algebraic Functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Algebraic Functions
Algebraic functions
Definition
1 An algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial
equation.
2 An algebraic function is constructed by taking sums, products, and quotient of

polynomials.

Algebraic Functions
Algebraic functions
Definition
1 An algebraic function is a function that can be defined as the root of a polynomial
equation.
2 An algebraic function is constructed by taking sums, products, and quotient of

polynomials.
Example
Find the domain ofpthe following algebraic functions:
p 1 2−x
1)f (x) = 5 − 2x 2)f (x) = x− 3)f (x) = p
x−1 x−1−2

Algebraic Functions
Algebraic functions
3
p 1
f (x) = x − x−1 , 2
Df = R+ − {1} ,
1
R(f ) = R
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3

Transcendental Functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Definition
Transcendental functions are functions that are not algebraic.

Definition
Transcendental functions can be expressed in algebra in terms of an infinite sequence.

Definition
Transcendental functions can be expressed in algebra in terms of an infinite sequence.
Example
1 Exponential functions
2 Logarithmic functions
3 Trigonometric functions
4 Hyperbolic functions
5 Inverse of these functions

Transcendental Functions Exponential Functions
Definition
The function f (x) = ax , where a > 0 and a 6= 1, is called exponential function with base a.
The domain of an exponential function is R and the range is (0, +∞)

Definition
Example
¡ 2 ¢x p x
1) 3 2) 2x 3) 3−x 4) 7 5) ex 6) e−x .

Definition
Example
¡ 2 ¢x p x
1) 3 2) 2x 3) 3−x 4) 7 5) ex 6) e−x .
Note
e is mathematical constant called the Eulernumber approximated as 2.71828

ex
5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
e−x ex
5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

2x
5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
3−x 2x
5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
−1
¡ 2 ¢x
3−x 2x
3
5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

Transcendental Functions Logarithmic Functions
Definition
The function f (x) = loga (x), where a > 0 and a 6= 1, is called logarithmic function with base
a.
The domain of a logarithmic function is (0, +∞) and the range is R.

Definition
a.
Example
1) log 2 x 2) log2 x 3) log1/3 x 4) logp7 x 5) loge x 6) log1/e x.
3

Definition
a.
Example
1) log 2 x 2) log2 x 3) log1/3 x 4) logp7 x 5) loge x 6) log1/e x.
3
Natural log
This is the log to the base e and it also called ln. That is
loge = ln (3)

3
2 loge x
−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9
−1
−2
−3
3
2 loge x
−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9
−1
−2
log1/e x
−3

3 log2 x
−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9
−1
−2
−3
3 log2 x
−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9
−1
log1/3 x
−2
−3
3 log2 x
−1 0 1 2 4 6 8 9
−1
log1/3 x
−2
−3 log 2 x
3

Transcendental Functions Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Definition
Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular Functions are functions of an angle of
a triangle. It means that the relationship between the angles and sides of a triangle are
given by these trigonometric functions. If x is an acute angle in a right triangle, then:

Definition
Some Basic Trig function:

opposite
1 sin(x) = hypotenuse
adjacent
2 cos(x) = hypotenuse
opposite
3 tan(x) = adjacent
1
4 csc(x) = sin(x)
1
5 sec(x) = cos(x)
1
6 cot(x) = tan(x)

Definition
Some Basic Trig function: Some Trig Identities

opposite
1 sin(x) = 1 cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
hypotenuse
adjacent 2 sec2 x − tan2 x = 1
2 cos(x) = hypotenuse
opposite
3 csc2 x − cot2 x = 1
3 tan(x) = adjacent 4 sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
1
4 csc(x) = sin(x) 5 cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y
1 tan x + tan y
5 sec(x) = cos(x) 6 tan(x + y) =
6 cot(x) = 1 1 + tan x tan y
tan(x)

Trigonometric Functions: sin and csc
3
sin x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
Trigonometric Functions: sin and csc
3
sin x
csc x
2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3

Trigonometric Functions: cos and sec
3
cos x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
Trigonometric Functions: cos and sec
3
cos x
sec x
2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3

Trigonometric Functions: tan and cot
3
tan x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
Trigonometric Functions: tan and cot
3
tan x
cot x
2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
cot x
−2
−3

Remarks
f (x) Domain Range
sin R [−1, 1]
cos R [−1, 1]
R − . . . , − 2 , − π2 , π2 , 3π
3π
R
© ª
tan 2 ,...
π π 3π
R − . . . , − 3π
© ª
sec 2 ,− 2 , 2 , 2 ,... (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞)
csc R − {. . . , −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, . . .} (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, +∞)
cot R − {. . . , −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, . . .} R
1 Dtan = Dsec = R − { π/2 + kπ | k ∈ Z}

2 Dcot = Dcsc = R − { kπ | k ∈ Z} .
Transcendental: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
There are the functions

1 f (x) = sin−1 x (also called arc sine or arcsin)
2 f (x) = cos−1 x (arc cosine or arccos)
3 f (x) = tan−1 x (arc tangent or arctan)
4 f (x) = csc−1 x (arc cosec)
5 f (x) = sec−1 x (arc secant)
6 f (x) = cot−1 x (arc cotangent)

Transcendental: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
There are the functions

1 f (x) = sin−1 x (also called arc sine or arcsin)
2 f (x) = cos−1 x (arc cosine or arccos)
3 f (x) = tan−1 x (arc tangent or arctan)
4 f (x) = csc−1 x (arc cosec)
5 f (x) = sec−1 x (arc secant)
6 f (x) = cot−1 x (arc cotangent)
Note
1 y = sin−1 x ⇔ x = sin y
2 y = cos−1 x ⇔ x = cos y

Transcendental Functions Hyperbolic Functions
Transcendental: Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

These are functions defined in terms of the exponential functions
Hyperbolic
ex − e−x
1 sinh x =
2
ex + e−x
2 cosh x =
2
sinh x
3 tanh x =
cosh x
1
4 csch x =
sinh x
1
5 sech x =
cosh
1
6 coth x =
tanh


Hyperbolic Inverse Hyperbolic
x −x
e −e 1 sinh−1 x
1 sinh x =
2 2 cosh−1 x
ex + e−x
2 cosh x = 3 tanh−1 x
2
sinh x 4 csch−1 x
3 tanh x =
cosh x 5 sech−1 x
1
4 csch x = 6 coth−1 x
sinh x
1
5 sech x =
cosh
1
6 coth x =
tanh


Hyperbolic Inverse Hyperbolic
x −x
e −e 1 sinh−1 x
1 sinh x =
2 2 cosh−1 x
ex + e−x
2 cosh x = 3 tanh−1 x
2
sinh x 4 csch−1 x
3 tanh x =
cosh x 5 sech−1 x
1
4 csch x = 6 coth−1 x
sinh x
1
5 sech x = Some identities
cosh
1 1 cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
6 coth x =
tanh 2 tanh2 x + sech2 x = 1
Odd and Even Functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Odd and Even Functions Even Functions
Even Function
Let f be a function and Df its domain. We assume that if x ∈ Df then −x ∈ Df .
Definition (Even Function)

f is an even function if f (−x) = f (x).

Even Function

Example
The functions f (x) = x2 , g(x) = −x4 + 2x2 − 1, h(x) = cos(x) + x2 , i(x) = x sin x are even functions
since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f (x),

Even Function

Example
since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f (x),
2 g(−x) = −(−x)4 + 2(−x)2 − 1 = g(x),

Even Function

Example
since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f (x),
2 g(−x) = −(−x)4 + 2(−x)2 − 1 = g(x),
3 h(−x) = cos(−x) + (−x)2 = h(x), and

Even Function

Example
since:
1 f (−x) = (−x)2 = x2 = f (x),
2 g(−x) = −(−x)4 + 2(−x)2 − 1 = g(x),
3 h(−x) = cos(−x) + (−x)2 = h(x), and
4 i(−x) = (−x) sin(−x) = −x(− sin x) = x sin x = i(x).

Odd and Even Functions Odd Function
Odd Function
Definition (Odd Function)

f is an odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).

Odd Function

Example
The functions f (x) = x, f (x) = −x3 + 2x, and f (x) = sin(x) are odd functions. Because
1 f (−x) = −x = −f (x)

Odd Function

Example
1 f (−x) = −x = −f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x3 − 2(x) = −f (x)

Odd Function

Example
1 f (−x) = −x = −f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x3 − 2(x) = −f (x)
3 f (−x) = sin(−x) = − sin(x) = −f (x)

Odd Function

Example
1 f (−x) = −x = −f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x3 − 2(x) = −f (x)
3 f (−x) = sin(−x) = − sin(x) = −f (x)

Odd Function

Example
1 f (−x) = −x = −f (x)
2 f (−x) = −(−x)3 + 2(−x) = x3 − 2(x) = −f (x)
3 f (−x) = sin(−x) = − sin(x) = −f (x)
Remarks
The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Odd and Even Functions Periodic Functions
Periodic Functions
Definition
Let f be a function, and Df its domain, then f is a periodic function if there exists a
positive real number t such that f (x + t) = f (x) for all x ∈ Df .
The minimum of such t ’s which is often denoted as T , is called the period of f .

Odd and Even Functions Periodic Functions
Periodic Functions
Definition
Let f be a function, and Df its domain, then f is a periodic function if there exists a
positive real number t such that f (x + t) = f (x) for all x ∈ Df .
The minimum of such t ’s which is often denoted as T , is called the period of f .
Example
The trigonometric functions are periodic functions.
1 sin(x + 2kπ) = sin(x + 2π) = sin(x) for k ∈ Z, however, T = 2π.
2 cos(x + 2kπ) = cos(x + 2π) = cos(x), T = 2π.
3 tan(x + (2k + 1)π) = tan(x + π) = tan(x), T = π.

Monotonic Functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Let I be an open interval. x1 and x2 are two elements of I such that x1 < x2 .

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Definition
* f is an increasing function on I if f (x1 )<f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Definition
* f is a decreasing function on I if f (x1 )>f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Definition
Example
• The functions ex , tan(x) and ax+b, where a > 0, are increasing on their respective domains.

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Definition
Example
• The functions ex , tan(x) and ax+b, where a > 0, are increasing on their respective domains.
• The functions e−x , cot(x) and ax + b, where a < 0, are decreasing on their respective
domains.

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Decreasing Function
1
−3x + 1 &
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Decreasing Function
e−x &
1
−3x + 1 &
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Increasing Function
2x − 1 %
1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Increasing Function
2
ex %
2x − 1 %
1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Increasing and Decreasing
sin x %&
2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
p
Show that the function f (x) = x − 2 is an increasing function on its domain.

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
p
1 Df = [2, +∞).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
p
1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
p
1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,
3 2 < x1 < x2 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
p
1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,
3 2 < x1 < x2 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
p
1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,
3 2 < x1 < x2 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
5 =⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
p
1 Df = [2, +∞).
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ Df and x1 < x2 ,
3 2 < x1 < x2 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
p p
4 =⇒ 0 < x1 − 2 < x2 − 2
5 =⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
6 Thus, f is an increasing function on its domain.

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
Show that f (x) = (2 − x)2 + 1 decreases on (−∞, 2] and increases on [2, +∞).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 > (2 − x2 )2 > 0

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 > (2 − x2 )2 > 0
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x2 )2 + 1 > 1

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 > (2 − x2 )2 > 0
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x2 )2 + 1 > 1
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 > (2 − x2 )2 > 0
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x2 )2 + 1 > 1
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
8 f is decreasing on (−∞, 2].

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R.
2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 > (2 − x2 )2 > 0
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x2 )2 + 1 > 1
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R. 1 For x1 , x2 ∈ [2, +∞),

2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2],
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 > (2 − x2 )2 > 0
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x2 )2 + 1 > 1
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R. 1 For x1 , x2 ∈ [2, +∞),

2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2], 2 2 ≤ x1 < x2 =⇒ −2 > −x1 > −x2
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 > (2 − x2 )2 > 0
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x2 )2 + 1 > 1
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R. 1 For x1 , x2 ∈ [2, +∞),

2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2], 2 2 ≤ x1 < x2 =⇒ −2 > −x1 > −x2
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2 3 =⇒ 0 > 2 − x1 > 2 − x2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 > (2 − x2 )2 > 0
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x2 )2 + 1 > 1
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R. 1 For x1 , x2 ∈ [2, +∞),

2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2], 2 2 ≤ x1 < x2 =⇒ −2 > −x1 > −x2
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2 3 =⇒ 0 > 2 − x1 > 2 − x2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0 4 =⇒ 0 < (2 − x1 )2 < (2 − x2 )2
2 2
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 ) > (2 − x2 ) > 0
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 )2 + 1 > (2 − x2 )2 + 1 > 1
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R. 1 For x1 , x2 ∈ [2, +∞),

2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2], 2 2 ≤ x1 < x2 =⇒ −2 > −x1 > −x2
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2 3 =⇒ 0 > 2 − x1 > 2 − x2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0 4 =⇒ 0 < (2 − x1 )2 < (2 − x2 )2
2 2
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 ) > (2 − x2 ) > 0 5 =⇒ 1 < (2 − x1 )2 + 1 < (2 − x2 )2 + 1
2 2
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 ) + 1 > (2 − x2 ) + 1 > 1
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R. 1 For x1 , x2 ∈ [2, +∞),

2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2], 2 2 ≤ x1 < x2 =⇒ −2 > −x1 > −x2
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2 3 =⇒ 0 > 2 − x1 > 2 − x2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0 4 =⇒ 0 < (2 − x1 )2 < (2 − x2 )2
2 2
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 ) > (2 − x2 ) > 0 5 =⇒ 1 < (2 − x1 )2 + 1 < (2 − x2 )2 + 1
2 2
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 ) + 1 > (2 − x2 ) + 1 > 1 6 =⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).

Monotonic Functions
Monotonic Functions
Example
1 Df = R. 1 For x1 , x2 ∈ [2, +∞),

2 For x1 , x2 ∈ (−∞, 2], 2 2 ≤ x1 < x2 =⇒ −2 > −x1 > −x2
3 x1 < x2 ≤ 2 =⇒ −x1 > −x2 > −2 3 =⇒ 0 > 2 − x1 > 2 − x2
4 =⇒ 2 − x1 > 2 − x2 > 0 4 =⇒ 0 < (2 − x1 )2 < (2 − x2 )2
2 2
5 =⇒ (2 − x1 ) > (2 − x2 ) > 0 5 =⇒ 1 < (2 − x1 )2 + 1 < (2 − x2 )2 + 1
2 2
6 =⇒ (2 − x1 ) + 1 > (2 − x2 ) + 1 > 1 6 =⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ).
7 =⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 ). 7 f is an increasing function on [2, +∞).

Bounded Functions
1 Introduction
Constant Function
Step Function
Piecewise Functions
3 Power functions
Monomials: p ∈ Z+
Trigonometric
Bounded Functions
Bounded Functions
Definition
A function is said to be bounded above if there is ū ∈ R such that f (x) ≤ ū for all x in the
domain of f .

Bounded Functions
Bounded Functions
Definition
domain of f .
Example
The function f (x) = x2 + 1 defined on 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is bounded above by 2 since f (x) ≤ 2 for
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Bounded Functions
Bounded Functions
Definition
domain of f .
Example
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
Example
The function f (x) = 1/x defined on x ∈ N is bounded above by 1

Bounded Functions
Bounded Functions
Definition
domain of f .
Example
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
Example
The function f (x) = 1/x defined on x ∈ N is bounded above by 1
Example
The function f (x) = sin x is bounded above by 1 for x ∈ R.
Bounded Functions
Bounded Functions
Definition
A function, f , is said to be bounded below if there is ` ∈ R such that f (x) ≥ ` for all x in the
domain of f .

Bounded Functions
Bounded Functions
Definition
domain of f .
Example
The function f (x) = x − 1 defined in [0, 1] is bounded below by −1 since −1 ≤ f (x) for x ∈ [0, 1].

Bounded Functions
Bounded Functions
Definition
domain of f .
Example
The function f (x) = x − 1 defined in [0, 1] is bounded below by −1 since −1 ≤ f (x) for x ∈ [0, 1].
Example
p
The function g(x) = | x + 1| is bounded below by 0 on the interval [0, 4] since 0 ≤ g(x) for
x ∈ [0, 4].

Functions Lecture1

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FUNCTIONS

Dr. Joshua Kiddy Kwasi Asamoah

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 1 / 73

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 73

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

It could map a student to its height.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 73

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

p input output f (p)

It could map a product to its price.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 73

1 Functions are mostly used to describe dependence between quantities.

c input output n = f (c)

It could map a country to its president.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 4 / 73

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

The dependence could be described either by words, graphs, an equation or a tabulation.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 5 / 73

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 73

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 73

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 6 / 73

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 8 / 73

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is Df = R.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 8 / 73

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is Df = R.

3 Its range is {c} .

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 8 / 73

2 This function is defined for all real numbers: Its domain is Df = R.

3 Its range is {c} .

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 8 / 73

Constant function graph

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 9 / 73

Step Function (or staircase function)

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 10 / 73

Step Function (or staircase function)

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 10 / 73

Step Function (or staircase function)

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 10 / 73

Step Function (or staircase function)

1 Any number x is assigned to a unique real number: f is a function.

Step Function graph

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) −2 Functions 11 / 73

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 12 / 73

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

1 g assigns two values to x0 = −4.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 12 / 73

Example of Non Step Function

Consider the following relation

1 g assigns two values to x0 = −4.

TOPEL (KNUST-Maths) Functions 12 / 73