Maths Literacy Notes:

Number formats:
Eg: 37 450 000 000

37 = Billion

450 = Million

000 = Thousands

000 = Hundreds

00 = Tens

0 = Units

Rounding off:
- When rounding off always mark down what you’re rounding off
- Always look at the neighbouring number/ the one b4 (on the right) to see if it stays the
same or changes
o Changes = 5 and above
o Stays the same = Below

5 Eg: Round off 7 046 to the nearest 10.

≈ 7050

Eg: Round off 18 728 to the nearest 100.

≈ 18 700

Eg: Round off 7 215 to the nearest 2nd DP (decimal place)

≈ 7 220 [another way to write it – 7,22]

Eg: Round off 0,346 to the nearest 1st DP

≈ 0, 300 [can be written as 0,3]

Eg: Round off 8,503 to the nearest whole No.

≈ 9,000 [can be written as 9]

Eg: round off 9,99999 to the nearest 3 DP

≈ 10,0000 [can be written as 10]

Scientific Notation:
A significant digit is the 1st No. that is NOT ZERO

Working with large numbers:

Eg: 50 348 271,
No decimal given = right at the end of the Number
For scientific notation, the decimal needs to be written after the 1st significant digit.
Eg: 50 348 271
= 5,0348271
 from 5 to 1 = 7 Hops
THEREFORE = 5,0348271 × 107 (MUST ALWAYS BE TO THE POWER OF SOMETHING)
What if you’re given a number in scientific notation? How do you convert it?
Eg: 2,5691 × 103
 the power always directs us on how many hops we do

THEREFORE it’ll be = 2569,1

What if the power is bigger then the number?

Eg: 3,52 × 106

 Make 6 hops + add zeros

THEREFPRE it’ll be = 3 520 000,00

Working w small No.’s:

Eg: 0,1345

 Goes after the 1st significant number THEREFORE After no.1

THEREFORE it’ll be 1.345× 10−1

 Becomes negative bc it is “0,…”

Eg: 0,1

 1 hop

= 11 × 10−1
Eg: 0,00000058
 7 hops
= 5,8 × 10−7

Convert a No. in scientific notation to it’s original:

Eg: 3× 10−5

 Indicated how many hops to make THEREFORE 5 hops = 5 zeros

THEREFORE it’ll be = 0,00003

Eg: 2,13 × 10−2

 2 hops = 2 zeros

= 0,0213

Percentage:
Calculate the % of a value:
 % × (𝑜𝑓) 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

(Answer in a Unit)

Eg: What is 30% of R700

= R210

Calculate the % of Two values:

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 × 100
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡

(Answer in a %)

Eg: You got 47 of 50 for a test. What’s the % ?

47
= × 100
50

= 94%

Increasing/Decreasing a value by a %
- Given original amount.
- Final amount (not given)
- Given % change.

Final amount = Original(100 + %)%

 If its increasing by a %
Final amount = Original(100 - %)%
 If its decreasing by a %
Eg: A kit-kat costs R14,25 w/out VAT. How much will it cost? VAT = 15%
Original = R14,25
Final = Don’t know
% = 15%

Final = 14,25(100 + 15%)%

 Amount is increasing so we plus in the brackets
= 𝑅16,357
≈ 𝑅16,36
Eg: A shirt has a selling prices of R165. The shop puts in on sale it is Marked down by 33%
What does it cost now?
Original = R165
Final amount = Don’t know
% = 35%
Final amount =165(100 - 35%)%
 Amount is decreasing so we minus in the brackets
= R110,65

Calculating an original value:

 You know what the item costs now. You want to what it cost B4

Original = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
( 100 + 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)%

 If original = less than then the final amount

Original = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
( 100 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)%

 If original = more then the final amount

Eg: You walk past a shop & see a shirt selling 4 R250 which is marked down by 25%
What did it cost b4 it was on sale?

Original = Don’t know

Final = R250
% = 25%
250
Original = (
100−25)%
= R 333,33

How much would you

save?
333,33 – 250
= R83,33

Calculating the % change:

Original = given
Final amount = given
% change = Not given

% change 𝐵𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟−𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟
× 100
= 𝑶𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍

Bigger value if % decreases

Smaller value if % Increase
Eg: An iPhone costs R 19 800 but it has been marked down to R15 000. What is the percent decrease
( )
Original = R19 800
Final = R15 000
% change = don’t know
19 800−15 000
% change 19 800
× 100
=
= 24,24%

Ratio & Proportion:

Ratio:
Simplify Ratio:
(type 1)

 Use common factors

 Make unit’s the same (convert if necessary)
 There can be no fractions/decimals
 What you do to one side you do to the other
 Unit form = 1: _
Eg: 15:25 (CF= 5)

 THEREFORE you divide them both by 5

= 3:5

What if they’re both in decimals?

Eg: 2,1:0,7

 Move 1 place = × 10

What if only ONE is in a decimal?

Eg: 3,2:4

 What you do to one side you do to the other = × BOTH by 10

= 32:40

= 8:10

= 4:5

Increasing & Decreasing in a ratio:

(Type 2)

- Turn into a ratio

Increasing:
𝐵𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟
Eg: 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 × 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑
 5
= × 45
3

= 75

Decreasing:
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟
Eg: 𝐵𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟
× Amount to be decreased

3
× 45
5
=
= 45

Sharing in a ratio:
(Type 3)

- Add the ratio

- For each unit 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒅
= 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

Eg: Yardena, Alex and Dani waste a 35 minute lesson in the ratio of 1:2:2
Calculate How many minutes they each waste.
Total = 1 + 2 + 2

=5
1
Yardena = × 35
5
= 7 minutes

Alex = 2 × 35
5
= 14 minutes

2
Dani = × 35
5
= 14 minutes

Comparing 2 different Ratios:

(Type 5)

- Make the left-hand side of each ratio the same

- Make the right-hand side of each ratio the same
- Use unit form = 1: _ (Divide by the LHS

number) Eg: Pick n’ pay sells 2,5kg of flour for R43,99.

Spar sells 2kg of flour for R38,99.

Which is better value for

money?

Pick n’ Pay = Kg:R

= 2,5:43.99
  Change to unit form = ÷ BOTH by 2,5

= 1:17,596

Spar = Kg:R

= 2:38,99

 Change to unit form = ÷ BOTH by 2

= 1:19,495

THEREFORE Pick n’ Pay is better value for money.

Proportion:
Direct Proportion:
- 2 categories / 2 units
- Identify the 2 categories.
- Write the ratio that You know.
- Write the ratio you want.
- Multiply Criss Cross { } Then divide by the left over number.

Eg: 8 Cans of coke cost R95,80. What you 3 cans of coke cost?

Cans : R

= 8 : 95,80 If they go in the same

direction = direct
3 : X

= 95,80 × 3 ÷
8

= 35,95

THEREFORE 3 cans cost R35,95

{ If given in a graph it’ll look like = }

Indirect Proportion:
- Given 2 categories/ 2 units
- Identify the categories
- Write the ratio You know
- Write the ratio you want
- Multiply Across slide { } divide by the left over number.

Eg: 6 workers takes 10 days to paint a building. How long will it take if 1 worker fell ill?

Workers : Days

= 6 : 10 If they’re Going in opposite directions = Indirect

5:X
 = 6 × 10 ÷ 5

= 12

THEREFORE it’ll take 5 workers 12 days.

{ If given in a graph it’ll look like = }

Graphs:
= Constant graphs
 Amount That NEVER CHANGES

= Direct proportion (as one value increases the other increases)

 Straight line
 Passes Thru origin.

= Linear graph
 Straight line
 Does not pass thru origin

= Inverse/ Indirect graph

 As one value increases the other decreases.
o More ppl, it’ll cost less.

= Exponential graph
 As one value increases the other increases
o But at a much quicker pace
 Y – axis = Dependant value

X – axis = Independent value

 Independent value is always written FIRST.

 Dependant value is always written SECOND.

- Same information given = Graph be biased to tell the story you want to tell
 Advertises use this
If the units weren’t given you wouldn’t know they were the

SAME “//” = to not start @zero so that you can ZOOM IN

 Can only start w the “Break” in the BEGINNING.

Finance:
Terminology:
 Entrepreneurship = All about starting your own business.

= Making a profit.

 Businesses = Provides a service to its target market/ customer.

= Always have INCOME and EXPENSES

= Expenses – Items/Services in which the business has to pay.

i.e electricity, tax, salaries etc..

= Income – Money in which the business receives from providing a

Service/ selling a product.

HOWEVER there’s different kinds of INCOME and EXPENSES,

Which can be categorized in either FIXED/VARIABLE
 = Fixed – Any amount of money paid/received which is a consistent amount.

= Variable – Any amount of money paid/received which the amount changes.

 Salary = An employee receives a certain amount for doing a job, every month.
 Wages = An employee receives a certain amount for doing a job, weekly.
 Profit = Amount made whereas the income is higher than the expenses .
 Loss = Amount made whereas the expenses are higher than the income.

Income and Expense graph:

Eg:

Income – y = mx
Kelsey's Doll's Clothing Business
4500  The amount you sell
3500
the item 4
Amount (R)

2500
1500
Expense – y = mx + c
500
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
 Fixed expense
Outfits sold
Start @ zero = You sell 0 therfore you make

0. Fixed expense = Costs you have to pay

Expense Income even if
 You make nothing.

PERCENT PROFIT:
Profit = selling price – cost price

 Of individual prices.
 Looking at the profit you are making PER ITEM are a percentage.
 You aren’t looking at any FIXED EXPENSES into account.

Always given:
- Cost price
- Selling price
- Profit
- % Profit

Level 1:
~ Profit = Selling Profit – Cost Price

Level 2:
~ Selling Price = Cost Price(100+Percent)%

Level 3:
~ Cost Price = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
(100+𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)%

Level 4:

% Profit 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
× 100
= 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

PROFIT MARGIN:
 Total income made over a certain period of time
 Cost for everything in the business
 Turning profit into a %

Formula:
Profit margin 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
× 100
= 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒

INTEREST:
 Split into two groups
=
o Simple interest
 o Compound interest

Simple interest:

Formula = 10% × 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔.

 Constant therefore it doesn’t change = Direct proportion graph.

Example:

Yr 1 – R100
Interest – 10%
×R100=R10 End of yr 1 –
R110

Yr 2 – R110
Interest – 10%
×R100=R10 End of yr 2 –
R120

Yr 3 – 120
Interest – 10%
×R100=R10 End of yr 3 –
R130

Compound Interest:
Formula = 10% × The amount in the account.

 Changes every yr / month = Exponential graph.

Example:
Yr 1 – R100
Interest – 10% × 𝑅100 = 𝑅10
End of yr 1 – R110
Yr 2 – R110
Interest – 10% × R110 =
R11 End of yr 2 – R121
Yr 3 – R121
Interest – 10% × 𝑅121 = 𝑅12,10

End of yr 3 – R133,10
Example:
- Simple Interest =
1. Dani invests R500 in a bank account @5,5% p.a simple

interest. How much money will she save after 6 yrs?

P.A – Per annum (means per year)

Step 1: Calculate per year Step 2: Calculate total interest.

= 5,5% × 500 = R27,50 × 6

= R27,50 = R165

Step 3: Calculate total amount in the bank account.

= R500 + R165

= R665

Example:
- Compound interest =
 Dani invests R500 in a bank account @5,5% p.a Compound interest.

How much money does she have after 6 yrs?

Yr 1 = R500 Yr 2 = R527,50 Yr 3 = R556,51

% int. = 5,5% × 𝑅500 % int. = 5,5% × 𝑅527,50 % int. = 5,5% × 𝑅556,51

Final = R527.50 Final = R556,51 Final = R587,12

Yr 4 = R587,12 Yr 5 = R619,41 Yr 6 = R653,48

% int = 5,5% × 𝑅587,12 % int. = 5,5% × 𝑅619,41 % int. = 5,5% × 𝑅653,48
Final = R619,41 Final = R653,48 Final = R689,42

NB! With compound interest ALWAYS give more %

interest. Therefore, if given loan = more interest.

If given in test a question of the following- Define whether its Simple/Compound interest:
 (If doesn’t tell you = ALWAYS COMPOUND!! NB)

Working with financial

documents:
Includes:
- Your personal info
- Your account info
- Statement summary
- Monthly incomings and outgoings

Different kinds of financial documents:

 Quotes

 Invoice

 Pay slips

 Budgeting

Quotes:
Before buying a products for a company/ in general this is used to get information from supplier.

= This Isn’t A Commitment

= Receive A List Of Prices For Products

Includes:
 Date - when quote was issued
 Quote # - number of the quote = therefore it is easier to access for the company
 Customer ID – Every customer get given a customer id = easier to access in a file of so
many other customers
 Expiration date – expiring date of the quote = when its valid for cuz prices can go up/down.

= Get given a certain amount between the date it is issued + date it expires.

 “To” – Gives information of the person receiving the quote = therefore, you.
 “Salesperson” – Who’s giving the quote
 “Qty” – Give quote for 1 item = give amount for 1 item.
 “Unit price” – Original amount
  “Line total” – How much you pay in total/ person receiving quote.
 “Subtotal” – Amount given without tax.
 “Vat” – The amount of tx someone has to pay (15%)
 “Delivery” – The delivery fee that needs to be payed
 “Total” – Overall amount with Vat + Delivery fee included

Invoi:ce:
This is a document explaining to the company what youre buying ie. What you’ve committed to
buying from the quote they’ve given you.

Includes:
 Date - when invoice was issued
 Invoice # - number of the quote = therefore it is easier to access for the company
 Customer ID – Every customer get given a customer id = easier to access in a file of so
many other customers
 “Bill to” – Given information about the person receiving the invoice.
 “Qty” – How many items the customer has decided to buy”
 “Unit price” – price per (for 1) item
 “Line total” – The total amount of money itll cost for all the items the customer has
decided to buy
 “Subtotal” – How much its going to cost (not included vat)
 “Vat” – How much tax the person has to pay
 “Total” – The amount included with vat

Pay slips:
This is a document which has information about you and of how much you get paid by the
company you work for.

Includes:
 “Employee no.” – Registered with the company you work for
 “ID no.” – identification number NB!! Also includes when youre born with first 6 digits
 “Started date” – when you started with the company
 “Position” – the position youre in the company/ what you work as
 “Cost centre” – what you cost the business
 “Payment type” – what you get paid in ie. Cash/ eft
 “Pay frequently” – when you get paid ie. Monthly/weekly or daily
 “Pay period” – Between what dates you get paid
 “Pay date” – when you actually get paid
 “Tax number” – How you register to get revenue
Other:
 Income:
 Salary = How much you get paid – can also get paid monthly but hourly

(Per hour- for each other you work)

 13th cheque* = not always included – means bonus

 Allowances: *if don’t work full time you don’t get allowances*

Given above your salary as an extra – added to salary

Not always the same for different people/ pay slips

MIGHT ONLY INCLUDE/INCLUDE DIFFERENT THINGS

 Travel allowance = if required to travel you get an allowance for petrol

 Reimbursive Travel = AAA rate – get paid per kilometre and how long it took
therefore added to your salary
 Housing allowance
 Telephone/Cell phone allowance = might be required to use your cell phone
therefore they’ve given you a phone to use/pay you for using it
 Car allowance include = pay for your car
 Deductions: what they’ve taken out of your salary
MIGHT ONLY INCLUDE/INCLUDE DIFFERENT THINGS
 Current pension fund = money taken away from salary to be added to your savings
for one day to be used once you’ve retired
 Employee medical aid contribution = pay for your medical aid
 Attendance:
 Absent = if you were absent they take it out from your salary
 Sick leave = if youre ill they take away from salary
 Annual leave
 Maternity leave = if youre pregnant and took leave
 Family leave
 Other leave = like go away for holiday etc
 Extra time
 Double time
 Overtime
 Nett salary:
 Gross income = Income + allowances (what you earn)
 UIF (unemployment insurance fund) = Obligated pay, what you pay monthly to
government so one day if get retrenched you can claim this back and still get
a percentage of your salary
CONTRIBUTION TO UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND
 TAX –
 Employee tax = Must pay part of your salary
 Voluntary tax
 Total tax = How much tax you must pay in total
 Nett pay = What amount of money you make after tax + deductions
 Payable = Same as nett pay
Budgeting:
A plan you write down to get an idea/ decide how much money you receive and how much money
you will spend each month.

Table layout given:

Category: Budget: Actual: Difference:
Income:
Income = Rx Rx Rx
Interest income = Rx Rx Rx
Interest subtotal = Rx Rx Rx

Expenses:
Rent/ Mortgage = Rx Rx Rx
Electricity + Water = Rx Rx Rx
Groceries = Rx Rx Rx
Expense subtotal = Rx Rx Rx

Net income = Rx Rx Rx

 Difference:
 Actual – Budget = Formula.
 - R = Negative amount -> Spent less than budget.
 + R (plus sign isn’t included, just for reference) = Spent more than budget.
 Net income:
 Income – Expenses = Formula
 Rent/ Mortgage:
 Fixed Amount* - Pay same amount every month (constant)
o Other examples – School fees, Donations, DSTV/Netflix subscription
 Electricity + Water:
 Variable cost* - Depends on how much you use.
Hire purchase:
Hp (High purchase) agreement = short-term loan.
ALWAYS SIMPLE INTEREST!! NB

Examples of HP agreement:

 Furniture
 Household appliances
 Cars

Deposit = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 × 15%

Loan Amount = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑

Interest = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 × % 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

Total = Deposit + Loan amount + Interest

Monthly instalment ~

 Amount owed = (Loan amount + Interest)

Data handling:
- Statistics

Chapter 5:
- Discussing the law of averages
- Don’t always tell the truth = can be very biases
 Switch the truth 2 benefit themselves

Steps:
- Collecting information =
 Get a sample: select some individuals from a population
 Population = every individual (ideal)
 Asking everyone THEREFORE not bias.

Probability:
- The possibility of something happening/taking place

Given in a %
Less likely More likely
=
0% 50% 100%
Impossible Equally likely Gaurenteed
- Can be given in a percent fraction or decimal.

 Give faction unless told otherwise !NB!

Probability = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

Eg: You have a bag containing 6 blue marbles, 5 red marbles and 4 green marbles.
What is the probability of you choosing a red marble?
P (Red marble) = 515 Red
1 All marbles
=
3
Eg: What is the probability of choosing a blue or green marble?
10
P (B + G) = B+G
15 All marbles
2
=
3

Map work: UK
TO/FROM = where you’re going
NB!!! Only need to know dark blue
Of = Starting point/Where you’re @
1. What is The UK to SA?
= North
2. What is SA to The UK?
= South
SA

- When given a map always look 4 the

- Compass points compass points
- Always turn your page so that NORTH
Grid reference = ALWAYS PUT THE LETTER faces up B4 reading directions
1ST

ARROWS ALWAYS POINT @NORTH

Elevation Plans:
- Southern elevation = positioned facing the North
 Makes houses hot.
- Northen Elevation = positioned facing the South
 Makes houses cold.

BIRDS EYE VIEW = see fixtures – things built into the house THEREFORE cant take with you

Ratio Scale:
Eg: Map: Ground
1 : 20 000 The unit you put in is the unit you get out

Question 1: = 20 000 × 2,5 ÷ 1

The measurement on the map is 2,5 cm.
= 50 000 cm
THEREFORE

 50 000 ÷ 1000
= 50Km
What is the measurement on the

ground? M : G

= 1 : 20 000

2,5 : X

KM M CM ALWAYS CONVERT WHEN

NECCESARY
MM
1000 100 10

×  6 Zero’s THEREFORE
= 1 mil
÷

Question 2:
The measurement on the ground is
6,2Km. What Is the map measurement? = 1 × 6,2 ÷ 20 000
M:G = 3,1 × 10−4 𝐾𝑚 × 1 000 000
= 1: 20 000 = 310 Mm/ 3,1 Cm
X: 6,2

Question 3:
- Find out the scale:

A measurement on the map of 53 mm represents 100 Km in real life.

Write a ratio scale for this map.
(Correct to nearest 1000)

M:G

= 53mm : 100Km Make units the SAME

× 1 000 000
= 53 : 1 000
000

 Next we work out in unit form

= 1 :

THEREFORE 53 : 100 000

÷ 53
= 1 : 1886,792 Divide by the first given no.
≈ 1886,79

 Asked 2 round off to the nearest

100 THEREFORE 1 : 1886,79
Look 2 the No. b4 the No. we
= 1 : 1800,00
WANT LARGER THEN 5 THEREFORE

IT
BECOMES BIGGER AND REST
BECOMES ZEROS
Bar Scale:
40Km
= 2,5Cm (On the map)

- Given bar scale for a certain measurement on the GROUND.

- Measure the bar scale with a ruler to determine the measurement on the MAP.
- What you put in is what you get out.
- Given Two different Measurements.
- The measurements are INCLUDED IN THE RATIO
 But they don’t change, they stay the same

Eg: The map measurement from point B to C as the crow flies is 8,5 cm. Use the bar scale to show
that the actual distance is covered by the balloon, as the crow flies is approximately 130Km.

- Given an object that’s bigger than the pic

M: G THEREFORE scale is much larger.
= 2,5Cm : X = 8,5 × 40 ÷ 2,5 - Given an object that’s smaller than the pic
= 136 Km THEREFORE scale is much smaller.
40Km 8,5Cm

:X
The actual distance covered is 136Km THEREFORE it isn’t approximately 130Km & incorrect
HOWEVER it is close.

Bearing:
Steps:
- When given 2 compass points find north
 Put protractor on the dot of the compass points = measure
the degrees (°)
- When measuring always put the S & N.

Measuring bearing from B to A:

WESTERN:
- Going in western direction (Left)
= V big issue
(Always add 180°)

TIPS:

- Put page to face North.

EASTERN:  North = up/top of page
o Then measure
- Going in eastern
direction (Right) North is always up
= No problem
Time:
ANALOGUE: DIGITAL:
- 12HR format - 24HR format
 P.M  01:00 – 00:00
 A.M  Midnight
 1:00 - 12:00
MUST ALWAYS HAVE 4 NUMBERS
Must SAY A.M OR P.M

Eg: Write quarter past eught in the morning in:

a. 12hr format

= 8:15am

b. 24hr format
= 08:15

Eg: Write twenty to seven in the evening in:

a. Digital
= 18:40
b. Analogue
= 6:40pm

Leap years:
- If it can be devided by
4 HOWEVER
= If the year ends in “00”
 It must be ÷ by 400.
Converting into hrs + minutes:
Eg: 7,8hrs
- Given a question w “From”
= Include it
Eg: 2000 - In leap yrs Feb = 29 days NOT 28
- End 2 End = Minus them
- Beginning 2 End = Minus Then plus 1
- End 2 Beginning = Minus then Minus 1

Given in 2 Ways =

- 7Hrs + 0,8Hrs - In the calculator:

× 60  7,8 = put into a fraction
o Press Fact B/ ̊’’’
= 7 ̊48’0’’

THEREFORE 7Hrs 48Mins

Speed, Distance + Time:
- You will be given 2 values
 Asked for the 3rd
= Cover what you want 2 see if
you must × or ÷

UNITS ARE NB!!

If doesn’t give measurements use UNITS

 Must be the SAME

SPEED:
𝐷
S=
𝑇

 Speed units are difficult to change.

 So make sure that distance and time match speed
= THEREFORE if speed is km/h make sure distance is in km and time
is in hrs
CONVERT WHEN NECCESARY

Eg: Km/Hr or M/S

DISTANCE:
D=S×T

If given in minutes change to Hrs DON’T CHANGE SPEED

Eg: 45Min

THEREFORE = 45 ÷ 60

= 0,75 -> Then change it

TIME:
𝐷
T=
𝑆

If sec more than “30” = round up bc its more then half

Area + Perimeter:
Area:
Rectangle = L × B
Perimeter:
Rectangle = L + B + L + B
= 2L + 2B
= 2(L + B)
Square = L+ L + B + B Square = L × L
=𝑙 4

ALWAYS JUST UNITS ALWAYS 𝑈𝑁𝐼𝑇𝑆2

Circle = πd Circle = π𝑟2

= 2πr

IF IT DOESN’T STATE WHAT 2 USE THEREFORE USE π FORMULA

𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑟2
Semi-circle = +𝑑 Semi-circle =
2 2

𝜋𝑑
Quarter-circle = +d
Quarter-circle =
𝜋𝑟2
4
4

If given what π = use that bc if you don’t it wont be right THEREFORE you’ll lose marks.

Compound shapes:
 2 or more shapes combined into 1

Perimeter: Area:
Don’t include dotted line when working Split them into 2 different shapes, work
out perimeter. them out separately.
 Add all sides as usual. - Once worked out add them as usual
to get the full amount.
 Theorem of Pythagoras:
= To find a side

𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐2 Pythag

 Side opposite 90 ̊ stands alone

= Hypotenuse

Eg: Find side C

42 + 32 = 25
3cm C
C = 25
= √25 ALWAYS SQUARE ROOT
4cm = 5cm.

Perimeter: Area:
1
Side 1 + Side 2 + Side 3 ×B×H
2

Surface Area + Volume: Volume = Area of base × height

=L×B×H
Rectangular Prism = Opposite side are parallel (identical/ the same) ALWAYS JUST UNITS ALONE
 Match Surface Area = 2(L × H) + 2(B × H) + 2(L × H)

 If no lid = 2(L × H) + 2(B × H) + 2(L × B)

ALWAYS SQUARED
Cube: Cylinder:
Volume = L × B × H Volume = Area of base × Height
=L×L×L = 𝜋𝑟2𝐻
= 𝐿3 Surface Area = 2𝜋𝑟2 + 𝜋𝑑𝐻
Surface Area = 6 × L × L = 2π𝑟2 + 2𝜋𝑟𝐻
= 6𝐿2

Triangular prism:
= Perpendicular Height – Same
measurement Volume = Area base × Height
1
=( 𝐵× H) × H
2

Surface Area = (B × H) + (Side 1+ Side 2+Side 3) × H

= (B × H) + ( Perimeter ∆ × H)

Extra information:
 Finding out 𝟐
THEREFORE the units need to be SQUARED.
 Finding out 𝟑
THEREFORE the units need to be CUBED.

Data:
 Quantitative data = can be recorded w numbers
 Qualitative data = can’t be counted w numbers
 Colours, gender, opinions, subjects etc…
 Discrete data = ONLY full integers (No fractions/ decimals)
 1, 2, 3 etc…
o Given in a graph it’ll be a dotted line.
 Continuous data = Full integers and includes fractions & decimals
 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 etc…
o Given in a graph it’ll be a full line.

Organising Data:
Tally tables/Frequency tables:
 Turned into a Bar-graph (space)
 Qualitative (usually)
 Discrete data (usually)
 Always give a heading to describe what type of table it.
  Always describe what it is showing.

In groupings:
Eg: 1yrs-16yrs = always quantitative

= always continuous data

= turned into a histogram (no spaces therefore they touch)

Double bar graph:

- Given two different groups of data.
- Put next to each other.

Put girls first THEREFORE they

BOTH need to have girls first.

Stacked bar graph:

- Given two different groups of data.
- Put on top of each other.
Pie charts:
- Used to show comparison between different sectors
- More then 2/ more

How to work out the degrees( ̊):

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
× 360
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
How to work out the percent (%):
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
× 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
Eg:

Line-graphs and broken line-graphs:

- Useful to see trends in data
- Identifying relationships betw 2 variables/ changes over time
- Clean points = plotted and then joined w line segments
- To differentiate betw the two = ALWAYS HAVE A KEY TO SHOW
Tree diagrams:
- Each column shows the carious events that will be occurring
- Each branch w/in column provides all possible outcomes

Calculate the possibility of someone choosing a

salad, chicken and brownies:

P(salad; chicken;brownies)

= p(salad) × p(chicken) × p(brownies)

1
= × Bottom number is the
2 1 1
1 3×4 possibility of it happening
=
= the number of branches
24
there are in each column

Analysing data:
- Mean = Add them all and divide by how many there are (average)
- Median = The number that’s in the middle (medium)
 Change so that it goes from smallest to biggest.
 If there are 2 = plus them then divide by 2
- Mode = The number that is the MOST repetitive
 If there are 2 = put them both
- Range = Difference betw the two
 Minus the highest number by the smallest
- Outlier = A value that is very different to the rest of the values
 Eg: 2,4,5,6,7 and 78

Contingency tables:
- Used when there’s different combinations involved in a scenario
- Used to record and analyse relationship betw 2 categories
 W the rows indicating 1 category + columns indicating the other category.