A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON SAVINGS AND

INVESTMENT HABITS OF THE SALARIED PEOPLE IN THANE CITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF

BANKING & INSURANCE

UNDER THE UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

Presented by

Mr. Saurabh Chandrakant Gorivale

TYBBI

Roll No.04

Project Guide
Prof. Rupesh Dhruvanshi

BACHELOR OF BANKING & INSURANCE

SEMESTER VI

Anand Vishwa Gurukul Senior Night College,

Raghunath Nagar, Next to Mittal Estate,

Thane - 400 604

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr SAURABH CHANDRAKANT GORIVALE, Roll no: 04, has worked
and duly completed his Project Work for the degree of Bachelor of BANKING & INSURANCE
under the Faculty of Commerce and his project is entitled, “TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF

COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT HABITS OF

SALARIED PEOPLE IN THANE CITY“under my supervision.
I further certify that the entire work has been done by the learner under my guidance and that no part
of it has been submitted previously for any Degree or Diploma of any University. It is his own
work and facts reported by his personal findings and investigations.

Name & Signature of:

Project Guide: Principal:

Date:

External Examiner: College Seal

Date:

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 Declaration

I the undersigned MR. SAURABH CHANDRAKANT GORIVALE here by, declare

that the work embodied in this project work titled “To study the effects of covid-19
Pandemic on Savings and Investment habits of the salaried people in Thane city” my
own contribution to the research work carried out under the guidance of Prof. Rupesh
Dhruvanshi is a result of my own research work and has not been previously submitted to
any other University for any other Degree to this or any other University. Wherever
reference has been made to previous work of others, it has been clearly indicated as such
included in the bibliography. I, here by further declare that all information of this
document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical
conduct.

Certified by Signature of student

Prof. Rupesh Dhruvanshi (Saurabh Chandrakant Gorivale)

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

To List who all have helped me in Difficulties because they are so numerous and the depth is so
enormous.
I would like to acknowledge the following as being idealistic channels and fresh dimensions in the
completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to thank the University Of Mumbai for giving me chance to do this project.
I would like to thank my principal, Dr. Harshala Likhite for providing the necessary facilities required
for completion of this project.
I take this opportunity to thank our Co-ordinator Prof. Rupesh Dhruvanshi for his moral support and
guidance.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards my project guide Prof. Rupesh Dhruvanshi
Whose guidance and care made the project Successful.
I would like to thank my College Library, for having provided various reference books and magazines,
newspapers related to my project.
Lastly, I would like to thank each and every person who directly or indirectly helped me in the
completion of the project especially My Parents who supported me throughout my project.

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 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the
savings and investment habits of salaried individuals in Thane City. The study aims to
understand how the pandemic has affected their financial planning, investment behavior,
and savings patterns. The study also investigates the factors that have influenced their
decision-making regarding investments and savings during the pandemic. To achieve
these objectives, the study uses research design, combining both quantitative and
qualitative data collection methods. The data is collected through an online survey with
salaried individuals in Thane City. The study findings will provide insights into the
financial behavior of salaried individuals during the pandemic.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR. NO. NAME OF THE CHAPTER PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 26

3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 29

DATA ANALYSIS , INTERPRETATION AND

4 34
PRESENTATION

5 CONCLUSION 51

6 FINDINGS 52

APPENDIX 53

REFERENCES 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY 56

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 INTRODUCTION

 SAVINGS & INVESTMENT:-

Saving and Investment is the key requirement in today„s life for growth and development. Salaried
peoples are mostly dependent on their salary or pension. But in today„s life everyone is in hurry to earn
as much money they could earn. Many of the people have started saving some part of their income and
invest them to various fields to earn a high returns for improving their financial condition. Peoples with
higher income face it easily to save some part of their income. One interesting fact that i want to tell is
saving money for the future is one of the great habits of wealthy people. They have successful measures
to stop their expenses, but the main difficulty is for middle class people. They have made many
sacrifices for their dreams to save some part of their salary; they also face many problems while
investing money because they have to be very careful while choosing an investment field. Hence, it is
necessary to have the financial knowledge while making investment; otherwise there are chances to lose
the money.

Most people, especially the new investors, use savings and investing interchangeably. But, they are
entirely different things, carrying different purposes and playing different roles in your financial
strategy and your balance sheet. Before you begin your journey to building wealth and financial
independence, make sure you are clear on this fundamental concept.

 WHAT IS SAVINGS?

Saving is keeping aside money from the income for a future need or expense, i.e. for uncertain
situations. Financial institutions offer several saving‟s options, the most common being savings account
in a bank, Fixed Deposits, Recurring Deposits, etc.
Savings refers to some amount of current income is kept separate for future use. People are able to save
money by keeping part of their revenues every month and it is likely to cut the unwanted expenditure,
generate more income and both. The need for saving is to fulfill future expenses, to meet the unexpected
contingencies or emergency situation, to help in improving the nation, to generate future income, the
economic development etc. Saving money for future gives you protection from unexpected
circumstances you don„t know what will happen to you next day or next week, month, year if you will
lost your job you can survive while looking for a job because you have your savings or you have
invested your money in any field which can give you some return.

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Few reasons why saving has great importance for salaried people:-

 For emergency, this could be a new roof for the family, out-of-pocket medical expenses, or a job
layoff and sudden loss of income. Keeping some money aside for these types of emergencies.


 Retirement is the last stage; someday everyone retires at any stage of life, so at that time money
is most necessary for live the life.


 Average Life Expectancy plays a great role, with more advances in medicine and public health;
people are now living longer and therefore needing more money.


 Security of money for future intends one to think upon it.

 Education - The costs for private and public school education are rising day-by-day, and it's
getting tougher to meet the demands. 


 To buy an own house is every salaried peoples dream for that purpose to save the money is
mandatory. Ones negotiating power goes a lot farther when one has a significant down payment
towards home, one will receive better interest rates, and be able to afford a bigger home. One
can determine how much you save towards this each month depending on his circumstances.


 Save for Vacations and Other Luxury Items- to save money is to have fun. One can save for
World Tour. Additionally, one can be saving for fun; one negotiating power is stronger if you
have cash in hand on bigger purchases. Day by day trends are changing so there is the need for
change in luxury items according to status, job and business.

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 WHAT IS INVESTMENT?

Investment is the process of putting our money in financial products and investment avenues that offer
the potential to generate income or aid in wealth creation. The most popular investment options in India
include stocks, mutual funds, real estate, bonds, ETFs (exchange-traded funds), etc. It‟s important to
remember that risk and return go hand in hand when it comes to investment.
Investment involves making of a sacrifice in the present with the hope of getting future benefits.
Investment has many faces. The two important elements of investments are current sacrifice and future
benefits. In other words, Investment refers to a commitment of funds to one or more assets that will be
held over some future time period. Anything not consumed for today saved for future use can be termed
as Investment.
Obviously, everybody wants more money. It's pretty easy to understand that people invest because they
want to increase their personal freedom, sense of security and ability to afford the things they want in life.
However, regardless of why one invests, one should seek to manage one self‟s wealth effectively,
obtaining most from it. This includes protecting the assets from inflation, taxes, and other factors.
Attitude of the people towards money in today‟s world is on next level but also everybody wants to enjoy
the benefits of money because they have earned money by hard work and efforts. That‟s great but
spending all your money is not the smartest thing to do. Savings helps the people to run in a long way.
There could be the uncertainties of future which resist people to save for future.

Investment is important because of financial interdependence, increases wealth, fulfilling personal goals
and Reduces future risk. Many of the peoples don„t have financial knowledge and they invest and lose
their money in any cheat fund companies. So many people are afraid to invest their savings. They are a
lot of choices for keeping the savings safe and also getting return on it like bank deposits, property,
national saving certificates, etc. Some people love to take risks whether some people don„t want to take
risk on their investment, some people deposit it in bank to have a low interest but safe return on their
investment while some invest it in shares to get high rate of return but they also carry high risk on their
investment.

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 IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENTS
Investments hold the key to one‟s future as they aid you in realizing your dreams. Following are some
of the top benefits of investing:

 Beat inflation: Investing your money helps you to beat inflation over time. If you don‟t invest,
chances are your purchasing power will decline as inflation tends to eat away the value of money
over time. To insure yourself against this situation, it makes sense to invest your money in
investment avenues that have the potential to yield inflation-beating returns.
 Realize your financial goals: Whether it‟s buying a house, a car, or saving up for your marriage,
or paying for your child‟s higher education, or planning for your retirement, investing can help
you to meet all such financial goals. Investing your money is one of the best ways to achieve
your long-term goals.
 Earn higher returns Investment avenues such as mutual funds or stocks have the potential to
fetch higher returns than fixed deposits or savings account.

 VARIOUS INVESTMENT OPTIONS IN INDIA
In India, there are many investment avenues are available. The following figure is pretty self-
explanatory regarding investment options. Investments are broadly classified into five categories
i.e. Equity, Debt, Real Estate, Commodities and Miscellaneous.
 Bank Deposits
 Insurance
 Public Provident Fund (PPF)
 Post Office Savings
 Mutual Fund
 Stock Market
 Bonds
 Equity
 Debt
 Corporate Debentures
 Company Fixed Deposits
 Real Estate
 Metal (Gold, Silver, Others)
 Tax Saving Schemes

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 HOW ARE SAVINGS & INVESTMENT SIMILAR?

Savings and investment are similar in that they both involve setting aside money for future use. However,
there are some key differences between the two. Savings typically refer to the money that is set aside
from one's income after meeting all the necessary expenses, with the primary aim of building an
emergency fund or meeting short-term financial goals. Savings are usually kept in low-risk instruments
such as bank accounts, savings accounts, and fixed deposits, which provide stable returns over time.
Investment, on the other hand, refers to the allocation of money in various financial instruments with the
aim of earning returns on that investment. Investments are made with a long-term perspective and are
generally considered to have a higher risk than savings. Examples of investment instruments include
stocks, bonds, mutual funds, real estate, and commodities. Despite the differences, savings and
investment are complementary to each other. Savings can provide a cushion for unexpected expenses and
also provide the initial capital for investing. Investment, on the other hand, can help grow savings through
the power of compounding, generating higher returns than traditional savings instruments over the long
term.
In summary, savings and investment are similar in that they both involve setting aside money for future
use, but they differ in terms of the purpose, time horizon, and risk involved. Both savings and investment
are important for financial planning and achieving long-term financial goals. Saving and investing are
similar in many ways as both share one common goal to help you accumulate money for future use.
Essentially, both savings and investments hold a monetary value that exists within financial instruments.
Both use specialized accounts with a financial institution to accumulate money and both require financial
planning that involves analyzing your financial goals.

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 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAVINGS & INVETSMENT?

The difference between savings and investment is that saving is often deposited into a bank in savings
account or a fixed deposit. On the other hand, investment involves buying assets such as real estate, gold,
stocks, shares, mutual funds that have the potential to increase in value over time.

Basis of Comparison Savings Investments

Objective Smaller & Short Term Goals Bigger & Long Term
Goals

Protection against Inflation Offer Low Protection Offer High Protection

Return Low Returns High Returns

Risk Very Low or Negligible Risk High or Medium Risk

Liquidity High Usually Low

Typical Products Cash, Bank’s Saving Account, Real Estate, Stocks,

FD’s, RD’s, etc. Mutual Funds, etc.

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Some of the difference between savings and investment are:-

Objective:-

The objective behind saving and investing is the biggest difference between the two. Savings are short-
term and are used for emergencies and purchases, and can be done without much research. Investments
are made to achieve bigger goals like building wealth, funding education, buying a house, etc. They often
require long-term commitments.

Protection against Inflation:-

The value of cash in a saving account drops when inflation is on the rise, but investments are excellent
financial products to combat inflation.

Returns:-

You usually earn a fixed and steady amount of interest on your savings. On the other hand, Investment
has the potential to yield much higher returns.

Risk:-

Savings usually have very low or negligible risk. Saving instruments like FDs, RDs and savings bank
accounts will always give you steady interest on them. But, investments carry high risk as their value can
fluctuate according to the market conditions and other economic and financial factors.

Liquidity:-

Saving instruments are usually high liquidity instruments. Therefore, they provide you with immediate
access to money as and when you need it. On the other hand, investments usually offer low liquidity and
hence, financial experts recommend never investing your emergency fund.

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The Pros and cons of Saving

Saving money can have both advantages and disadvantages. Here are some pros and cons of saving:
Pros:

 Financial security:

Saving money provides a sense of financial security by having a cushion for emergencies or
unexpected expenses.

 Achieving financial goals:

Saving money regularly helps to achieve financial goals like purchasing a car, house, or taking a
vacation.

 Compound interest:

Saving money in a savings account or other interest-bearing accounts can earn compound interest
over time, which can grow the money significantly.

 Control over finances:

Saving money helps to have control over finances by reducing dependence on credit cards and
loans.

 Reduced stress:

Saving money can reduce financial stress and anxiety, allowing one to focus on other areas of life.

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Cons:

 Opportunity cost:

Saving money means that the money is not being used for other purposes such as investing or
spending, which may offer better returns or immediate benefits.

 Inflation:

Saving money may not keep up with inflation, leading to a decrease in purchasing power over
time.

 Limited returns:

The returns on savings accounts or other traditional savings instruments are usually low, and the
growth may not be enough to achieve long-term financial goals.

 Over-saving:

Over-saving can lead to hoarding and an inability to enjoy the present, leading to missed
opportunities and experiences.

 Potential loss:
Keeping large amounts of cash at home or in a non-insured account may result in loss due to theft
or other unforeseen events.

Saving money can provide financial security and help to achieve long-term goals, but it also has some
potential drawbacks. It's important to strike a balance between saving and investment or spending to
maximize the benefits of saving while avoiding the potential pitfalls.

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The pros and cons of Investment

Investments have both advantages and disadvantages. Here are some pros and cons of investment:

Pros:

 Potential for high returns:

Investment in stocks, mutual funds, real estate, and other instruments can offer higher returns than
traditional savings accounts, potentially helping to build wealth over time.

 Compound interest:

Investment can provide compound interest, allowing the money to grow at an accelerated rate
over time.

 Diversification:

Investment in a diverse range of assets helps to spread the risk, reducing the overall risk of loss.

 Inflation protection:

Investment in assets such as real estate and stocks can provide protection against inflation, helping
to maintain purchasing power over time.

 Opportunity for passive income:

Investment in income-generating assets such as rental properties or dividend-paying stocks can

provide a steady stream of passive income.

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Cons:

 Risk of loss:

Investment comes with the risk of loss, and there is no guarantee of returns.

 Market volatility:

The value of investments can fluctuate based on market conditions, which can be stressful and
unpredictable.

 Potential for fraud:

Investment scams can result in the loss of invested capital.

 High fees:

Some investment products come with high fees, which can eat into the potential returns.

 Lack of liquidity:

Some investments may be difficult to sell quickly, resulting in a lack of liquidity.

In conclusion, investing money can potentially provide higher returns and protection against inflation, but
it also comes with risks and potential drawbacks. It's important to understand the risks involved and to
diversify investments to minimize the potential for loss. It's also essential to do thorough research and
seek professional advice before investing.

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So which is better – Savings or Investments?

Both saving and investment are important financial tools that can help you to achieving your financial
goals. However, they serve different purposes and have different benefits.

Saving involves putting money aside for future use, typically in a savings account or a low-risk
investment such as a certificate of deposit (CD). Saving is a good option for short-term financial goals,
such as building an emergency fund or saving for a down payment on a house. The money you save is
generally easily accessible, and you can use it when you need it.

Investment involves putting money into assets that have the potential to grow in value over time, such as
stocks, bonds, and real estate. Investing is typically a long-term strategy that can help you build wealth
and achieve long-term financial goals, such as retirement. The money you invest is generally less
accessible and carries more risk, but it has the potential for higher returns.

Therefore, the choice between saving and investing depends on your financial goals and timeline. If you
have short-term financial goals or need access to your money quickly, saving may be the better option. If
you have long-term financial goals and are willing to take on some risk, investment may be the better
option. In many cases, a combination of both saving and investment can be the best approach to achieve a
balance between liquidity and growth.

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 TYPES OF INVESTMENT & SAVINGS AVENUES:-

There are various types of investment and savings avenues available for individuals to choose from,
depending on their financial goals, risk factor, and investment horizon. There are a large number of
investment instruments available today. To make our lives easier we would classify or group them. In India,
numbers of investment avenues are available for the investors. Some of them are marketable and liquid while
others are non-marketable and some of them also highly risky while others are almost risk less. The people
has to choose Proper Avenue among them, depending upon his specific need, risk preference, and return
expected Investment avenues can broadly categories under the following heads.

Here are some of the popular investment and savings avenues in India:

1. BANK FIXED DEPOSITS

Fixed deposits (FDs) are a popular investment option in India, offered by banks and other financial
institutions. FDs are low-risk investment options, where investors deposit a lump sum amount for a fixed
period of time, and earn a fixed rate of interest on their investment. Fixed deposit means that the money
cannot be withdrawn before maturity. Deposits with Banks are also referred to as term deposits or time
deposits. Minimum investment period for bank FDs is 30 days or 7 days. Deposits in banks are very safe
because of the regulations of RBI and the guarantee provided by the deposit insurance corporation. The
interest rate on fixed deposits varies with term of the deposits Bank deposits enjoy exceptionally high
liquidity. Loans can rise against bank deposits. Due to this limitation, some banks offer additional
services to FD holders such as loan against FD certificates at competitive interest rates.

 Some of the key features of fixed deposits in India are:

1. Tenure:

The tenure of fixed deposits can range from 7 days to 10 years, depending on the investor's
choice. Investors can choose a tenure that suits their investment goals and financial needs.

2. Interest rates:

The interest rate offered on fixed deposits varies from bank to bank and depends on the tenure of
the deposit. Generally, longer tenures attract higher interest rates.
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 3. Guaranteed returns:

Fixed deposits offer guaranteed returns, which are not affected by market fluctuations or changes in
interest rates.

4. Low risk:

Fixed deposits are low-risk investment options, as the principal amount invested is not affected by
market fluctuations. The interest earned on fixed deposits is also not subject to market risk.

5. Tax implications:

The interest earned on fixed deposits is taxable as per the investor's income tax slab.

6. Premature withdrawal:

Investors can withdraw their fixed deposits prematurely, but they may have to pay a penalty for doing
so.

Fixed deposits in India are a popular investment option among risk-averse investors who are looking for a safe
and guaranteed return on their investment. It is important to compare interest rates offered by different banks
and financial institutions before investing in a fixed deposit to get the best returns on your investment.

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2. INSURANCE POLICIES

Insurance policies are contracts between an insurer (the insurance company) and the insured (the
policyholder) in which the insurer agrees to compensate the insured in case of specific covered events in
exchange for premium payments made by the insured. The purpose of insurance policies is to provide
financial protection to individuals or organizations against unforeseen events that could cause financial
losses.

 Some of the common types of insurance policies are:

 Life insurance:

A life insurance policy pays a lump sum amount to the beneficiaries of the insured in case of the
insured's death. It is designed to provide financial protection to the insured's family in case of the
insured's untimely death.

 Health insurance:

A health insurance policy provides coverage for medical expenses incurred by the insured due to
illness or injury. It covers hospitalization expenses, doctor's fees, medicines, and other related
expenses.

 Vehicle insurance:

Vehicle insurance policies provide coverage against losses or damages caused to a vehicle due to
accidents, theft, or natural calamities. It is mandatory to have a third-party liability insurance
policy for all vehicles plying on Indian roads.

 Home insurance:

Home insurance policies provide coverage against losses or damages caused to a home due to
natural calamities, theft, or accidents. It provides financial protection to the insured in case of
damages caused to their home or its contents.

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  Travel insurance:

A travel insurance policy provides coverage against medical expenses, trip cancellations, lost
luggage, or any other unforeseen events that may occur during a trip.

Insurance policies are designed to provide financial protection to individuals or organizations against
unforeseen events that could cause financial losses. It is important to choose the right insurance policy
based on your needs, budget, and the level of coverage required.

3. PUBLIC PROVIDENT FUND (PPF)

The Public Provident Fund (PPF) is a savings scheme offered by the Government of India, which aims to
encourage individuals to save for their long-term financial goals. PPF accounts can be opened at any post
office or authorized bank branch. A long term savings instrument with a maturity of 15 years. A PPF
account can be opened through a nationalized bank at any time during the year and is open all through the
year for depositing money. Tax benefits can be availed for the amount invested and interest accrued is
tax-free. A withdrawal is permissible every year from the seventh financial year of the date of opening of
the account.

 Some of the key features of the PPF scheme include:

1. Long-term savings:

The PPF scheme has a tenure of 15 years, which makes it an ideal investment option for
individuals looking to save for their long-term financial goals.

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 2. Tax benefits:

Investments made in PPF accounts are eligible for tax deductions under Section 80C of the
Income Tax Act. The interest earned and the maturity amount is also tax-free.

3. Guaranteed returns:

The PPF scheme offers guaranteed returns, which are set by the government every quarter. The
current interest rate for the PPF scheme is 7.1% per annum (as of January 2022).

4. Flexibility:

PPF account holders can make partial withdrawals from their account after completing five years.
They can also take a loan against their PPF account balance after completing three years.

5. Transferability:

PPF accounts can be transferred from one authorized bank branch or post office to another,
making it easy for individuals who relocate to continue their savings.

The Public Provident Fund is a popular savings scheme among Indian residents, thanks to its long-term
savings tenure, tax benefits, and guaranteed returns.

4. POST OFFICE SAVINGS

Post Office Savings is a scheme offered by the Indian Post Office, which provides a range of savings
options to Indian residents. The scheme is backed by the Government of India, making it a safe and
reliable option for individuals looking to save their money. Post Office Monthly Income Scheme is a low
risk saving instrument, which can be availed through any Post Office The interest rate on deposits is
slightly higher than banks. The interest is calculated half yearly and paid yearly.

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 Some of the popular Post Office Savings schemes include:

1. Post Office Savings Account:

This is a basic savings account that can be opened with a minimum deposit of Rs. 500. The
account provides a 4% interest rate per annum, which is compounded annually.

2. Post Office Time Deposit Account:

This is a fixed deposit scheme that offers guaranteed returns for a fixed period of time. The
scheme has a lock-in period ranging from 1 to 5 years, and the interest rates range from 5.5% to
6.7% per annum, depending on the lock-in period.

3. Post Office Monthly Income Scheme:

This is a scheme that provides a regular monthly income to the investor. The scheme has a lock-in
period of 5 years and provides an interest rate of 6.6% per annum.

4. Post Office Public Provident Fund:

This is a long-term savings scheme that provides tax benefits and guaranteed returns. The scheme
has a lock-in period of 15 years and provides an interest rate of 7.1% per annum, which is
compounded annually.

5. Post Office National Savings Certificate:

This is a tax-saving investment scheme that provides guaranteed returns. The scheme has a lock-in
period of 5 years and provides an interest rate of 6.8% per annum, which is compounded annually.

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5. MUTUAL FUND

A mutual fund is a professionally managed investment fund that pools money from multiple investors to
purchase a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. The investment portfolio of a mutual
fund is managed by a professional fund manager, who invests the money in various assets to achieve the
fund's investment objective.

 Some of the key features of mutual funds include:

 Diversification:

Mutual funds invest in a diversified portfolio of securities, which reduces the risk of losses due to
the poor performance of any individual security.

 Professional Management:

Mutual funds are managed by professional fund managers who have the knowledge and expertise
to invest in the right securities to achieve the fund's investment objective.

 Liquidity:

Mutual fund units can be easily bought and sold at any time, making them a liquid investment
option.

 Affordability:

Mutual funds offer an affordable investment option, as investors can start with a small amount of
money and benefit from the diversification and professional management provided by the fund.

 Transparency:

Mutual funds provide regular reports and disclosures to investors, which allow them to stay
informed about the performance of the fund and the securities held in the portfolio.

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There are various types of mutual funds available in the market, including equity funds, debt funds,
balanced funds, index funds, and sector funds. Investors can choose a mutual fund that suits their
investment goals, risk tolerance, and investment horizon.

6. EQUITY

Equity refers to the ownership interest or residual value of an asset after all debts and other obligations are
paid. It represents the portion of an asset that is owned outright, without any liens or other claims against it.In
the context of investments, equity refers to ownership in a company, usually in the form of common stock.
Equity investors have a claim on the company's assets and earnings and may receive dividends if the company
is profitable. Equity investors also have the potential to earn a return on their investment if the value of the
company's stock increases over time. In real estate, equity refers to the difference between the current market
value of a property and the outstanding mortgage or other debt on the property. As the mortgage is paid down
and the value of the property increases, the owner's equity in the property increases. Equity is an important
concept in finance, as it is used to measure the value of an asset or investment. It is also used to determine the
amount of ownership a person or entity has in a company or property. Understanding equity is important for
making informed investment decisions and managing personal finances.

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 Types of Equity Investments

There are two main types of equity investments:

 Common Stock:

Common stock represents ownership in a company and gives investors the right to vote on
corporate decisions, such as electing the board of directors or approving mergers and acquisitions.
Common stockholders also have the potential to receive dividends and earn a return on their
investment if the stock price increases. However, common stockholders are last in line for
payments if the company goes bankrupt or is liquidated.

 Preferred Stock:

Preferred stock is a type of equity investment that typically pays a fixed dividend and has priority
over common stock in the event of a bankruptcy or liquidation. Preferred stockholders do not have
voting rights like common stockholders, but they do have priority over common stockholders
when it comes to receiving payments. Preferred stock can also be callable, which means that the
company can buy back the stock at a predetermined price.

In addition to these two main types of equity investments, there are also other types of equity investments
such as:

 Equity mutual funds:

These are mutual funds that invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks of various companies.

 Exchange-traded funds (ETFs):

ETFs are similar to mutual funds but trade like stocks on an exchange.

 Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs):

These are investment vehicles that invest in a portfolio of income-producing real estate properties.

21
  Venture capital:

Venture capital involves investing in early-stage companies with high growth potential.

 Private Equity:

Private equity involves investing in private companies, often with the goal of turning them around
or taking them public.

Investors should carefully consider the risks and potential returns of each type of equity investment
before making any investment decisions.

7. DEBT

Debt refers to the amount of money that you owe to someone or an institution, such as a bank or a credit card
company. Debt can be incurred for various reasons, including borrowing money for education, buying a
house, or using credit cards to make purchases. There are two main types of debt: secured debt and unsecured
debt. Secured debt is backed by collateral, such as a house or a car, which can be seized by the lender if you
fail to make payments. Unsecured debt, on the other hand, is not backed by collateral, and the lender may
have to take legal action to collect the debt if you fail to pay.
Debt can be beneficial if it is managed responsibly and used to build assets or invest in your future. For
example, taking out a student loan to invest in your education can increase your earning potential in the future.
However, excessive debt can be detrimental to your financial health, leading to high-interest payments, missed
payments, and a damaged credit score. It's important to manage your debt responsibly by creating a budget,
making timely payments, and avoiding unnecessary borrowing. If you're struggling with debt, it's important to
seek professional help to develop a debt management plan and get back on track financially.

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Debt is a route that most people will know. There is a wide range of debt instruments that are present from
bank fixed deposits to company fixed deposits. Debt is simple as the investor ill earn at a fixed percentage of
the investment, which will then be returned to the investor at the time of maturity or redemption of the
investment.

8. CORPORATE DEBENTURE

A corporate debenture is a type of debt instrument issued by a corporation to raise funds from investors.
Debentures are similar to bonds, but they are not secured by any collateral, and their repayment is based
solely on the creditworthiness of the issuer. Corporate debentures are usually issued with a fixed interest
rate and a fixed maturity date, at which point the principal amount is repaid to the debenture holders.
Interest payments are usually made on a periodic basis, such as annually or semi-annually.
Corporate debentures can be issued in both the public and private markets, and they may be listed on a
stock exchange, allowing them to be traded by investors. They are often issued by large, established
corporations with strong credit ratings, as they are considered a relatively safe investment. Investors who
purchase corporate debentures are essentially lending money to the corporation, and they bear the risk of
the corporation defaulting on its debt obligations. As a result, it is important to carefully assess the
creditworthiness of the issuer before investing in corporate debentures.
Corporate debentures can be a suitable investment option for investors looking for fixed income
investments with relatively low risk, particularly if they are issued by a reputable corporation with a
strong credit rating. However, like all investments, they carry some degree of risk, and investors should
carefully consider their financial goals and risk tolerance before investing in corporate debentures.
Corporate debentures are normally backed by the reputation and general creditworthiness of the issuing
company. It is a type of debt instrument that is not covered by the security of physical assets or collateral.

23
9. COMPANY FIXED DEPOSITS

Company fixed deposits (FDs) are a type of investment instrument offered by companies that allow
investors to earn a fixed rate of return on their investment for a specific period of time. Company FDs are
similar to bank FDs, but they are issued by non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) or corporations
instead of banks. They typically offer a higher rate of return than bank FDs, but they also carry higher
risk as they are not backed by government guarantees. Company FDs usually have a minimum
investment amount and a fixed term, typically ranging from 1 to 5 years. The interest rate offered on
company FDs is generally higher than that offered by banks, but it is also subject to credit risk. The
interest rate may be fixed or floating, depending on the terms of the FD.
Investors can choose to receive interest payments periodically, such as monthly or quarterly, or they may
opt for a cumulative option, where the interest is added to the principal amount and paid out at maturity.
While company FDs can offer attractive returns, they also carry higher risk compared to bank FDs. It is
important to carefully assess the creditworthiness of the company offering the FD and to diversify
investments to reduce risk. It is also important to consider the tax implications of company FDs, as the
interest earned may be subject to income tax.
Company FDs can be a suitable investment option for investors looking for fixed income investments
with higher returns than bank FDs. However, it is important to carefully evaluate the creditworthiness of
the issuer and to consider the risks involved before investing in company FDs. Company fixed deposit is
the deposit placed by investors with companies for a fixed term carrying a prescribed rate of interest.
Company FDs are primarily meant for conservative investors who don't wish to take the risk of vagaries
of the stock market. But experts say the due diligence that an investor should undertake is similar to that
before buying shares. Getting lured by the high interest rate alone is not advisable.

10. REAL ESTATE

Real estate is a type of investment that involves the purchase, ownership, management, rental, or sale of
real property. Real estate can be a highly attractive investment option, as it can offer potential returns
through rental income, capital appreciation, and tax benefits. Real estate investment is often linked with
the future development plans of the location. At present investment in real assets is booming there are
various investment source are available for investment which are directly or indirectly investing real
estate. In addition to this, the more affluent investors are likely to be interested in other type of real estate,
like commercial property, agricultural land, semi urban land, and resort.

24
There are different types of real estate investments, including:

1. Residential properties:

These are properties that are used for residential purposes, such as apartments, single-family homes,
and townhouses. Residential real estate investments can generate rental income or capital appreciation.

2. Commercial properties:

These are properties that are used for commercial purposes, such as office buildings, retail spaces, and
warehouses. Commercial real estate investments can generate rental income or capital appreciation.

3. Industrial properties:

These are properties that are used for industrial purposes, such as factories, manufacturing plants, and
distribution centers. Industrial real estate investments can generate rental income or capital
appreciation.

4. Real estate investment trusts (REITs):

These are investment vehicles that pool funds from multiple investors to invest in a diversified
portfolio of income-producing real estate properties. REITs can offer regular dividend income and
potential capital appreciation.

Real estate investments can offer various benefits, including potential capital appreciation, regular rental
income, tax benefits such as depreciation deductions, and diversification benefits. However, real estate
investments can also be illiquid, requiring significant capital and time to acquire and manage, and can be
subject to risks such as changes in market conditions, fluctuations in interest rates, and unforeseen
expenses such as maintenance and repair costs. Investors interested in real estate should carefully
evaluate their financial goals and risk tolerance and conduct thorough research on potential investments.
They should also consider working with a professional such as a real estate agent or financial advisor to
help them make informed decisions and manage their investments. Investment in real estate also made
when the expected returns are very attractive. Buying property is an equally strenuous investment
decisions. Real estate investment is often linked with the future development plans of the location. At
present investment in real assets is booming there are various investment source are available for
investment which are directly or indirectly investing real estate.

25
 11. Precious Metals (Gold, Silver, Platinum)

Gold has been a symbol of wealth since ancient times and even in the Information Age has managed to
maintain its relevance as an investment. In its physical form, currently, around 190,000 tonnes of Gold
are available globally out of which 50% is in the form of jewelry. An additional 17% and 13% of global
gold reserves are held by Central Banks around the world and used for various industrial purposes
respectively.

 Gold Investment Options in India:

To invest in Gold you either opt for the physical form or the digital form. In its physical form, Gold as an
investment can be held in the form of jewellery, coins, bars i.e. bullion, etc. There are, however, a few key
limitations of investing in physical gold:

 Making/designing charges make purchase expensive

 Storage expenses are applicable due to security and insurance requirements

 Selling is inconvenient due to possible impurities and the requirement of origination and purity
certificates

To overcome the limitations of physical gold, you can opt for the digital route which includes investments
such as Digital Gold, Gold ETFs, Gold Mutual Funds, and Sovereign Gold Bonds. The following is a short
description of each of these investment options:

1. Digital Gold:

These can be purchased through various apps in denominations starting from 1 gram onwards.

2. Gold ETFs:

Gold Exchange Traded Funds are traded on stock exchanges just like shares and primarily feature
Physical Gold and stocks of Gold mining/refining as the primary underlying assets. A Demat
(Dematerialized) Account is mandatory for investing in Gold ETFs.

26
3. Gold Mutual Funds:

These are mutual funds managed by various asset management companies (AMCs) that follow a fund of
fund structure and primarily invest in Gold ETFs. You can invest in most Gold Mutual Funds through
the ETMONEY App.

4. Sovereign Gold Bonds:

These bonds are periodically released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and available for purchase
through leading public and private sector banks. While returns are pegged to price of gold and
guaranteed by GOI, they actually do not have physical gold as an underlying asset.

It is a trend that whenever the stock market becomes volatile, investors shift their investment to
comparatively less volatile asset classes. Among these, precious metals top the list. Similarly, as the
current market condition has become uncertain, due to worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, investors are
shifting their portfolio to mitigate risk by lowering exposure and opting for secured return alternatives.
Demand for precious metals sees a steep rise in India as growth indices remain muted. Value of precious
metal comes from its rarity. Metals like gold, silver, and platinum are rare to find and produced in small
quantity under strict regulations.

As a result, these are highly valued and act as a good alternative to other popular investment classes.
Even today, investment in precious metals spike whenever other investment instruments falter. Unlike
equities, ETFs, fixed deposits, or mutual funds, returns on precious metals are less impacted by
investor‟s sentiment. But at the same time, precious metals are highly liquid. The bullion offers
investment opportunity in the form of gold, silver, art objects (paintings ,antiques), precious stones and
other metals (precious objects), specific categories of metals are traded in the metal exchange.

 WHY GOLD?

 Gold is a precious metal more synonymous with wealth par excellence.

 Do not depend on Government

 Not having it taxed

 Does not expire and neither breaks

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  Impact of Covid-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the savings and investment habits of salaried
people. Here are some effects of the pandemic on the savings and investment habits of salaried people:

1. Decrease in Income:

Many salaried people faced a reduction in income during the pandemic due to layoffs, salary cuts,
and reduced working hours. This reduction in income has made it difficult for them to save or
invest as much as they used to.

2. Increase in Savings:

Some salaried people have been able to increase their savings during the pandemic due to reduced
expenses such as commuting, dining out, and travel. This has resulted in an increase in savings
and investments for those who have been able to maintain their income levels.

3. Shift in Investment Strategies:

The pandemic has also caused a shift in investment strategies for salaried people. Many have
moved away from riskier investments such as stocks and mutual funds and have focused on safer
investments such as savings accounts, fixed deposits, and gold. The pandemic has led to changes
in investment strategies for many salaried people. Many have become more cautious with their
investments and have moved towards safer investment options like fixed deposits and savings
accounts, while others have started to invest in stocks and mutual funds due to the volatility of the
market.

4. Increase in Online Investing:

The pandemic has also led to an increase in online investing as more people are opting for digital
platforms to invest in the stock market and mutual funds. The pandemic has also led to an increase
in digital investments among salaried people. With the closure of physical investment options like
bank branches and mutual fund offices, many have started to invest online using digital platforms.

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 5. Delayed Retirement Plans:

For some salaried people, the pandemic has led to a delay in their retirement plans due to the
financial impact of the pandemic. This has caused them to re-evaluate their savings and
investment strategies to ensure they are on track to meet their retirement goals. The pandemic has
also led to a reduction in retirement savings for many salaried people. With the uncertainty of the
future, many have had to dip into their retirement savings to meet their expenses, which could
have long-term consequences.

6. To diversify investment portfolios:

The pandemic has also encouraged people to diversify their investment portfolios. With the
volatility of the market, people have become more cautious with their investments and have
started to look for alternative investment options. This has led to a shift towards safer investment
options like fixed deposits and savings accounts.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant impact on the savings and investment habits of
salaried people. While some have been able to increase their savings and investments, others have had to
adjust their investment strategies to cope with the financial impact of the pandemic. The pandemic has
also caused a shift in investment strategies, with many people opting for safer investments and an
increase in digital investing.

29
 INVESTMENT, SAVING & INCOME PATTERN OF THE SALARIED
PEOPLE IN COVID -19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the investment, saving, and income patterns of
salaried people. In this, we will explore the changes in each of these areas.

 INVESTMENT:

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant volatility in the stock markets, which has impacted the
investment patterns of salaried people. Many investors have been cautious about investing in stocks due
to the uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Instead, they have opted for safer investment options such as
bonds, mutual funds, and fixed deposits.

Additionally, the pandemic has led to an increase in interest rates, which has made it more attractive for
salaried people to invest in fixed-income instruments. This has resulted in a shift towards investments that
provide steady returns, rather than those that have the potential for high returns but also high risk.

Another trend in investment patterns has been the increasing popularity of digital investment platforms.
With social distancing measures in place, more people have turned to online investment platforms to
manage their portfolios.

 SAVING:

The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a significant impact on the saving patterns of salaried people.
With the uncertainty surrounding the pandemic, many people have become more cautious with their
spending and have started saving more.

One of the main reasons for this increase in saving is the fear of losing jobs or facing reduced incomes.
This has led to a focus on building emergency funds and having a larger cushion of savings to fall back
on.

Another trend in saving patterns has been the increase in online saving options. With banks and financial
institutions offering attractive interest rates on online savings accounts, many people have shifted to
online saving platforms.

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 INCOME:

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the income patterns of salaried people. Many
people have faced reduced incomes due to job losses, pay cuts, or reduced working hours.

The pandemic has also highlighted the importance of having multiple sources of income. With the rise of
remote work and online earning opportunities, many people have started exploring new avenues for
earning income.

Additionally, the pandemic has accelerated the trend towards the gig economy, with more people opting
for freelance work or starting their own businesses to supplement their income.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the investment, saving, and income patterns of
salaried people. With the uncertainty caused by the pandemic, people have become more cautious with
their investments and have focused on building emergency funds. Additionally, the pandemic has led to a
shift towards safer investment options and online saving platforms. In terms of income, the pandemic has
highlighted the importance of having multiple sources of income and has accelerated the trend towards
the gig economy.

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 EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON VARIOUS WORKING SECTORS

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on various working sectors across the globe. Here is a
detailed overview of some of the major sectors and their impact:

 Healthcare sector:
The healthcare sector has been at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19. Hospitals, clinics,
and healthcare professionals have been working tirelessly to treat COVID-19 patients and provide
necessary medical care. The pandemic has also led to an increased demand for personal protective
equipment (PPE) and other medical supplies, leading to supply chain disruptions and shortages. The
healthcare sector has also had to adapt to telemedicine and other virtual care options to reduce the
risk of exposure to the virus.

 Education sector:

The education sector has been significantly impacted by the pandemic, with schools and
universities being closed or operating in a limited capacity. Many institutions have had to transition
to online learning, which has presented its own set of challenges for students and teachers alike.
The pandemic has also led to delays and cancellations of standardized tests, as well as disruptions
to academic calendars and graduation ceremonies.

 Travel and tourism sector:

The travel and tourism sector has been hit hard by the pandemic, with travel restrictions, border
closures, and reduced demand leading to significant revenue losses. The airline industry, in
particular, has been impacted, with many airlines experiencing a sharp decline in bookings and
revenue. Hotels, restaurants, and other hospitality businesses have also been affected by the
decrease in travel and tourism.

 Retail sector:

The pandemic has had a mixed impact on the retail sector. While some retailers have seen an
increase in demand due to panic buying and stockpiling, others have experienced significant
declines in foot traffic and revenue. Many brick-and-mortar retailers have had to close their doors
temporarily or permanently, while e-commerce and online retailers have seen increased demand.

32
  Manufacturing sector:

The manufacturing sector has also been impacted by the pandemic, with supply chain disruptions
and decreased demand leading to reduced production and revenue. Many manufacturers have had to
temporarily shut down operations due to a lack of raw materials or decreased demand for their
products.

 Finance sector:

The finance sector has been impacted by the pandemic in several ways. The stock market has
experienced significant volatility, with many companies seeing sharp declines in stock prices. The
pandemic has also led to an increase in remote work, which has presented challenges for financial
institutions and their cyber security measures.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on various working sectors across the globe.
While some sectors have been hit harder than others, all have had to adapt to new challenges and find
ways to operate in a new normal.

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 EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON SAVING & INVESTMENT HABITS OF
SALARIED PEOPLE COVID -19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the saving and investment habits of salaried
people worldwide. Here are a few ways in which the pandemic has affected these habits:

 Increase in saving rates:

Due to the uncertainty caused by the pandemic, many salaried people have become more cautious
with their finances. As a result, there has been an increase in saving rates as people try to build up
their emergency funds.

 Changes in spending patterns:

With lockdowns and restrictions on travel and leisure activities, people have been spending less
on non-essential items. This has freed up more money for saving and investing.

 Interest in investing:

With stock markets fluctuating wildly in response to the pandemic, many people have become
more interested in investing in stocks and other financial instruments. Some have taken advantage
of the market dips to buy stocks at discounted prices.

 Shift towards online investing:

With social distancing measures in place, more people have turned to online investing platforms
to manage their investments. This has led to a rise in popularity of digital investment services.

 Delayed investment decisions:

The uncertainty caused by the pandemic has led some people to delay investment decisions until
the situation becomes clearer. This has resulted in a temporary slowdown in the investment
market.
34
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the saving and investment habits of salaried
people. While some have become more cautious with their finances, others have taken advantage of the
situation to invest in the market. It remains to be seen how these habits will evolve as the pandemic
continues to unfold.

Preferred investment options during Covid-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy, with many industries and
markets experiencing significant volatility. While investing during a time of uncertainty can be
challenging, there are still some investment options that may be worth considering. Here are a few
investment options that you may want to consider during the COVID-19 pandemic:

 Stock market:

Despite the volatility, the stock market may still be a good option for long-term investors.
Historically, the stock market has tended to recover from downturns over time. Additionally, some
industries, such as technology, healthcare, and e-commerce, have seen increased demand during the
pandemic.

 Bonds:

Bonds are generally considered a more conservative investment option, as they tend to be less
volatile than stocks. In times of uncertainty, investors may be more likely to invest in bonds as a
way to protect their portfolio. However, the returns on bonds are generally lower than stocks, so it's
important to consider your risk tolerance and investment goals when deciding how much to allocate
to bonds.

 Real estate:

Real estate can be a good investment option during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in areas
where demand for housing remains high. However, it's important to be aware of the potential risks
associated with investing in real estate, such as changes in interest rates and economic conditions.

35
 Precious metals:

Precious metals, such as gold and silver, are often considered a safe-haven investment during times
of uncertainty. They tend to hold their value during market downturns, and can provide a hedge
against inflation.

 Crypto currencies:

Crypto currencies, such as Bit coin and Ethereum, have gained popularity in recent years as a new
asset class. While they can be highly volatile, some investors see them as a potential hedge against
inflation and a way to diversify their portfolio.

As with any investment, it's important to do your research and consider your risk tolerance and
investment goals before making any decisions. Consult with a financial advisor or investment
professional to help you make informed decisions based on your specific financial situation.

36
 THE CHANGES IN RETURNS GIVEN BY INVESTMENT AVENUES DUE
TO THE PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on global economies, financial markets, and
investment avenues. The pandemic has resulted in unprecedented levels of uncertainty, volatility, and
risk, leading to significant changes in returns across various investment avenues. Here are some of the
changes in returns given by investment avenues due to the pandemic:

 Equity Markets:

The equity markets have experienced significant volatility since the outbreak of the pandemic.
Initially, the markets saw a sharp decline as investors panicked and sold their stocks, leading to a
significant drop in returns. However, as governments and central banks announced stimulus
packages, the markets started to recover, resulting in positive returns for many investors.

 Fixed Income:

Fixed-income investments, such as bonds and treasuries, have traditionally been considered a safer
investment option compared to equity. However, due to the pandemic, even these investments have
seen significant changes in returns. As interest rates declined, bond yields fell, leading to lower
returns for investors.

 Real Estate:

The pandemic has had a significant impact on the real estate sector. Many people have lost their
jobs or faced pay cuts, leading to a decline in demand for properties. As a result, the returns on real
estate investments have declined, with some markets experiencing negative returns.

 Gold:

Gold is often considered a safe-haven investment during times of economic uncertainty. The
pandemic has led to an increase in the demand for gold, resulting in higher returns for investors.

37
 Crypto currencies:

Crypto currencies, such as Bit coin and Ethereum, have seen significant changes in returns during
the pandemic. Initially, the prices of crypto currencies dropped as investors sold their holdings to
cover losses in other investments. However, as the pandemic persisted, many investors started to
view crypto currencies as a potential hedge against inflation, leading to a surge in prices and
returns.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant changes in returns across various investment
avenues, with some experiencing positive returns while others have seen a decline. It's crucial to carefully
consider the risks associated with each investment avenue before making any investment decisions.

38
 Research Methodology
 Introduction to Research : -

Research is done with the help of study, experiment, observation, analysis, comparison and reasoning.
The word „Research‟ is composed of two word i.e. „Re‟ & „Search‟. Re means „again‟ or „Repeat‟ and
„search‟ means to find out. The research refers to search for knowledge a movement from the known
to the unknown and its scientific investigation.

 Objectives of the Study : -

The objectives of the study are as follow:

 To study Effects of Pandemic COVID – 19 on the salaried people.

 To find out differentiation in saving & investment habits of the people‟s in thane city.

 To identify potential long-term effects of the pandemic on savings and investment habits.

 To determine the impact of government intervention on savings and investment habits.

 To identify changes in investment behaviour and preferences.

 To understand how the pandemic has affected people‟s ability to save and invest.

 Limitations of the study:-

 The conclusion and suggestions are restricted only to Salaried Peoples of Thane City.

 People‟s savings and investment habits are often influence by their emotions and Behavioural
biased.

 The impact of the pandemic on savings and investment habits affected different people in different
ways, depending on their occupation, income level, and other factors. ( Variations in Individuals )
39
 Hypothesis 1:

There is no relationship between Savings and Investment Habits. (H0) (Salary, In Covid, pay cut, lose
job)

There is relationship between / change in Savings and Investment Habits (due to COVID-19). (H1)

 Hypothesis 2:

There is no change in saving and investment habits of salaried people in Thane City because of
COVID-19 Pandemic. (H0)

There is change in saving and investment Habits of salaried people in Thane City because of COVID-
19 Pandemic. (H1)

 Scope for the Study :

 To study the changes in savings rates before and after the pandemic.

 To study the changes in investment patterns before and after pandemic.

 To explore the different Groups have been affected differently.

 Significance of study :-

 To understand the impact of COVID-19 on financial behaviour of individuals.

 To assess the effectiveness of government policies and stimulus measures.

 To identify potential areas for financial education and support

40
 Data Collection Methods :-

In Data Collection Methods there are two types i.e. 1) Primary Data Collection Method and 2)
Secondary Data Collection Method. Primary Data is reliable, trustworthy and Time Consuming where
Secondary Data is neither reliable nor trustworthy.

 Primary Data Collection Methods :-

Primary data is the original source from which the researcher directly collects data that have not been
Previously collected. Primary data for this project has collected through online survey (via Google
Forms) by taking sample size 40 with the help of questionnaire.

 Secondary Data Collection Methods :-

Secondary data is previously collected data which is used by the researcher. The secondary data for
this project has collected from different kinds of books, journals and through internet.

 Sampling Methods :-

The Non-probability method were used i.e. Convenience Sampling Method.

41
 Research Methodology

Types of Research Method Basic Research

Research Universe Salaried Peoples in Thane City

Sampling methods Convenience Sampling method were used.

Research Area Thane City

Sample Size
40

Data Collections Methods Primary and Secondary

Structured questionnaire were design.

Primary Data Collection Methods Questionnaires (survey) via Google forms were
conducted.

Secondary Data Collection Methods Research Papers , Websites , Newspaper Articles

To analyze and interpret the data, Percentage, Pie

Data Analysis Techniques
Diagrams, Graphs are used.

42
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Reddy, P. M. K., Kandi, V. P., & Kumar, A. R. (2022)1 conduct the study to find out „Double dip pandemic
impact on portfolio of investors reference to salaried employees‟. The present study analyzed different
investments avenues and the factors that affect the investment. The main objective of the study is to know
the relationship between the re-entry of COVID -19 and the change in investment decisions of the
salaried employees in Telangana. The study also identifies the investor‟s attitude towards Mutual Funds
and understands how the second wave COVID -19 has impacted on investments and financial decisions
of individuals in developing nations such as India.

Kalaivani, D., Ramakrishanan, D., & Poovizhi, R. (2022)2 this study was designed to research “A Study on
Empirical Investigation of Various Returns in Different Investment Avenues During Pre and Post COVID-
19”. The global market faces several problems now-a-days because of variable macroeconomic variables like
Inflation, Unemployment rate, Exchange rate, Bank interest rate (FD), GST, GDP etc. This variable plays vital
role in price fluctuations in the global market. This empirical study which helps the investor to satisfy
expectations on their investment. Many investors willing to make an investment in Equity shares, Derivative
market, Post office saving schemes, Real estate, Provident fund, Mutual funds, Crypto currency for capital
appreciation. In COVID -19 period most people lost their jobs which affect country‟s economic growth and
this research may help new investors to attain more returns on investment (ROI) with minimum risk. Many
investors focus their investment in Gold and Insurance for their future safety and wealth maximization. This
research helps to identify the best investment avenues for long term as well as short term investors.

Ciemleja, G., & Kozlovskis, K. (2021)3 The main objective of the present research is to identify importance
of financial literacy is growing in such economically and socially difficult situations. The aim of the study was
to find out how a COVID-19 pandemic affects people's decisions regarding personal financial management in
Latvia. The article findings trends, in Latvian households before COVID-19 over the last decade, the risk of
poverty has increased convincingly certain groups in society. Affected by pandemic people's shopping habits
have changed. Pandemic time led to changes in consumer attitudes and behavior, society's lifestyles and on
the financial position of households. Under the restrictions imposed on preventing epidemic spread, household
consumption decreased and creates unplanned savings. Savings ensure the financial stability of households
during the economic downturn.

43
Jeyadevi, C. (2021)4 this study was designed to research “Investment plan of Women Working in Private
Organisation”. Savings is the prerequisite of any investment. Savings entails sacrifice, but defines reward. It
is not about how much we save over a period of time, but how we invest in a best product available in the
market. There are number of products introduced by different financial service agents, with variety of
investment benefits. In the current scenario, investment is an essential aspect in everybody‟s day to day life. A
mixture of investment options is offered such as bank fixed deposits, investment in gold, real estate, post
office services, mutual funds, insurance, shares, and deposits in companies and so on. Investors are investing
their hard-earned money with the diverse objectives such as profit maximization, safety, appreciation and
extra stable Income. Researcher has taken five reviews which the studies were conducted different states in
India. The overall suggestions given by the researchers has taken and concluded in this study.

Khan, S., Upadhyaya, C., Gautam, S., & Natu, P. (2020) The purpose of this paper is to study the Impact of
Covid-19 on the Investment pattern of Investors with specific reference to Traditional Investment (Real estate
and Gold) and and Market based Financial products (Equities) in Mumbai. The primary objective of this
research paper is to study and analyse the degree of investor preference towards certain asset classes such as
Gold, Equity, Real Estate etc., before and after the outbreak of Covid-19. This research has made an honest
attempt to comprehend the of preferences of investors in pre and post covid situations. Generally Investors
prefer asset classes that ensure constant and steady returns at minimum risk. Ultimately Investment is a
rational decision that depends on the individual‟s risk appetite and return expectations arising out subjective
assessment of multiple factors.

Bhatu, M. R (2020)6 research paper on ‘Retirement Planning of Individuals in Investment Avenues of

Mumbai City and Suburbs‟. This research focuses on retirement planning of individuals through various
investment avenues. Individuals from various gender, age, income, and sectors were requested to
correspond through structured questionnaire. The scope of this research is to determine the ultimate
reason for retirement planning. The study aims to explore different investment avenues preferred by
individuals for the purpose of retirement and a descriptive method of analysis is used.

44
Kulal, A., Alasbahi, A., & Al-Gamal, E. (2019)7 in this research paper ‘Investment pattern of different
class of people- A review” analyzed that, In India investors have a lot of investment avenues to invest
their savings. The risk and returns involved in each of these investment avenues differ from one to
another. The investors are ready to invest after evaluating the main features of investments such as
security of principal amount, liquidity, income stability, easy transferability, etc. Shares, bank, gold and
silver, life insurance, postal savings, etc. are the available investment avenues. This paper tries to review
the investment pattern of different class of people based on previous research. This paper focus on
investment pattern of working women, salaried employees and teachers. Data were collected various
journals, websites and research articles.

Gupta, R. C., Kamboj, R. K., & Pandey, S. 20188 „Decisive factors on savings & investment behaviour
of Teachers working in primary school in Jansi city of UP‟ in this paper examined that Salaried class
peoples are mostly dependent on their salary or pension. But in today„s life everyone is in hurry to earn as
much money they could earn. Many of the people have started saving some part of their income and
invest them to various fields to earn a high return for improving their financial condition. Besides this
everyone want to appreciate their capital and purchasing capacity of commodities in present and future
and investment is the additional method for increasing value of assets. This research is conducted in
Jhansi city of people working as a teacher because salaried class people have limited source of income so
this study has an importance for investment and saving.

Muthalif, R. A., & Munivel, K. (2018)9 „Analysis of investors attitude & pattern on different investment
avenues‟ in this research paper analyzed that Investors have a lot of investment avenues to park their
savings. The risk and returns available from each of these investment avenues differ from one avenue to
another. The investors expect more returns with relatively lesser risks. In this regard, the financial
advisors and consultants offer various suggestions to the investors. The available literature relating to the
investors' attitude towards investment avenues is very little and failed to provide a lot of information.
Investment avenues are available such as shares, bank, companies, gold and silver, real estate, life
insurance, postal savings and so on. The required level of returns and the risk tolerance decided the
choice of the investor. The investment may be differ choices from national savings certificates, provident
fund, mutual fund schemes, insurance schemes, chit funds, bank fixed deposits, and company fixed
deposits, company shares, bonds /debentures, government securities, postal savings schemes and real
estate. It would be concluded that in this fast affecting world, we save get extra money. Added risk directs
to more profit. Therefore, in this paper, the researcher wants to check the earlier research work based on
investors among the investment avenues to get a thought about the investment pattern.

45
Raju, A. N.(2018)10 The study mainly concentrates in knowing perception of risk level on various
investment avenues by the employees at different stages of life. The major findings of the study are that
majority of the employees at all the stages of life has less perception on the level of risk on various
investment avenues.

Pallavi, V., & Anuradha, P. S. (2017)11 In this research paper examined that the investment pattern and
the awareness of various tax planning schemes available for investment for academicians. Structured
questionnaire was used to collect the data and 385 respondents were selected for the study by adopting
stratified sampling technique from private educational institutions across the city of Bengaluru. The study
revealed that the level of awareness among the academicians on various tax saving schemes is low and
personal factors influence the investment decisions. Further, bank deposits are preferred investment
avenues.

Mohapatra, S. K. (2016)12 this paper conducted to analyze the motive for savings with respect to
gender, age, education, income and identify the main motive of savings. Children's education and
marriage emerged as top motive for savings, which does not support "saving for retirement" as
propounded by Life Cycle Hypothesis and "saving for emergency" as found by NCAER Survey (2007).
However, other motives for savings are precautionary /emergency/contingency followed by retirement,
purchase of land/construction of house, income tax benefit, and purchase of consumer durables,
improving life style, gifts/social ceremonies, wealth creation and businesses.

Ansari, S., & Phatak, Y. (2016)13 „A study of assessment of financial risk tolerance and preferred
investment avenues of investors; in this research paper examined that Investment decisions in today
scenario are influenced by many internal and external factors to the investors. Investors are worried
because of many factors and their perception related to investment becomes negative as many investment
avenues are either giving low.

Sood, D., & Kaur, N. (2015)14 „A study of saving and investment pattern of salaried class people with special
reference to chandigarh (India)‟. The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between the
savings and investments pattern among the salaried class people of Chandigarh (India). It was propounded
here that the most preferred investment options are LIC and bank deposits and most of the factors influencing
investment decisions were high returns, tax benefit and safety.

46
Thulasipriya, B. (2015)15 conduct the study to find out the investment preference of government employees
on various investment avenues. India needs very high rate of investments to make a bound forward in efforts
of attaining high level of growth. Since the beginning of planning, the prominence was on investments the
primary instruments of economic growth and increase in national income. This study attempts to premeditate
the investment preference of salaried group of people using convenient sampling method. The outlook from
the employees belongs to salaried earners, and the population is fixed as 500. Instead of studying the complete
range of investors, it is focusing only one segment called salaried Government employees. A variety of
statistical t o o l s are e m p l o y e d to analyze the data like Friedman Rank Test, Chi-square, etc. to identify
the right relationship among the factors related with investment.

Rastogi, A. K. (2014)16 „Study on behaviour of consumers towards investment avenues‟ in this research paper
analyzed that, In Recent years, the huge increase in investment of the money has been seeing. There are
various options available in the market for the investors. Consumers behave in not the same way for different
products and services. This research paper explains the causes affecting the choice of investors and the
consumers behave to invest their money in various investment options. The success or failure of an investment
depends on the right approach to invest. This paper examines about the awareness of the consumers towards
investment. This paper also explains how the preferences of unlike consumers are different for the several
investment options.

Patil, S., & Nandawar, K. (2014)17 A studied preferred investment avenues among salaried people with
reference to Pune, India. Researcher has studied the different avenues of investments as well as the factors
while selecting the investment with the sample size of 40 salaried employees by conducting the survey
through questionnaire in Pune, India. The researcher has analyzed that salaried employees consider the safety
as well as good return on investment on regular basis. Respondents are aware about the investment avenues
available in India except female investors.

Palanivelu, V. R., & Chandrakumar, K. (2013)18 „A study on preferred investment avenues among salaried
peoples with reference to Namakkal Taluk, Tamil Nadu, and India‟ in this research paper examined that
Investment is the employment of funds on assets with the aim of earning income or capital appreciation.
Investment is the most important things today. People are earning more, but they do not know where, when
and how to invest it. A proper understanding of money, its value, the available avenues for investment,
various financial institutions, the rate of return/risk etc., are essential to successfully manage one‟s finance for
achieving life‟s goal. Through this study, an analysis has been made into preferred investment avenues among
salaried peoples in Namakkal Taluk, Tamilnadu, India. The results highlight that certain factors like education
level, awareness about the current financial system, age of investors etc… make significant impact while
deciding the investment avenues.

47
Sontakke, K. A., & Sontakke, K. K. (2013)19 „Investment Avenues and Planning-Investors' Perspective‟.
The study mainly concentrates on the factors that influence an individual investor before making an
investment. The study helps investment planner to successfully design a suitable portfolio for investors
according to their requirement need, goals and risk tolerance level, as it gives information regarding the
perception of investors towards investment avenues in India. This research study also includes study of
investors' behaviour to understand their preferences of investments.

Patel, C. Y. P., & Patel, C. C. Y. (2012)20 „A study of investment perspective of salaried people (private
sector)‟. This research paper tries to find out the behavioural pattern of investment among the salaried people
working in private sector and the difference in perception of an individual related to various investment
alternatives. It also tries to provide an insight into factors considered for an appropriate investment. Gives a
wider scope to understand various issues related to investment by salaried people.

48
 Data Analysis & Interpretation

1. Demography Of Respondents

Demography of Respondents

25%
Male
Female
75%

Gender No. of Respondents

Male 30

Female 10

Total 40

Interpretation: Out of total 40 respondents 30 were Males and 10 were Females.

49
Education Qualification:

Education Qualification
20
18 19
16
14
12
10
10 10
8
6
4
2
0 1
10th Pass 12th Pass Graduates Post Graduate

Interpretation: Out of total 40 respondents, 10 respondents were 10th Pass, 19 Respondents were
12th Pass, 10 respondents were Graduates & 1 respondent were Post-Graduate.

50
Age-Groups:-

Age Group
14

12
12 12
10 11

4 5

0
20-30 Years 30-40 years 40-50 years 50 years or above

Interpretation: There are 20 respondents from 20-30 years Age Group, 5 respondents from 30-40
years Age Group, 12 respondents from 40-50 years & 11 respondents from 50 years or above Age
Group.

51
Sector wise Employment:

Sector wise Employment

Private Sector Employee Government Sector Employee

31%

69%

Interpretation: Out of 40 respondents, 27 respondents are Private Sector Employees (69%) and
13 respondents are Government Sector Employees (31%).

52
Income:

Income Range

15000-20000
23%
20000-25000
25000-30000
8% 59% 30000-above

10%

Interpretation: 59% Respondents (23) are from 15000-20000 Income Range, 23%
respondents (8) are from 20,000-25,000 Income Range, 10% respondents (5) are from
25,000-30,000 Income Range & 8% respondents (4) are from 30,000- above Income
Range.

53
Savings per Month (%):

Savings per month

20
18
18
16
14
12 13
10
8
8
6
4
2
0 1
Less Than 10% 10%-20% 21%-30% 31%-40%

Interpretation: 18 respondent’s savings per month is less than 10%, 13 respondent’s savings per
month is in between 10%-20%, 8 respondent’s savings per month is in between 21%-30% & only 1
respondent’s savings per month is in between 30%-40%.

54
Pandemic affect the Jobs:

Pandemic affect the Jobs

28% Yes
No
72%

Interpretation: Out of 40 respondents, COVID-19 Pandemic Affect the jobs by 72% (28
Respondent).

55
The COVID-19 Pandemic affected your income:

Income is affected By Pandemic

My income has remained

54% the same
46%
My income has
decreased slightly

Interpretation: More than 50% respondent’s income is affected by COVID-19

Pandemic and 54 % respondent’s income has decreased slightly.

56
Pay Cut at the Time COVID-19 Pandemic:

Pay Cut
30

25
25
20

15
15
10

0
Yes No

Interpretation: During COVID-19 Pandemic, 25 respondent’s income decreased

because of pay cut in their salary & 15 respondent’s income remained the same.

57
Increased the savings during the pandemic:

Increased Savings during the pandemic

26%

74%

Yes No

Interpretation: More than 70% respondents increased their savings for future safety
because of COVID-19 Pandemic.

58
During Covid-19, what should you preferred?

What should you prefered

30

25 27

20

15

13
10

0
To Save To Invest

Interpretation: During COVID-19 Pandemic, 27 respondents preferred to save

money for any uncertainty like this Pandemic situation. On the other Hand, 13
Respondents take the advantage Market’s Volatility to Invest.

59
How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected your investment habits?

COVID-19 pandemic affected your investment habits

16
14 15
14
12
10 11
8
6
4
2
0
Increased in Investment Decreased in Investment No change in Investment

Interpretation: During COVID-19, 14 respondents has Increased their Investment.

On the other side, 11 respondents has decreased their Investment & 15 respondents
has Investment remained the same.

60
What types of investment do you have?

Types Of Investment
30

25
24
20

15

10

5 9
5
0 2
Fixed Deposits Mutual Funds Stocks Real Estate

Interpretation: Almost, 24 respondents have Fixed Deposits, 9 respondents invested

in Mutual funds, 5 respondents invested in Stocks & only 2 respondents invested in
Real Estate.

61
Have you made any investments during the Pandemic?

Made any investments during the pandemic

25%

75%

Yes
No

Interpretation: During COVID-19 Pandemic, 75% respondents didn’t make any

investment. Only 25% respondents have made investment during the Pandemic.

62
Have you availed any government schemes during the pandemic?

Availaed any Government Schemes

55% 45%

Yes
No

Interpretation: More than 50% respondents has availed the government schemes
during the Pandemic.

63
COVID-19 pandemic situation changes the savings and investment habits of the
salaried people in Thane City

Change in Savings and Investment Habits

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Yes No

Interpretation: Out of 40 respondents, 85% respondents agreed that the COVID-19

Pandemic situation changes the savings and investments habits of salaried people in
Thane City.

64
Do you plan to make any changes to your savings or investment habits in the future?

Changes in Savings & Investment Habits in

Future

38% Yes

62% No

Interpretation: More than 60% respondents Planned to make changes in their

savings or investment habits in future.

65
 Findings

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy,
including the savings and investment habits of individuals. With the pandemic
causing widespread job losses and reduced incomes, many people have had to cut
back on their spending and increase their savings to prepare for the uncertain future.

On the other hand, the pandemic has also presented new investment opportunities,
particularly in the technology and healthcare sectors, which have seen significant
growth during the pandemic. Additionally, low-interest rates and government
stimulus packages have made it easier for individuals to invest in stocks, bonds, and
other securities.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on savings and investment habits are complex
and multifaceted. It is likely that the impact varies depending on individual
circumstances, including employment status, income level, and investment
experience.

66
 Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the economy and personal
finances of individuals worldwide. The pandemic has caused economic uncertainty
and financial instability, leading many people to change their savings and investment
habits.

The One of the effects of the pandemic on savings and investment habits is that
people are saving more money as a precautionary measure. The fear of losing jobs or
experiencing reduced income has made people more cautious about spending and
more focused on building emergency funds.

Additionally, the pandemic has also led to changes in investment patterns. Some
people are investing more in safer, low-risk assets such as bonds, while others are
taking advantage of the stock market's volatility to invest in stocks. The pandemic
has also accelerated the trend of digital investing and online trading.

The pandemic has caused people to be more mindful of their finances and has led to
changes in savings and investment behaviour. As the situation continues to evolve, it
is essential to continue monitoring the impacts of the pandemic on personal finances
and investments.

67
 Appendix
1. What is your Name?
2. What is your Gender?
Male
Female
Prefer not to say

3. What's your age group?

20-30 years
30-40 years
40-50 years
50 years or above

4. What's your education?

12th Pass
Graduate
Post-Graduate
Other:

5. What's your Occupation?

Government Sector Employee
Private Sector Employee

6. What's your Income?

15000 - 20000
20000 - 25000
25000 - 30000
30000 or above

68
7. How has the COVID-19 Pandemic affected your income??
My income has remained the same
My income has decreased slightly

8. Due to COVID-19, was there a pay cut?

No
Yes

9. What percentage of your monthly income do you typically save?

Less than 10 %
10-20%
21-30%
31-40%

10. Have you increased your savings during the pandemic?

Yes, obviously
Yes, slightly
No, my savings have remained the same

11. At the time of Covid-19, What should you prefer?

To invest
To save

12. How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected your investment habits?
Increased Investment
Decreased Investment
No change in Investment

69
13. Have you availed any government schemes for savings or investment during the
pandemic?
Yes
No

14. What types of investment do you have?

Fixed Deposits
Mutual Funds
Stocks
Real estate

15. Have you made any investments during the Pandemic?

Yes
No

16. Do you think that, COVID-19 pandemic situation change the savings and
investment habits of the salaried people in Thane City?
Yes
No

17. Has Pandemic affected your job?

Yes
No

18. Do you plan to make any changes to your savings or investment habits in the
future?
Yes
No

70
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73