Basic Concepts a Wire surface temperature, t, = 120°C Water temperature, tj = 100°C Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = 4500 Wim? °C Electric power to be supplied: Electric power which must be supplied = total convection loss (Q) Q = hA(t, ~ t) = 4500 x 7.068 x 104 (120 - 100) = 63.6 W 14. HEAT TRANFER BY RADIATION Laws of Radiation 1. Wien’s Law. It states that the wavelength hy corresponding to the maximum energy is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature T of the hot body. ‘ 1 he, Dm 8 or 2p T = constant ALT) 2. Kirchhoff’s law. It states that the emissivity of the body at a particular temperature is numerically equal to its absorptivity for radiant energy from body at the Body 1 T>T Body 2 ‘Same temperature. 3. The Stefan-Boltzmann law. The law states that the emissive power ofa black body is directly proportional to fourth power of its absolute temperature. ie, Q«T (1.8) Refer Fig. 1.10 (a) Q= FoA (T;4- Ty‘) 1.9) where F = a factor depending on geometry eee etree, avert FoA (T, + 7) (T,?+ 73, 6 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10° Wim?K* A= area, m* T,, T; = temperature, degrees kelvin (K) () Fig. 1.10. Heat transfer by radiation. This equation can also be rewritten as : =——_ 4-9) a FOA(T, + 7,)(T,? + 7”) where denomenator is radiation thermal resistance, (Ra)ag- (Fig. 1-10 (b)] ie, (Rana = FGA (7, + TXT}? + 72?) The values of F are available for simple configurations in the form of charts and tables, 1 «for simple cases of black surface enclosed by other surface emissivity (€) _ ... for non-black surface enclosed by other surface. [Emissivity (e) is defined as the ratio of heat radiated by a surface to that of an ideal surface.] Exampel 1.6. A surface having an area of 1.5 m? and maintained at 300°C exchanges heat by radiation with another surface at 40°C. The value of factor due to the geometric location and emissivity is 0,52. Determine: (i) Heat lost by radiation, (ii) The value of thermal resistance, and (iii) The value of equivalent convection coefficient. agg elution. A = 1.5 m?; T, =f, + 273 = 300 + 273 = 573K; 7, = + 273 = 40 + 273 = 13K; F = 0,52, (1.10), Scanned with CamScanner= 18 Heat and Mass Trang (i) Heat lost by radiation, Q: fs Q=FoA(T\'-Ti') sai, ( (where o = 5.67 10° Wim? K*) (gy = 0.52 x 5.67 x 10% x 15 [(673)* - 313)} or 4 4 573) _ (313) = 052x567 15 [(I00) - (00) (Please note this step) or Q = 4343 W (ii) The value of thermal resistance (Ryd ? : T, - Ty) We know that, on? (Eqn (1.19) (Ridrad (T, — 7) _ (573 = 313) _ 9.9598 °C/W Ryne = GB SB) - 0 (it) The value of equivalent convection coefficients fy: Q=hA (h-») eas weg 88 sas win GO he = FG, ~~ 15(G00 - 40) he Fo (1, +) (+7) .. From: eqn. 1.19) ] 052 x 5.67 x 10 (573 + 313) (573? + 313) | 1.13 Wim? °C Example 1.7. A carbon steel plate (thermal conductivity = 45 Wim*C) 600mm x 900mm x 25mm a muintained a 310°C. Air at 15°C blows over the hot plate. If convection heat transfer coefficient is 22Wim? °C and 250 W is lost from the plate surface by radiation, calculate the inside plate temperature. ‘Solution. Area of the plate exposed to heat transfer, ‘A = 600 mm x 900 mm = 0.6 x 0.9 = 0.54 m? Alternatively, ‘Thickness of the plate, L = 25 mm = 0.025 m Surface temperature of the plate, t, = 310°C Temperature of air (fluid), 1 = 15°C Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = 22 Wim*C Heat lost from the plate surface by radiation, Qraa, = 250W Thermal conductivity, k = 45 Wim °C Inside plate temperature, f, In this case the heat conducted through the plate is canltes St conveuio ad tad plate is removed from the plate surface by * Heat conducted through the plate = convection heat losses + radiation heat losses. o Qeond. = Qeonr + Qrad, ts te pay ar = MAU, - 1) + FoA (7 - TY , =) or - 45 x 05 = x 0.54 x = 22 x 0.54 (310 - 15) + 250 (given) Scanned with CamScanner -Basic Concepts 19 @10 - 1) or - 45 x 0.54 x 0005 22 x 0.54 x 295 + 250 or 972(1, - 310) = 3754.6 3754.6 " or t= Tn + 310 = 313.86°C Heat conducted through wall Fig. 1.11. Combination of conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer. Example 1.8. A surface at 250°C exposed to the surroundings at 110°C convects and radiates heat to the surroundings. The convection coefficient and radiation factor are 75Wim°C and unity respectively. If the heat is conducted to the surface through a solid of conductivity 10W/m°C, what is the temperature gradient at the surface in the solid? Solution. Temperature of the surface, , = 250°C ‘Temperature of the surroundings, fp = 110°C The convection co-efficient, h = SWim®C Radiation factor, Fel Boltzmann constant, o = 5.67 x 10% Wim?’K* Conductivity of the solid, k = 10 Wim ‘Temperature gradient, & Heat conducted through the plate = convection heat losses + radiation heat losses ie, Qeond. = Qconv, + Prod RAL, = AAG, ~ ty) + FOA (Ty* = Tur Substituting the values, we have - 10x a = 75(250 - 110) + 1 x 5.67 x 10° [(250 + 273)* - (110 + 273)'} si 3g dt (523) _ (383) -10 x = 1000+ 567[(83) - (8) | = 10500 + 3022.1 = 13522.1 dt _ 135221 _ Z gee 07 7 1352.21 °C/m HIGHLIGHTS 1. The energy in transit is termed heat. 2. Heat transfer may be defined as “The transmission of energy from one region to another as a result of temperature gradient.” Scanned with CamScannerHeat and Mass Trang, carried out for the following purposes: {energy as heat through the boundary of a system und conditions). (ii) To determine the temperature field under steady and transient conditions. 4, Thermodynamics is an axiomatic science which deals with the relations among heat, wor, and properties of system which are in equilibrium. It describes state and changes in sag of physical systems. It basically entails four laws or axioms known as Zeroth, Firs, Second and third law of thermodynamics. ; 55, Heat transfer theory combines thermodynamics and rate equations together (to quanify race te at which heat transfer occurs in terms of the degree of non-equilibrium), 6. Basic laws which govern the heat transfer are : (i) First laws of thermodynamics (ii) Second law of thermodynamics (ii) Law of conservation of mass (iv) Newton's laws of motion (v) The rate equations. 7. Heat transfer takes place by the following three modes : (® Conduction Gi) Convection (iii) Radiation. ‘Conduction’ is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another part ofthe same substance, or from one substance to another in physical contact. with it, without appreciable displacement of molecules forming the substance. ‘Convection’ is the transfer of heat within a fluid by mixing.of one portion of the fluid with another. Convection is possible only in a fluid medium and is directly linked with the transport of medium itself. ‘Radiation’ is the transfer of heat through space or matter or convection, Radiant energy (being electromagnetic radi propagation and will pass through a vacuum. 8. Fourier's law of heat conduction states : “The rate of flow of heat through a single homogeneous solid is directly proportional to the area of the section at right angles to the direction of heat flow, and to change of temperature with respect to the length of path of the heat flow”. 3, The study of heat transfer is (i) Toestimate the rate of flow o study (both steady and transient by means other than conduction ation) requires no medium for Mathematically, Q where, Q A= surface area of heat flow (perpendicular to the direction of flow), m? dt = temperature difference of the faces of the block dx = thickness of the body ‘The ~ve sign of k isto take care of the decreasing temperature along with the direction of increasing thickness or the direction of heat flow. 9. The thermal conductivity (K) of a material is defined as: “The amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area, and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in temperature between the faces causing heat flow is unit temperature difference.” 10. The rate equation for the convective heat transfer (regardless of particular nature) betwee? a surface and an adjacent fluid is prescribed Newton's law af cooling: O=nt,-4) where, Q = rate of convective heat transfer, A = area exposed to heat transfer, 1, = surface temperature, 1, = fluid temperature, and ‘h = coefficient of convective heat transfer. Scanned with CamScannerBasic Concepts FE eenayeep BER 21 Units of A : Wim?°C or Wim?K 11. The Stefan-Boltzmann law sta The emissive é s sive power of is dis proportional to fourth power of its absolute temperate.” Bleak Hoty. deny 12. Thermal resistance (Ry): Conduction thermal resistance, (Ry,)cond |- 51> Convection thermal resistance, (Rip)eony, = MM Radiation thermal resistance, (Ryj)ad, = aeRO Ren OA(T, + T2)(T,* + Tr’) THEORETICAL QUESTIONS . Define the following terms : @ Heat (ii) Heat transfer (iii) Thermodynamics. ‘What is the difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer 7 3. Enumerate the basic laws which govern the heat transfer. Name and explain briefly the various modes of heat transfer. ‘What is conduction heat transfer ? How does it differ from convective heat transfer? What is the significance of heat transfer ? Enumerate some important areas which are covered under the discipline of heat transfer. . What is the difference between the ‘natural’ and ‘forced’ convection? What is ‘Fourier’s law of conduction’? State also the assumptions on which this law is based. ). State some essential features of Fourier's law. How is thermal conductivity of a material defined ? What are its units? What is thermal resistance ? |. What is ‘Newton’s law of cooling ? |. What is Stefan’s Boltzmann law"? UNSOLVED EXAMPLES |. The inner surface of a plane brick wall is at 40°C and the outer surface is at 20°C. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per m? of surface area of the wall, which is 250 mm thick. The thermal conductivity of the brick is 0.52 W/m°C. (Ans. 41.6 Wim’) . A plane wall (thermal conductivity = 10.2 W/m°C) of 100 mm thickness and area 3m? has steady surface temperature of 170°C and 100°C. Determine: (The rate of heat flow across the plane wall; (ii) ‘The temperature gradient in the flow direction. Ans. (i) 21.42 kW; (i) -700°C/m] . Determine the heat transfer by convection over a surface of 0.75 m? if the surface is at 200°C and the fluid is at 80°C. The value of convective heat transfer is 25 W/m? °C [Ans. 2.25 kW] A surface of area 3m? and at 200°C exchanges heat ‘with another surface at 30°C by radiation. If the value of factor due to the geometric location and emissivity is 0.69, determine : (@ The rate of heat transfer, (ii) ‘The value of thermal resistance, and (iii) The eqnivalent convection coefficient. [Ans. () 4885.6 W; (ii) 0.0348 °C/W; (ii) 9.58 Wim? °C) . A surface at 200°C exposed to the surroundings at 60°C convects and radiates heat to the surroundings. ‘The convection coefficient, and radiation factor are 80W/m? °C and unity respectively. If the heat is li ity 15W/m °C what is the temperature gradient a conducted | io the surface through a solid of conductivity 15W/m Ee im) Scanned with CamScanner