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Carbohydrates and
Lipids
Question Paper 1
Level International A Level
Subject Biology
Exam Board CIE
Topic Biological Molecules
Sub Topic Carbohydrates and Lipids
Booklet heory
Paper Type Question Paper 1

Time Allowed : 42 minutes

Score : / 35

Percentage : /100

Grade Boundaries:

A* A B C D E U

>85% 777.5% 70% 62.5% 57.5% 45% <45%

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1 Fig. 5.1 shows a diagram of the molecular structures of tristearin (a triglyceride) and
phosphatidylcholine (a phospholipid).

H CH3

H C N+ CH3

H C H CH3

O P O–

H H H H H O

H C C C H H C C C H

O O O O O H

C OC OC O C OC O

tristearin
phosphatidylcholine

Fig. 5.1

(a) Table 5.1 shows a structural difference between the two molecules shown in Fig. 5.1.

Complete Table 5.1 with two further structural differences other than in numbers of different
types of atoms.

Table 5.1

structural feature tristearin phosphatidylcholine

length of fatty acid chains all the same length different lengths

[2]
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(b) Cells in the pancreas secrete enzymes, such as amylase and trypsin, into a duct.
The enzymes are packaged in vesicles so that they can be exported from these cells as
shown in Fig. 5.2.

enzymes plasma membrane

cytoplasm

Fig. 5.2
With reference to Fig. 5.2, explain how enzymes that are secreted by cells in the pancreas
are packaged into vesicles and exported.

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(c) Water has many significant roles to play in cells and living organisms.

Complete Table 5.2 below by stating the property of water that allows each of the following to
take place.

Table 5.2

role of water property of water

solvent for glucose and ions

movement in xylem

helps to decrease body

temperature in mammals

[3]

[Total: 9]
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Starch is composed of two polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin.

Fig. 3.1 shows a molecule of α-glucose before being added to the end of a molecule of
amylose.

CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

O O O O
H H H H H H H H H H H H

..... O OH H O OH H O OH H OH H
OH HO OH
H OH H OH H OH H OH

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) Complete Fig. 3.1 to show how a molecule of α-glucose is added to the amylose.
[3]

(ii) Name the bond that forms between glucose molecules in polysaccharides, such as
amylose.

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(b) Glycogen and cellulose are two other polysaccharides.

Complete Table 3.1 to compare glycogen and cellulose with amylose.

Table 3.1

feature amylose glycogen cellulose

monomer α-glucose

branched or
unbranched unbranched
molecule

role in
energy storage
organisms

[3]
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(c) Type 2 diabetes (insulin-independent diabetes) is a non-infectious disease.

If not treated, this disease is characterised by large fluctuations in the concentration of

glucose in the blood.

Maltase is an enzyme that completes the digestion of starch in humans. Molecules of maltase
are bound to the microvilli of epithelial cells in the small intestine.

Ascorbase is a drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Molecules of ascorbase have a
very similar shape to that of the substrate for maltase.

(i) Explain how ascorbase acts to inhibit these membrane-bound enzymes.

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(ii) Suggest why ascorbase can be used to treat people who have type 2 diabetes.

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[Total: 12]
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3 Polysaccharides are synthesised by condensation reactions between monosaccharide or

disaccharide subunits (monomers).

(a) Name the type of bond formed when polysaccharides are synthesised.

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(b) Disaccharides are formed following synthesis from monosaccharides or as a result of

polysaccharide hydrolysis.

Cellobiose, maltose, sucrose and trehalose are four different disaccharides found in
nature. Fig. 4.1 shows the molecular structure of these disaccharides.

Identify the disaccharides, labelled A to D, using the information below.

• The disaccharide cellobiose is formed from the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide

cellulose.

• When cellobiose is hydrolysed, two β-glucose molecules are produced.

• One of the disaccharides is sucrose.

• Trehalose is a disaccharide that is synthesised from two α-glucose molecules.

• The disaccharide maltose is formed from the hydrolysis of amylose, a

component of starch.

Write the name of the disaccharides in the spaces provided on Fig. 4.1.
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CH2OH H OH
O
H H H H
H OH H
OH H O HOH2C
OH OH
O
H OH H
A .........................................................

CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H H H
H H
OH H O OH H
OH OH

H OH H OH
B .........................................................

CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H OH
H H
O
OH H OH H
OH H H

H OH H OH
C .........................................................

CH2OH
O CH2OH O
H H H
H
OH H O H HO
OH CH2OH

H OH OH H
D .........................................................
[3]
Fig. 4.1
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In some organisms, trehalose is used as an energy store and gives protection against
the harmful effects of very low temperatures. Trehalose is sometimes referred to as a
cryoprotectant, allowing organisms to survive in freezing conditions.

Freezing temperatures can damage the cell surface membrane and membranes within the
cell.

(c) Explain the importance of the cell surface membrane to cells.

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(d) Freezing temperatures can also completely stop enzyme activity by causing the
molecules to undergo ‘cold denaturation’. Enzyme activity is not recovered when
temperatures are increased to a normal working temperature range.

(i) Explain the mode of action of enzymes.

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(ii) Suggest how the molecular structure of the enzyme changes during ‘cold
denaturation’.

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(e) Cryoprotectants, such as trehalose, are of particular interest in their application to

preserving cells, tissues or organisms for future use.

An investigation was carried out to find the protective effect given by different
concentrations of two cryoprotectants, trehalose and glycerol, on a respiratory enzyme.

The enzyme was subjected to a freezing temperature and then returned to its optimum
temperature. The activity of the enzyme was measured at its optimum temperature.

Fig. 4.2 is a graph showing the results of the investigation.

100

80

percentage 60
of maximum
activity 40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
cryoprotectant concentration / mmol

trehalose
glycerol

Fig. 4.2

With reference to Fig. 4.2, describe the results of the investigation.

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[Total: 16]
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4 Fig. 5.1 shows five different biological molecules.

O– O
C
H
CH3 H C H
O H C OH H O H C H
C C H N C C H
C H N C C H N

H C H H O H C H H
OH C
O O–
J

CH2OH H OH CH2OH
H O O H H O O
H OH H H
OH H H OH H
O H H O O H
K H OH H OH
CH2OH
CH2OH CH2OH
O H O H L
H H CH2OH
H H
OH H OH H HO O
O
O O
H OH H OH OH
CH2 OH
O OH CH CH
CH2OH CH2OH CH2 CH2OH HN CH
H O H H O H H O H H O H C O HC
H H H H
OH H OH H OH H OH H CH2 CH2
O O O O O
H OH H OH H OH H OH

M
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
C O H H O H H O H H O H
H H H H
OH H OH H OH H OH H
O O O O O
H OH H OH H OH H OH

Fig. 5.1
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Complete Table 5.1 by indicating which molecule matches each statement.

You may use each letter (H to M) once, more than once or not at all.

You should write only one letter in each box.

Table 5.1

statement letter

contains peptide bonds

part of the molecule forms the hydrophobic part of cell
membranes
contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

forms the primary structure of a protein

used for energy storage in plants

forms a helical structure

the sub-unit molecule is -glucose

[Total: 7]