How do you select piping

materials?
Part 2
This prepared
by Engineer Antar Mustafa
antar.mustafa@gmail.com
+201064724668
Table of Contents
1. Overview of the Article
2. Introduction
3. Parameters for Pipe Material Selection
4. Pipe Material Selection Basics
4.1. Piping Material Basics.
4.2. Mechanical Properties of Pipe Materials
5. Material Terms and Definition
6. Effects of Alloying Elements on Metallic Piping Materials
7. Typical Pipe Material Selection Criteria
8. 7.a) Ferrous piping materials
1. Cast Iron (CI) ASTM A126, A436 Pipe
2. Carbon Steel (CS) ASTM A53-B/A106-B/API 5L-B Pipe Selection
3. Metallic Stainless Steel (SS) Pipe
7.b) Non Ferrous piping materials
9. Non-Metallic Piping Materials
10. Thermoset Plastics as Piping Materials
1. OVERVIEW OF THE ARTICLE

➢ Piping Materials are a very important part of Piping Engineering.

➢ The success of a project and the cost to a great extent depends on piping
materials.
➢ Hence, the proper selection of pipe materials plays an important role in
the project economy and it is always preferred to choose piping materials
that meet all technical requirements but are cheaper.
➢ There is a lot of variety of piping materials present in the market.
➢ Choosing the best and most economic pipe material for a specific service is
really challenging and here comes the role of piping material engineers.
➢ They in consultation with process engineers decide the right kind of pipe
materials.
➢ In this article, we will explore the types of piping materials and their
selection philosophy.
2. INTRODUCTION

➢ Classification of Piping material is a broad term and is not

limited to only the material of the pipe.
➢ It signifies the material of all piping components; pipes, fittings,
valves, and other items.
➢ So, in a sentence, we can say that piping material means the
materials of all the components that are present in a specific
pipe class.

➢ PIPELINE PIPING MATERIAL SELECTION BASIS

3. Parameters for Pipe Material Selection

➢ As pipes and pipelines carry various liquids and gases having different process
conditions, the proper selection of pipe material is very important.
➢ The main process parameters that govern
the piping material selection process are:
➢ Types of Fluid to be handled (Flammable, Explosive, Corrosive, Reactive, Volatile, or
Hazardous to human skin).
➢ Design and operating temperatures. (Whether the temperature of the fluid is low
temperature, high temperature, or cryogenic) Design pressure of the fluid.
1. Flow medium ‫وسط التدفق‬
2. Material characteristics ‫خصائص المواد‬
3. Fracture tendencies at the temperature extremes ‫ميول الكسر عند درجات الحرارة‬
4. Corrosion and erosion ‫التآكل والتآكل‬
5. The environment where the pipe will be working ‫لبيئة التي سيعمل فيها األنبوب‬
➢ In addition to the above parameters, some non-
process parameters that are considered for pipe
material selection are:

1. Cost of the pipe material

2. Availability
3. Manufacturability, Weldability, etc.

➢ Various piping codes and standards provide a long list

of acceptable piping materials under their
jurisdiction.
➢ These codes provide various details about those
piping materials like design rules, allowable stresses
at different temperatures, etc.
4. Pipe Material Selection Basics
➢ Selection of basic Piping Metallurgy and Material (viz. CS, LTCS, AS, SS, etc.) for piping
specification lies with the Process/Metallurgy Engineer.
➢ The main selection is based on process, licensor, and/or intrinsic metallurgy
requirements to suit process medium, like corrosion, high temperature, pressure, etc.
➢ This basic selection shall also address special considerations for PWHT, special valve
trim for NACE, corrosive services like acids, amines, etc., and hazardous services like
Hydrogen, Chlorine, Phosgene, Oxygen, etc.
4.1. Piping Material Basics
➢ Metals are rarely used in their purest form as they have low mechanical strength.
➢ Alloying helps increase its properties like strength and ductility. (Easiest eg. is
adding Carbon to Iron to produce ferritic Carbon Steel).
➢ Addition of alloying elements in proper proportions along with appropriate metal
processing and heat treatment results in the optimization and improvement of
its mechanical properties.
➢ Alloying also helps in improving corrosion & oxidation characteristics,
machinability, weldability, etc.
➢ Advertisements
➢ Complex alloyed material is also being engineered for use in aerospace programs
and applications.
➢ Metallic glasses and crystalline alloys have also been developed and metal alloys
are sometimes even bonded with graphite, ceramic and organic materials as
composites for wider and more complex applications
4.2. Mechanical Properties of Pipe Materials
➢ Certain mechanical properties are also considered while selecting pipe material
for a specific service. They are:
• Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) – the ratio of stress to strain and measured
using tension tests
• Elastic range: Material returns to its original shape afterload is released
• Plastic range: Material is permanently deformed even after the load is released
• Yield Strength – It defines the transition from elastic to plastic phase and it
establishes the limiting value at which this transition occurs
‫قوة الشد القصوى‬
• Ultimate Tensile Strength – It defines the limit to which any further addition of load
‫العينة‬ ‫استطالة‬ ‫ترققها‬
under constant strain would arrest the specimen elongation or thinning and would
result in its failure. ‫وقد تؤدي إلى فشلها‬
‫ليونة – يتم التعبير عنها في االستطالة‬
• Ductility – expressed in the elongation of a specimen and its reduction in the
‫أنشئت عن طريق قياس طول العينة قبل االستطالة‬
crosssectional area before its failure. Established by measuring specimen length
before elongation and minimum diameter before failure.
4.2. Mechanical Properties of Pipe Materials
‫ قدرة المادة على مقاومة التشوه‬- ‫الصالبة‬
• Hardness – Ability of a material to resist deformation. Hardness is tested by
Brinell or Rockwell Hardness tests, both of which are indentation-type tests
‫ قدرة المادة على مقاومة الكسر المفاجئ‬- ‫لمتانة‬
• Toughness – Ability of a material to resist sudden and brittle fracture due to
the rapid application of loads. Measured using the Charpy V-Notch test.
‫ قدرة المادة على مقاومة الفشل أو بدء التشقق‬- ‫مقاومة التعب‬
• Fatigue Resistance – Ability of a material to resist failure or crack initiation
and its further propagation under repeated cyclic loading conditions
‫المصطلحات والتعريفات‬
5. Material Terms and Definition
‫قبل الغوص‬
Before diving into the actual piping material selection process, let’s learn some of
the important terms relevant to pipe materials.
‫ قدرة المعدن على تحمل الوزن الثابت‬- ‫قوة الزحف‬
▪ Creep Strength – Ability of a metal to withstand constant weight or force
at‫للمعدن‬
elevated temperatures without yielding
‫ فشل مفاجئ وسريع‬- ‫الكسر الهش‬
▪ Brittle fracture – Sudden & rapid failure of a metal due to the application
of energy with hardly any deformation
5. Material Terms and Definition
،‫التثبيت – إضافة عناصر صناعة السبائك لمنع ترسيب الكربون والكروم وتكوين الكربيدات‬
▪ Stabilization – Addition of alloying elements to prevent carbon-chromium
precipitation and formation of carbides, which reduces corrosion at higher temps
( ‫ التآكل الحبيبي‬IGC) – ‫التآكل الذي يحدث عند حدود الحبوب للمعادن بسبب استنفاد الكروم عن طريق تكوين طبقة كربيد الكروم‬
▪ Intergranular Corrosion (IGC)– Corrosion occurring at grain boundaries of metals due
to the depletion of chromium by the formation of the Cr Carbide layer, after reacting
with carbon, which protects from further corrosive environments. (Min 12% Cr in SS).
IGC is caused by reducing acids, oxidizing acids, and organic acids
▪ Reducing acids – In Chemistry reduction means loss of oxygen and gain of Hydrogen –
examples are Hydrochloric acid, Hydrofluoric acid, and hydrobromic acid
▪ Oxidizing acids – Oxidation (a chemical reaction between metal & Oxygen) means a
gain of Oxygen and loss of Hydrogen – examples are Sulfuric acid, Nitric acid, and
Chromic acid
▪ Organic acids – are of the carboxyl (COOH) group containing hydroxide (OH) –
examples are Acetic acid, Formic acid, Citric acid
▪ Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) – Failure of metal through a combined action of tensile
stress and chemical corrosion.
5. Material Terms and Definition
▪ SCC also depends on service temp, solution environment, exposure duration,
and metal properties
▪ High Temp Hydrogen Attack – Results in the degradation of Carbon and Low
Alloy Steel due to depletion (decarburization) of carbon (strengthening agent)
in steel due to reaction with Hydrogen at high temps, thus causing loss of
strength in metal.
▪ Hydrogen Blistering – A low temp phenomenon where atomic hydrogen
diffuses into steel and is trapped as non-metallic inclusion, which builds up
pressure and eventually bulges and blisters steel.
▪ Hydrogen-Induced Cracking (HIC)– A phenomenon similar to hydrogen
blisteringbut HIC occurs in pipelines operating in sour services.
▪ Hydrogen blistering and HIC can be controlled by restricting sulfur content in
steel to 0.005% or 0.010% max
▪ Oxidation– Chemical reaction of metal and alloys with oxygen in the metal in
air, to form oxides is called oxidation. This process results in scaling.
6. Effects of Alloying Elements on Metallic Piping Materials
• Carbon (C)– More carbon means more strength and hardness but less
ductility and toughness
• Phosphorus (P)– High content decreases shock resistance & ductility
making material brittle
• Silicon (Si)– Increases high temp properties making the metal more stable
by increasing tensile strength without increasing brittleness when under
2%. It also resists oxidization & is used as a deoxidizing agent
• Manganese (Mn)– It improves hot working characteristics by increasing
hardening when combined with sulfur
• Nickel (Ni)– It improves hardenability by increasing the strength and
toughness of steel. Combined with Chromium it improves impact and
fatigue resistance.
• Improves low temp properties. Higher nickel content improves resistance
to chloride cracking
6. Effects of Alloying Elements on Metallic Piping Materials

• Chromium(Cr)– It is a hardening element & improves material strength at a

higher temp. Improves high temp oxidation & corrosion resistance of steel
• Molybdenum (Mo)– It makes the steel harder and more stable by increasing
its creep resistance at a higher temp. 2% Mo in steel also reduces high temp
oxidation rate
• Columbium/Titanium (Cb/Ti)– Commonly used stabilizing elements to
improve sustained high operating temp properties of steel by reducing
carbide precipitation. SS Type 321 and 347
7. Typical Pipe Material Selection Criteria

➢ Now selecting a proper pipe material is a difficult task as there is a

wide variety of pipe materials available in the market.
➢ Piping materials can broadly be of three types:
1. Metallic Piping Materials
2. Non-metallic Piping Materials, and
3. Composite Piping Materials

➢ Metallic pipe materials can again be

subdivided into two groups;
a) Ferrous piping materials and
b) non-ferrous piping materials.

➢ Composite pipe materials consist of both metals and non-metals.

➢ Types of pipe materials can easily be graphically represented as
shown below:
7. Typical Pipe Material Selection Criteria

7.a) Ferrous piping materials

1. Cast Iron (CI) ASTM A126, A436 Pipe

The usual features of Metallic Cast Iron pipe materials are given below:
• Metallic Cast Iron/Ductile Iron/Malleable Iron Pipes are brittle, low-
strength materials used for low-temperature applications and basic
utilities like air, water, drains, etc. Low-cost material.
• CI shall not be used on severe cyclic condition services, excessive
heat, thermal shock
• DI & MI cannot be used at a temperature below -29° C & above
343°C (ASTM A47,A536)
• Austenitic DI (ASTM A 571) may be used at temp up to -196°C max
but not lower
2. Carbon Steel (CS) ASTM A53-B/A106-B/API 5L-B Pipe Selection
The usual features of Carbon Steel Metallic
Piping materials are:
a. Better than CI and has higher strength.
b. Used for higher temperatures (up to 800° F or 427° C).
c. Most process services include steam piping.
3. Low Temp Carbon Steel (LTCS) ASTM A333-Gr 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, etc
a. Used for low temp services like chilled brine, chlorine liquid/gas, propylene,
etc. (Bet-45°C to 485°C)
b. Has more Carbon and no alloying elements like Cr and Mo and contains
Nickel which improves low temp properties
c. Impact properties/values at low temp are better than in CS (Charpy N Notch
test)
d. Refer to ASTM 01.01 for impact test requirement for low temp/cryogenic
services
3. Galvanized Carbon Steel Pipe
a. Use limited to about 200° F or 93° C for basic utilities like water,
air, nitrogen
b. Normally piping connections are screwed to avoid damage to
galvanizing due to welding

4. Lined Piping
a. Normally metallic, glass, non-metallic, cement-lined piping
b. Used for highly corrosive services like acids, caustic, process
limited services, etc.
c. CS Cement lined pipe normally used in seawater applications

5. Alloy Steel (AS) – Also known as Cr-Mo Steel Pipe Selection

a. Used for high temp applications in CS base like process services,
superheated steam, reformer gases, etc. above 400° C design
temp (ASTM A335 Gr P1, 5, 11,22, etc.)
5. Alloy Steel (AS) – Also known as Cr-Mo Steel Pipe Selection
b. C-1/2Mo steel can be used bet -29°C up to 454°C design temp
c. Cr-1/2Mo steels can be used bet -29°C and up to 550 to 600°C
d. PWHT or stress relieving is a must after welding
6. Metallic Stainless Steel (SS) Pipe – Austenitic Grade Cr-Ni-Mo
➢ The main characteristic features of metallic stainless steel piping are:
a. Used for high temp and process critical services and for cryogenic applications
b. Selection governed by the process for specific service needs
c. ASTM A312 Gr TP 304 and 316 are normally used SS grades for pipes
d. The presence of 2% Mo in SS316 gives better overall corrosion resistance
properties than SS304
e. SS316 has a higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride
environments
f. Grade L series has lower C (0.035%) which improves its use for higher temp up
to1100°F (600°C), has a higher resistance to IGC and better weldability ,
6. Metallic Stainless Steel (SS) Pipe – Austenitic Grade Cr-Ni-Mo
a. f. Better mechanical strength at elevated temps & good high temp oxidation
resistance up to 925°C.
b. g. Grade H – Controlled C between .04 to 0.1% & lower Ni provides improved
high temp strength above 815° C.
c. h. Common applications of SS304 are food, steel utensils, beverages, the dairy
industry, etc.
d. i. Common applications of SS316 are food, pharma, marine, medical implant steel
, etc.
e. J. Grade 317 – use dictated by licensor/process
f. K. Grades 321 and 347 are metallurgically very stable in high temp applications
because of the addition of Columbium and/or Tungsten
g. L. Impact testing is not required if C < 0.1%
h. M. Refer to ASTM 01.01 for impact test requirement for low temp/cryogenic
services
➢ Exotic Grades – Not commonly used – High cost!!!
7. Duplex SS: Grade 2205/2207 (UNS No. S31803/32760)

a. Cr-Ni-Mo steel
b. Has excellent strength & corrosion resistance, improved resistance to acids
and chlorides, and good weldability (ASTM A928)

8. Nickel 200/201: (UNS No. N02200/N02201)

a. Pure Nickel-very good mechanical properties

b. Excellent resistance to corrosive media
c. Good mechanical strength at a high temperature
d. Good ductility at low temp, good weldability
e. Nickel 201 has a little more Carbon than 200 which makes its use ideal for
highlycorrosive caustic soda (Sodium Hydroxide) applications up to 300°C
(ASTM B163).
9. Monel 400/500: (UNS No. 04400/05500)

a. Ni-Cu Alloy – ASTM B165

b. Good resistance to saline and acidic conditions
c. 8/15
d. Ideal for high-velocity seawater/brackish water applications
e. High resistance to cavitation and corrosion
f. Monel 400 has oxidation resistance up to 550°C
g. Monel 500 has higher tensile strength and hardness and resists oxidation up
to650°C
h. Ideal for use with H
i. SO
j. and other acids
k. Ideal material for valve trims
7.b) Non Ferrous piping materials
1. Inconel Pipe Selection
1.1. Inconel 600/601: (UNS No. N06600/06601)
a. Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy – ASTM B167
b. Excellent oxidation and scale resistance properties up to 1200°C
c. Excellent resistance to corrosive media
d. Good weldability and is resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking
e. Inconel 600 is used extensively in power plants Higher Cr content in Inconel
601offers better oxidation and carburization resistance to sulfur applications
1.2. Inconel 625: (UNS No. N06625)
a. Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe Alloy – ASTM B705
b. Excellent strength and ductility between 700°C to 1100°C
c. The presence of Mo further increases corrosion resistance at higher temps
d. Ideal for phosphorus acids, organic acids, seawater, boiler tubing, etc.
e. Good weldability
1. Inconel Pipe Selection
1.3. Inconel 800: (UNS No. N08800)
a. Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy – ASTM B407
1.4. Inconel 800H: (UNS No. N08810)
a. Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy – This is a solution heat-treated high carbon version of Inconel 800
with improved elevated temp properties and strength
1.5. Inconel 825: (UNS No. N08825)
a. High resistance to sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, solvents, reducing acids, and sea water
b. Cupro Nickel: C70600, ASME B466/B467, B111Is an alloy of Cu & Ni, Cu 70-95% &Ni 30-95%
c. Has very good corrosion resistance, especially to seawater applications
d. Good mechanical strength & weldability
e. B466 seamless and B467 welded pipes are used in marine applications like sea water piping
and fittings
f. B111 used in exchanger/condenser tubes
g. Also used extensively in the automobile industry, especially for brake tubing
2. Hastalloy C276: (UNS No. N10276)
a. Ni-Cr-Mo-W Alloy – ASTM B619/622
b. Best alloy for extremely corrosive conditions
c. Good for reducing and oxidizing applications
d. The presence of Tungsten (W-Wolfram) imparts excellent resistance to
strongoxidizing services, hot contaminated acids, solvents, chlorides, etc.
e. Ideal for strong acids, formate acids, acetic hydride solutions, seawater,
and saline solutions.
f. Corrosion-resistant to wet HCL, hydrochloride solutions, etc.
3. Alloy 20: (UNS No. N08020)
a. Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu Alloy – ASTM B464
b. Excellent mechanical properties, strength, and machinability
c. Excellent stress corrosion resistance to boiling 20-40% Sulfuric acid
d. Widely used in 98% Sulfuric acid service for valve trims ‫حمض‬ ‫يستخدم على نطاق واسع في خدمة‬
‫ لتزيين الصمامات‬% 98 ‫الكبريتيك بنسبة‬

e. Ideal in food & pharma applications where product purity has to be guaranteed
4. Aluminum and Al Alloy Pipe (ASTM B345)
➢ The main features of Aluminum and Aluminum alloy metallic piping materials are:
a. Excellent mechanical properties like strength, weldability, and formability
b. Good surface finish
c. High corrosion resistance
d. Used in Gas & Oil transmission and distribution piping systems
e. Also used in aircraft applications as it is light but strong
5. Titanium: ASTM B861 – Seamless Pipe/ ASTM B862 – Welded Pipe
➢ Metallic Titanium piping materials have the following features:
a. These are practically pure grades of Titanium with about 6% Nitrogen
b. Has high strength, impact toughness, fabricability, formability,
‫الميزات‬ and weldability
c. Exceptional corrosion and erosion resistance which allows
d. Zero corrosion allowance
e. Used a lot in aerospace applications and engine components besides chemical,
marine, refinery, chlorine, food processing, and pharma applications
9. Non-Metallic Piping Materials
➢ The most common non-metallic piping materials are PVC, UPVC, CPVC, PP, LDPE,HDPE,
PVDF, HALAR, PTFE, PFA, FRP, RTRP, etc.
9.1. Polyvinyls as Pipe Materials
a. (PVC, UPVC, CPVC) ASTM D1784/1785
b. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is the most common material for plastic pipe
c. Unplasticized (U-PVC) is the same as PVC but has resins added as additives tomake
it harder
d. Service temp up to 60°C (140°F)
e. Joining methods are solvent welding, threading, or flanging
f. Chemically inert, good corrosion and weather resistance, high strength,
goodelectric and thermal insulator
g. Used in chemical processing, chilled water distribution, chemical drains, etc.
h. Not suitable for oxidizing agents like concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
esters,and amines
9.1. Polyvinyls as Pipe Materials

i. Polyvinyls will burn but do not support combustion because of their high
chlorinecontent and will extinguish immediately upon flame removal
j. Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) has added chlorine which makes it suitable for use at
higher temps up to 100°C (210°F) and offers better corrosion resistance to liquids
k. Used for hot process piping, corrosive liquids, hot and cold water lines, etc.
l. Joining methods are solvent welding, threading, or flanging

9.2. Polyolefins (PP, CPP, PE) as Pipe Materials

➢ Polypropylene (PP)
• is the lightest thermoplastic piping material.
• Good strength and chemical resistance, resistant to sulfur-bearing compounds.
• May be used up to 80°C(180°F) applications.
• Excellent material for industrial drainage, petroleum industry, saltwater disposal,
chilled water, and demineralized water lines.
9.2. Polyolefins (PP, CPP, PE) as Pipe Materials
➢ Copolymer Polypropylene (CPP)
• is a copolymer of propylene and polybutylene.
• Has excellent dielectric and insulating properties, high chemical resistance,
toughness, and strength between freezing to 93°C (200°F) operating temps.
• Excellent abrasion resistance and good elasticity.
• Joining by socket fusion or butt welding.

➢ Non-metallic Polyethylene (PE) Piping Material has four classifications:

➢ Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
• has more branching and less compact molecular structure, Lower mechanical
strength than polyethylenes, Ideal for food handling services, brine tanks, etc.
• Good for temps up to 60°C (140°F). Joining by hot gas welding.
• All polyethylenes have excellent chemical resistance to a wide range of common
chemicals.
➢ Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE)
• is a thermoplastic that has a lesser density than HDPE.
• It has good shock and drops resistance and better stress cracking resistance than
HDPE. It has a lower hardness and rigidity when compared to HDPE.
• Used a lot in gas piping and fitting and in packaging films.
• Joining by hot gas welding.
➢ High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
• has minimal branching and a more compact molecular structure.
• More rigid and less permeable than LDPE. Good for temps upto 71°C (160°F).
• Used for abrasion-resistant piping, caustic storage tanks, controltubing, etc.
Joining by hot gas welding.
➢ Cross-Linked High-Density Polyethylene (XLPE)
• is a 3-dimensional polymer ofextremely high molecular weight and close molecular structure.
• Superior resistanceto environmental stress cracking and very high impact strength.
• Good for temps upto 71°C (160°F).
• Ideal material for large storage tanks for outdoor service
➢ Halar (ECTFE) Ethylene Chlorotrifluoro Ethylene
• is a very durable copolymer of ethylene and chlorotrifluoroe thylene.
• Excellent resistance to a wide variety of strong acids, chlorine, solvents, and
aqueous caustics.
• Excellent abrasion resistance, electric properties, low permeability, and
temperature capabilities from cryogenic to 170°C(340°F).
• Resistant to radiation.
• Halar has an excellent application for high-purity hydrogenper oxide application.
• Joining by thermal butt fusion.

➢ Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) PTFE offers the most unique and useful

characteristicsof all plastic materials. PTFE can handle liquids or gases up to
232°C (450°F).
• PTFE flows and is used as an excellent sealant material.
‫مبهمة‬
• Normally an opaque white material.
➢ Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)
‫البالستيك الفلوري‬ ‫تم اختراع‬
• This fluoro plastic was invented by DuPont.
‫التقليدية‬
• It can be melt-extruded and fabricated by conventional methods which
allows more flexibility in manufacturing.
• Excellent dielectric and chemical resistance properties similarto PTFE.
• Use limited to temp between -54°C (-65°F) to a maximum of 150°C (300°F).
‫سطح المع وشفاف‬ ‫شفاف‬
It has a glossy surface and is transparent when in a thin section.
.‫نقل الضوء فوق البنفسجي‬
• FEP is widely used for its high ultraviolet light-transmitting ability.
➢ Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA)
• is Similar to PTFE and FEP.
• Better properties than PTFE permits conventional thermoplastic molding and
extrusion.
• Good flexibility for tubing purposes.
• Higher mech strength up to 260°C temperature.
➢ Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) ‫أكريلونتريل بوتادين ستايرين‬
• is A family of engineered thermoplastics with a range of performance characteristics.
• Acrylonitrile imparts chemical resistance and rigidity to this thermoplastic.
• Butadiene endows it with impact strength and toughness.
• Styrene contributes to ease of processing. ‫االسترات والكيتونات والكحوليات‬
• Good for hostile environments like esters, ketones , alcohols, and hydrocarbons up to
93°C (200°F).
➢ Sulfone Polymers
• These are clear thermoplastics used in corrosive environments.
• Temp. range up to 150°C (300°F).
• High resistance to acids, alkali, and salt solution.
• Not suited for ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and aromatic
hydrocarbons. Used a lot in flowmeters and sight gauges
➢ Forms of Sulfone Polymers
‫مطاط فلوري‬
VITON – A fluoroelastomer compatible with many chemicals at varied temp ranges.
• Used for sealing valves, pumps, and instruments.
• Excellent for mineral acids, salt solutions , chlorinated hydrocarbons, and petroleum oils.
• The maximum temp limit is 120°C (250°F).

➢ EPDM–Is a terpolymer elastomer made from the ethylene-propylene-diene monomer.

• Good abrasion and tear resistance.
• Excellent chemical resistance to a variety of weak acids and alkalies. ‫القلويات‬
• Not recommended for applications involving petroleum oils, strong acids, or alkalies.
• The maximum temp limit is 100°C (212°F).

➢ Nitrile BUNA-N- Nitrile rubber

• is a copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile.
• It hasexcellent elastomeric properties.
• It has excellent resistance to aliphatic hydrocarbons andaromatic solvents.
• Excellent material for valve seating.
• The maximum temp limit is 100°C(212°F).
➢ HYPALON –This is a DuPont registered name for its elastomer of chloro sulfonated
polyethylene.
• Used widely for valve seats and seals.
• The maximum temp limit is 100°C(212°F).

➢ NEOPRENE– is a chlorinated synthetic rubber used primarily as a seating and

sealing surface for valves.
• The maximum temp limit is 100°C (212°F).

➢ NATURAL RUBBER– IS polymer isoprene with the highest molecular weight.

• Derived from Hevea (Rubber) tree. )‫مشتقة من شجرة هيفيا (المطاط‬
• Used as the diaphragm and sealing material because of its elastomeric properties
and resistance to abrasion.
• The maximum temperature limit is100°C (212°F).
 ‫بالستيك الحراري‬
10. Thermoset Plastics as Piping Materials
➢ Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) ‫بالستيك المقوى باأللياف الزجاجية‬
• is a highly valuable engineering material for piping and vessels (epoxy glass fiber).
• Very vast industrial use because of low initial cost & low maintenance.
• The broad range of chemical resistance. High strength-to-weight ratio .
• Ease of fabrication and flexibility in design.
• Good electrical insulation properties.
• It can be used up to a temperature of 150°C (300°F).
• Such epoxy piping is commonly used in oil , mining, and chemical industries.
• Sometimes used for steam condensate systems.
• Used in industrial cooling towers.
• Also used in Chlorine gas, chlorine water, and brine services.
‫ نسبة‬.‫ مجموعة واسعة من المقاومة الكيميائية‬.‫ استخدام صناعي واسع للغاية بسبب التكلفة األولية المنخفضة والصيانة المنخفضة‬.)‫وهي مادة هندسية ذات قيمة عالية لألنابيب واألوعية (األلياف الزجاجية اإليبوكسي‬
‫ ت ُستخدم أنابيب اإليبوكسي هذه بشكل شائع‬.)‫ درجة فهرنهايت‬300( ‫ درجة مئوية‬150 ‫ يمكن استخدامه حتى درجة حرارة‬.‫ خصائص العزل الكهربائي جيدة‬.‫ سهولة التصنيع والمرونة في التصميم‬.‫قوة إلى وزن عالية‬
.‫ضا في خدمات غاز الكلور ومياه الكلور والمحلول الملحي‬
ً ‫ يستخدم أي‬.‫ المستخدمة في أبراج التبريد الصناعية‬.‫ تستخدم في بعض األحيان ألنظمة مكثفات البخار‬.‫في صناعات النفط والتعدين والصناعات الكيماوية‬
 ‫أنبوب الراتنج المقوى بالحرارة‬
➢ Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP) Vinylester resin epoxy based ‫مادة راتنجية بالحرارة تعتمد على‬
‫راتنجات الفينيلستر واإليبوكسي وتم‬
thermosetting resin material cured by free polymerization. ‫معالجتها عن طريق البلمرة الحرة‬

• Better tensile strength , elongation, and fatigue resistance.

• Material has excellent alkali resistance of the epoxy and acid and oxidation chemical
resistance of the polymer.
• Used a lot in large bore sea water piping. ‫ يقتصر استخدام مواد األنابيب غير المعدنية‬.‫كثيرا في أنابيب مياه البحر الكبيرة‬
ً ‫تستخدم‬

• Non-metallic piping material use is generally restricted to about 120°C(250°F).

• Check with vendors for specific applications for services and corrosion, sizes , fitting
dimensions, jointing procedures, etc. ‫تحقق مع البائعين من التطبيقات المحددة للخدمات والتآكل واألحجام وأبعاد التركيب‬
‫ فحوصات خدمة مواد األنابيب النموذجية‬.‫وإجراءات التوصيل وما إلى ذلك‬

11 REFERENCES
• whatispiping.com/Piping-material-selection/
BY/ Anup Kumar Dey
December 20, 2019