ROSE

1.Introduction
Rose (Rosa Species) is popularly known as Queen of flowers. It is a versatile plant
adapted to varying climatic conditions. In India it is cultivated commercially for cut flowers,
both for traditional flower market, and contemporary florist shops.
The rose, because of its place amongst the flower crops and is one of the oldest of fragrant
flowers to be cultivated by man. Its different types having beautiful flowers of exquisite shape,
sizes, bewitching colours and most delightful fragrance has made it an important flower for its
varied uses.
Roses are being cultivated from ancient times in France, Greece, India, Iran, Italy,
Morocco, USA and Bulgaria for production of perfume. The major rose producing states are
Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh, and West
Bengal are the most rose farming project states. while in Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal they are grown to a limited extent.
Total area of about 8,000 ha.
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae.
There are over three hundred species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that
can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.
2.Land selection and Preparation
Soils
 Sandy-loam, red-loam, silty-loam soil are best suited for rose cultivation. The soil pH of
6.0 to 7.5 is ideal for rose. Rose is very sensitive to saline soils as sodium carbonate
which is present in the saline soil is harmful to the plants. Soils rich in organic matter
with good water holding capacity are ideal for its cultivation.
 Preparation of soil is the key to success in roses. The soil should have a fine tilth up to a
depth of 50 cm and should have a good drainage facility. The soil should be free from
gravel, stones, brick pieces and other foreign material and exposed to sun for at least a
week.
Land preparation
 Beds are prepared for the cultivation of roses. If the soil is light and proper drainage is
there, the planting can be done even without making beds but if the soil is heavy and
proper drainage is not there, raised beds (40 cm above the ground) should be prepared.

 If the soil is deficit of organic matter then 10-12 per cent of additional organic matter
may be added to it. Upon land preparation, beds/ plots of 1- 1.5m wide and 30-40m long
should be prepared.

 Pits must be dug before the onset of rain so that the soil may settle down. Pits of 20-30
cm wide & 30 cm deep should be prepared and likewise the beds should be prepared.
Care should be taken that the top soil should remain on the top.

3.Season and Climate

Season
 It can be grown throughout the year. The best planting time is between
September and October in plains & in the hills it is during October-November or
February-March
  Roses for local market and for preparing different products are grown under open
conditions.

Climate
 Temperature: Temperature is an important factor regulating the growth of rose
plant. Plants are planted at a place where flower yield was highest in plants kept at
night temperature between 15 to 18°C and day temperature of 20 to 25°C. During
winters, because of the low temperature the quality of flowers is good.
 Light: A light duration lesser than 12 hrs leads to lower number of flowers and
the flowers are of inferior quality too. Shady area is not at all suitable for rosary.
 Humidity: Humidity plays an important role in the incidence of pests and
diseases affecting the growth and flowering. In case of higher humidity in the
atmosphere, water drops accumulate on the rose leaves which if remain over there
for a longer period leads to many fungal diseases. Certain diseases like mildews
are associated with relative humidity.

4.Selection of crop/ variety/ planting material

Modern roses grown in gardens are Hybrid Teas, Floribunda (also Grandiflora), Polyantha,
Climbers and Ramblers, Miniatures and Shrub roses. However, in the cut flower trade, the rose
varieties are classified as large flowered, small flowered and spray types. There are 20,000 or
more rose cultivars in the world. About 250-300 new varieties are added every year.
Hybrid teas and Floribundas are grown in for garden decoration and as potted plant .Among
Hybrid Teas Gladiator, Raktima, Grand gala, Aditya etc and among Floribundas Red front,
Olympic gold, Mother Teresa etc are suitable. For loose flowers mostly scented rose(Rosa
demacena), Ruby star, Tri star etc., are suitable for commercial cultivation in Telangana.

There are different classes of roses according to the type of flowers they bear:

(A) HybridTea
 This is the most important class of roses. The flower buds of this class are longer and
look beautiful. The flowers of this class are slow opening and hence can be kept in vases for a
longer time. The flower spikes are also longer. Flowers of wide range of colours are available in
this class but red, orange, yellow and some other dark colours are more preferred in the market.

Red: First Red, Avon, Happiness, Mr. Lincoln, Raktagandha, Black Lady, Montezuma, etc.
Yellow: Aalsmeer Gold, Gold Medal, Golden Star, Golden Time, Yellow Success, Pusa Sonia
Orange: Super Star, Summer Hoilday, President and Grand Gala
Bi-colour: Anvil Spark, Mudhosh, Double Delight, Supriya, Abhisarika, Kiss of Fire, Tata
Centenary.
Scented: Avon, Granda, Papa Meilland, Blue Perfume, Eiffel Tower, Oklahoma

(B) Floribunda
There is profuse flowering in this class of roses but the flowers shed soon. That’s why this
class of roses is largely used for decoration and bedding purpose. The important varieties under
this class are as follows:
White: Iceberg, Summer Snow, Margette Maril, Chitchor, Chandrama
Pink: Prema, Sadabahar, King Arthur, Bridal Pink
Yellow: Arthur Bell, Dr. Foun, Allgold, Sea Pearl, Golden Times
Mauve: Neelambari, Angel Face, Africa Star
Orange: Doris Norman, Suryakiran, Jorina, Jambra
Bi-colour: Charisma, Mask Red, Paint Box, Nav Sadabahar, Red Gold, Rare Addition
Scented: Angel Face, Delhi Princess

(C) Polyantha
The rose plants of this class are small and the flowers come in cluster. The main varieties of this
class are Anjani, Rashmi, Nartaki, Priti, Swati, etc.
(D) Miniature
The roses of this class are dwarf in stature and the twigs and the leaves are also small.
The flowers of this class are used in flower arrangement:

Red: Beauty Secret, Dark Beauty, Fast Fire

White: Green Ice, Z-Trail, Aany
Pink: Windy City, Sweet Fairy, Dizzler
Yellow: Baby Gold Star, Kale Gold, Delhi Star Late
Mauve: Silver Tip, Blue Bird
Orange: Angel Ripyance, Petayit Foly
Bi-colour: Star and Strip, Jainy Williums, Over the Rainbow

(E) Climber
The branches of these roses are soft and spread like climber. They flower at the end of the
branches in small clusters. They are used for raising over the pergolas and the walls. The
important varieties are as follows:

Red: Climbing Crimson Glory, Blaze, Cocktail, Black Boy

White: Delhi White Pearl, Shelderer White, Rambler, American Pear, Lamark
Pink: Climbing Show Girl, Lady Water Loo, Climbing of Silk, Soft Silk, Climbing Piece, Pink
Meradan
Lemon: Miracle Neel, All Gold, Golden Shower, High Moon
There is profuse demand of red, pink and orange coloured cut roses. It is suggested that the
following varieties are more profitable to grow.
Gladiator, Queen Elizabeth, Bull’s Red, First Red, Happiness, Grand Gala, Confetti, etc.
Common Name: My Valentine Rose, Mattocks Rose
Botanical name: Rosa 'My Valentine'
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Light requirement : Full sun
Height : Up to 5 feet tall
Uses : Cut flowers

Flowers : Red, large, mild fragrance

Location :Ooty rose garden, Nilgiri Hills, india

Common Name: Mazurka rose

Used for: Cut flowers
Flowers: Pink with white, medium, mild fragrance,
showy, colourful
Best for : Pots, containers, borders
Foliage : Evergreen foliage, 4 feet tall
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Light requirement & care : Sunny, open
Location: Lalbagh,Bangalore, India
Common Name: Grafin diana rose
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 4 feet tall
Flowers : Black, maroon, large, showy, 5 inches wide blooms,
fragrant
Foliage :Reddish green
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India

Light Requirement: Sunny, openn, well drained soil

Common Name: Mainzer fastnacht rose

Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 4 feet tall
Flowers : Light blue, pale purple, large, showy,
fragrant
Foliage :Deep green
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil
Nadu, India
Light Requirement: Sunny, openn, well drained soil
Common Name: Grand chateua rose
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 4 feet tall
Flowers : Black, red, small, showy, fragrant
Foliage :Reddish green
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu,
India
Light Requirement: Sunny, openn, well drained soil

Common Name: Salmon patio rose

Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 36 inches tall
Flowers : Salmon pink, small, showy, colourful
Foliage: Evergreen, healthy, compact
Good for: Borders, Pots
Light requirement: Sunny, open
Used for: Cut flowers
Common Name: Jacques cartier rose
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 4 feet tall
Flowers : Lavender pink, medium, showy, fragrant
Foliage :Evergreen
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India

Light Requirement: Sunny, openn, well drained soil

Common Name: Tiny orange rose

Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 2 feet
Flowers : Tiny, showy,orange red, colourful
Foliage: Evergreen, healthy, compact
Good for: Borders, Pots
Light requirement: Sunny, open
Location: Lalbagh Botanical Garden, Bangalore, Karnatka, India
Common Name: Roxy miniature rose
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Flowers : Purple, magenta, small, clustered, 2.5 inches wide
blooms, showy
Foliage :Evergreen, healthy, 3.5 feet tall
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India

Light Requirement: Sunny, openn, well drained soil

Name: Velvet fragrance rose

Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Flowers : Magenta red, showy, fragrant, colourful
Foliage :Reddish green, healthy, 48 inches tall
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
Light Requirement: Sunny, open, well drained soil
Common Name: Large yellow rose
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 4 feet tall
Flowers : Yellow, large, showy, fragrant
Foliage :Deep green
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
Light Requirement: Sunny, openn, well drained soil

Common Name: Light pink white rose

Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 4 feet tall
Flowers : Baby pink with white shade, large, showy, fragrant
Foliage :Deep green
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
Light Requirement: Sunny, openn, well drained soil
Name: Miniflora roses
Common Name: Tiny rose
Order : Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Height : 1 to 2.5 feet
Flowers: Magenta pink, small, showy, fragrance, up to 16 petals
Foliage : Evergreen, simple
Light requirement : Sunny, open, water regularly
Best For: Pots, borders, containers, butterfly garden

Name: Yellow red hybrid tea rose

Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Flowers : Yellow, red, bicolour, showy, fragrant, hybrid tea rose
Foliage :Evergreen, healthy, 4.5 feet tall
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
Light Requirement: Sunny, open, well drained soil
Common Name: Apricot pink rose
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 4 feet tall
Flowers : Apricot pink, medium, showy, fragrant
Foliage :Deep green
Uses : Cut flowers, bouquets
Location: Govt. Rose Garden, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
Light Requirement: Sunny, open

Common Name: Cupcake miniature rose

Flowers : Small, showy, baby pink color, 18 petals, best for pots
Family : Rosaceae
Order : Rosales
Height : 2.5 feet
Flowers: Pink, small, fragrance, clustered, showy
Foliage: Evergreen, good for pots
Common Name: Braveheart rose
Family: Rosaceae
Order:Rosales
Uses : Cut flowers
Location : Lalbagh, bangalore, karnataka, india
Height :6 feet
Flowers : Salmon pink, large, 5 inches wide
Fragrance: Mild
Best for: Pots, containers, borders

Common Name: Summer song rose

Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Height: 5 feet
Best for : Pots, containers, borders, edges
Fragrance :Mild
Location : Lalbagh rose garden & flower show, Bangalore, India
Flowers: Very large, deep orange red in color, showy
Common Name: Mildred scheel rose, Deep Secret Rose
Botanical name: Rosa Mildred Scheel, Rosa Deep Secret
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Origin / Native : German, Asia, Europe
Height :2 feet to 4 feet [118.87cm] tall
Category : Hybrid Tea Rose
Flowers : Maroon, Deep red with black
Location: Ooty rose garden, Nilgiri, India

Common Name: James mason rose

Used for: Cut flowers, bouquet, vases
Family: Rosaceae
Order: Rosales
Flowers : Maroon or crimson red, medium blooms, showy, fragrance, colourful
Height :3 feet
Foliage: Deep green, healthy, compact shrub
Location: Lalbagh, bangalore, india
Good for: Pots, garden beds
RECENTLY RELEASED IIHR VARIETIES

1) Arka Ivory - It is rose variety Ideal for cut flower production under protected cultivation.
Potential yield of 110 fls/sq.mit. It is moderately resistant to mites.
2) Arka Pride - It is a cut flower rose variety suitable for protected cultivation Potential
yield of 120fls/sq.mt
3) Arka Sukanya - It’s a fragrant rose variety with 0.22% of concrete yield in fresh
flowers. With floriferous nature and being tolerant to pest and diseases, it is ideal choice
 for garden display. The variety has potential for various forms of aroma extraction and
aroma therapy.

Arka Parimala

Red-purple coloured flowers, fragrant and moderately resistant to thrips and black spot.
Yield: 5.5 to 6.0 lakh loose flowers /acre /year

Planting
The roses are planted in circular pits of about 20-30 cm across and 30 cm deep. The pits
are to be prepared atleast a month before the date of planting. The best time for planting roses in
the plants is during September or October. The planting materials are planted in the prepared pits
during evening hours. Before planting, 5 gram of Furadan 3G is to be applied to the pit for
controlling pests.

Propagation
Roses can be propagated by seeds, cuttings, layers and by budding. Seed propagation is
done in the production of new varieties. Budding is the best method for commercial
propagation.

Budding
 When a rose plant comes into flower small swellings are visible between the stem and stalk
of the leaf. Select the eyes which are plump and not started to elongate and grow. Cut off the
portions of the branch with the eyes selected is called as ‘bud wood’. With a budding knife
remove a shield shaped piece of the bark and the eye. The Root stock should be kept ready by
cutting the branches and side shoots which are not required. Make a sharp horizontal cut at a
suitable height in the stock and then make a vertical ‘T’ shaped cut in the stem of the stock. The
‘eye’ should point towards the top and is tied with polythene tag.

5. Water Management

 The frequency of irrigation depends upon the soil texture and climate watering is
more frequent in sandy soils and hot weather than in clay soils and humid/ rainy
or cool season.
 During the rainy season in Eastern/southern or coastal areas it may not be
necessary to irrigate the plants, the frequency of watering during summer may be
about twice a week while in winter or cool season it may be only once a week or
10 days, the rose beds should receive well spread water but no water logging.
Heavy watering at comparatively long intervals is more useful than frequent light
watering.
 Drip irrigation is useful. Sprinkler irrigation should be avoided as it encourages
infection of leaf diseases and often exposes the feeder roots of plants.
 Twice a week during October to March, Thrice a week during April to June. no
irrigation is required during the rainy season. Irrigations should not result in
water logging.

6. Integrated Nutrient Management

INM refers to the maintenance of soil fertility and of plant nutrient supply at an
optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from
all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner.
 Rose being a perennial crop, it requires regular nutrient feeding through manures and
fertilizers at the time of pruning, plant growth and at the end of flowering, besides during land
preparation and planting of new bushes. The clay and sandy soils require more manures than the
loam soil. The nutritional requirements of rose plants vary with the type and fertility of soil,
cultivar and age, size and vigour of plant.

6.1) Organic
Farmyard manure, compost and cow dung manure are commonly used manures and are
applied before planting new bushes and at the time of pruning. After pruning, the soil in the bed
is dug up with a fork with due care to avoid any damage to the roots. About 8-10kg or 6-8kg of
well rotten cow dung manure should be applied to each plant depending upon its age and size,
and type of soil followed by copious watering of plants.
Oil cakes, preferably neem cake or castor cake @ 50g/plant or 15kg/100m2 is applied at
the end of the first flush of flowering. Poultry manure or sheep/goat droppings can be applied @
of one litre/plant. The oil cakes are quick acting organic manures, as their N becomes available
to plants within a week of their incorporation in the soil. Farmyard manure or cow dung manure
may be used if oil cake is not available.

6.2) Bio fertilizer

Various biofertilizers viz. Azatobacter, Azospirillum , phosphorus solubilizing
bacteria and AM fungi shows their suitability for application in rose. Biofertilizers are able to fix
20-200 kg N/ ha/ year, solubilize P in the range of 30-50 kg /ha/year and mobilize P,Zn, Fe and
Mo to varying extent.
Application of DNP-G @ 3-4 bags per acre, PH-50 @ 10 Kg / acre , Amino-G @ 10 Kg/acre
results better yield and also maintain soil fertility.

6.3) Chemical fertilizers

After pruning basins formed around the plant and manures are applied 10-15 cm depth.
 6:6:12 g NPK/plant - Edward and Red rose
 8:8:16 g NPK/plant - HT/Polyanthas/FB
 Application in 3 stages

 15 DAP
 After first flush of bloom
 After second flush of bloom
 Dose/plant - FYM 10 kg, Urea 65 g, Super phosphate 25 g, MOP 50 g

6.4) Speciality fertilizers

6.41) Soil application : It is better to apply fertilizers in a mixture such as
‘roxe mix’.
Rose Mix can be prepared as:
Neem cake - 5 kg
Bone meal - 5 kg
Amorphous silicate - 2 kg
Sulphate of Ammonia - 1 kg
Superphosphate - 2 kg
Potassium Sulphate - 1kg
 100g of this mixture can be used per plant.

6.42) Foliar application : Foliar application of micronutrients, eg. iron, magnesium and
manganese corrects the deficiency of these elements. The spray solutions may be prepared by
adding ferrous sulphate (2g) and slaked lime (1g) in one litre of water, magnesium sulphate (2-
3g) in one litre of water and manganese sulphate (2g) and slaked lime (1g) in, one litre of water.
These foliar solutions may be sprayed separately for correcting deficiencies of iron, magnesium
and manganese. Spray of Biomaxx 3ml/lit of water.

6.43) Drip application : Fertigation is a method of application in which fertilizer is

incorporated within the irrigation water by the drip system.
 Special fertilizers like mono ammonium phosphate (Nitrogen and Phosphours), Poly feed (
Nitrogen, Phoshorus and Potassium), Multi K (Nitrogen and Potassium),Potassium sulphate
(Potassium and Sulphur) are highly soluble in water. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo are also supplied
along with special fertilizers.

6.5) Nutrient deficiency symptoms

Primary nutrients

 Nitrogen deficiency results in very stunted, spindly yellow plants or yellow leaves,
sometimes with pink tints. There is a general yellowing of older leaves (bottom of plant).
The rest of the plant is often light green. Visual symptoms are seen first on older leaves
as a yellowing (chlorosis) from the leaf tip and along the midrib, while the edges remain
green. The growth becomes stunted with spindly stalks.

 Phosphorus deficiency results in slow growth and dull yellow-green foliage. Plants
remain a very poor size. Leaf tips look burnt, followed by older leaves turning a dark
green or reddish-purple, eventually developing necrotic tissue (dead patches). Symptoms
are seen as reddening of stems, very stunted growth and poor rooting.
 Potassium deficiency results in very stunted plants with yellow or purple leaf-tints,
browning at the leaf edge and poor flowering or fruiting. Older leaves may wilt, look
scorched. Interveinal chlorosis (yellowing) begins at the base, scorching inward from
leaf margins. Symptoms are first seen on older leaves as a drying of leaf tips and along
the leaf margins, followed by death of leaf tissues (necrosis). Poor disease resistance and
an increase in the plant’s susceptibility to drought, lodging and plant pathogens are also
seen.

Secondary nutrients

 Calcium deficiency results in distorted or irregularly shaped new leaves (top of plant).
The leaf margins and tips become necrotic. Growth is only slightly affected at first, but
eventually stops as necrotic tissue appears at the growing points.
 Magnesium deficiency results in yellowing between the leaf veins, sometimes with
reddish brown tints and early leaf fall. Not so stunted as major nutrient deficiencies.
Older leaves turn yellow at edge, interveinal chlorosis causes green arrowhead shapes or
marbling in the centre of the leaf. Necrotic tissue develops across the leaves and at the
margins. The plant moves its magnesium to growing tissues, so deficiency always
appears first in older leaves. This eventually leads to a shedding of leaves, but the plant
is able to flower.

 Sulfur deficiency results in younger leaves turning yellow first, sometimes followed by
older leaves. Small, stunted plants are produced. This should not be confused with
nitrogen deficiency, which appears first on older leaves and then spreads to the whole
plant.
Micronutrients

 Boron deficiency results in reasonable size being attained, but death of growing points,
so flowers fail to develop.

 Iron deficiency results in yellowing between the leaf veins of young leaves.
  Manganese deficiency results in dead spots or patches. Yellowing between the leaf
veins of young leaves, with browning of leaf edges on acid-loving plants is observed. The
pattern is not as distinct as with iron. There is a general reduction in size of plant parts
(leaves, shoots, fruit). Symptoms typically appear as a speckling and mottled appearance,
usually seen on the younger (upper) leaves, which then develop into necrosis.

 Zinc deficiency results in stunted growth and small leaves (‘little leaf’).There is general
yellowing of older leaves (bottom of plant). The rest of the plant is often light green.
Symptoms seen as stunted plants showing a bleaching that can spread to the veins but the
midrib and leaf edges remain green.

7) Integrated Pest Management

 IPM refers to an ecosystem based strategy that focuses on long term prevention of pest or
their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat
manipulation , modification of cultural practices and use of resistant varieties.

7.1) Insect pest

1)Aphids
The incidence is more in the months of January-February on leaves and flower buds. These are
small, black in colour with green tinge. The young and adult both suck the sap from the young
twigs, buds and flowers. They suck the cell sap, discolour the leaves and affect flower buds
which fall and lose their beauty.

Management
This can be effectively controlled by spraying 0.1% Malathion or Metasystox (0.1-0.2%) or
Rogor (0.1-0.2%).

2)Red scale
It is very serious pest of roses which attack mostly in August and September. The branches are
covered with reddish-brown encrustations under which the insect sucks the juice of the plants.

Management
These pests can be controlled by spraying Malathion (0.1%) in April and again in October.
3) Chaffer beetles
The adults of these beetles appear in August-September and cut away the leaves.

Management
This can be controlled by Dimethoate (1.5 ml/l).

7.2) Disease Management

1) Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa)

These are very common fungal diseases of rose. Foliage, young stems and stalk of
flower buds of rose are coated with powdery dust causing leaves to fall, young shoots to wilt and
perish and preventing buds to bloom. The disease starts-with a small white dot and then rapidly
proliferate affecting the entire plant. High temperature difference between day and night triggers
the disease, according to some experts.
 Management

 Collection and burning of fallen leaves.

 Spray with Wettable sulphur 0.3% (or) Carbendazim 0.1% 2-3 sprays at 15 days interval
is effective.
 Sulphur dust at 10kg/acre.
 Use of sulphur at higher temperature conditions will be phytotoxic.

2) Black Spot (Diplocarbon rosae)

This is also very common in India and it can be distinguished by almost circular black spots on
the leaves causing severe defoliation and is a common fungal disease of rose. Initially, brown or
yellow spots appear on the lower leaves which then turn into black spots. The affected leaves
turn yellow and fall off. In severe cases leaves drop and growth ceases.

Management

 Cultural-Roses should be planted where the sun can quickly dry the night's dew.
 Space roses far enough apart for good air circulation Avoid overhead watering and keep
foliage as dry as possible.
 Remove infected canes and burn diseased leaves.
  Spray copper fungicide like Blitox, Dithane M-45 or Captan at the rate of 2g in 1 lit of
water or 1% Bordeaux mixture or by systemic fungicides like Bavistin, etc. at weekly
intervals.

3) Rust (Phragmidum mucronatum)

Yellowish to black swellings called pustules are produced on the leaves, petioles and stem
imparting a rusty appearance on shoots.

Management

 Collection and burning of fallen leaves

 Spray with Wettable sulphur 0.25%
 Foliar spray with 1kg of ‘Ferbam’ plus 1kg of wettable sulphur in 500 lit of water with
Sandovit as a spreader.
4) Die-Back (Diplodia rosarum)
This is the most dreaded disease of rose. The stems die back from top down wards
and gradually the whole plant. The disease, according to plant pathologists, is due to injury to the
roots by fungi or careless root pruning or poor drainage in the root zone or due to shortage of
essential food elements.

Management

 Pruning should be done so that lesions on the young shoots will be eliminated. Apply
chaubatia paste in the pruned area.
 The affected stem or branch is cut 2-3 inches below the effected part and a cap of fresh
cow-dung mixed with Copper Sulphate or Bordeaux paste alone is put over the cut
wound. Over watering, particularly in coastal areas, should be avoided. It is also
advisable to procure buddlings from reliable nurseries only.
8.Weed Management
 Generally hand-weeding is practised. Monocot weeds can be effectively
controlled with Glyphosate (1.0kg/ha) and dicot weeds with oxyfluorfen
(0.5kg/ha) as pre-emergent treatment. A solution of Simazine (0.2%) and 2, 4D
(0.5%) applied as pre-emergent spray is also useful.

9. Cultural practices

Mulching
 Mulching is an agro technique for conservation of soil moisture around the root zone of
the plants and to facilitate gradual supply of nutrients to the plants. It is particularly very
much important in arid and semi-arid zones where water becomes scarce during summer.
The technique is very simple - agro wastes like straw, dried leaves, grass clippings, rice
husk or other wastes like Saw dust, used tea, or leaf-mould are spread around the root of
the plants with a radius of 1 to 2 feet and 4 inches thickness. Now-a- days, black
polyethylene sheet is used as mulch which is proved to be more efficacious and easy to
manage.
Pruning
 Pruning is the removal of unwanted and unproductive portions of the plant and makes the
plant more vigorous and productive.
Objective
 Remove the unproductive shoots
 Improve the quality of blooms
 Bush in desired shape and size
 Open up the bush to penetrate sun light
 Rejuvenate the old plants
 Facilitate cultural operations
How to prune
 Remove dead, diseased or damaged wood.
 Remove branches that grow towards the centre of the plant
 Remove the weakest crossed branch and sucker growth (growth coming from below the
bud union)
 Shape the plant
 Make a cut at 45 degree angle ¼ inch above an outward facing bud.
Disbudding and pinching

 The young vegetative bud in the leaf axils of basal and lateral shoots are disbudded to
encourage branching at the base and to obtain long terminal shoots. For obtaining long
stemmed quality blooms, it is necessary to do disbudding and pinching or removal of side
flower buds. In Hybrid Teas often there is a terminal flower bud along with 2 smaller side
buds. It is, therefore, necessary to remove side buds so that the terminal flower bud
produces quality bloom.

Suckers
 The shoots or suckers of the rootstock emerging from the base of the plants should be
removed as soon as they appear. They can be distinguished from those of the scion by the
shape and size of their leaves.
 Plant Growth Regulators

 GA 3 @ 250 ppm sprayed during the flushing if found very effective to,
 Increase the length of the stem/shoot
 Increases the no. of shoots/plant
 Induces early flowering
 Prolongs the flowering period
 Enhance the flower yield

 CCC @ 3% results in more no. of buds and also,

 Increase the flowering and size
 Increase the yield

10.Harvesting
 The rose flowers are cut while still in the bud stage after the sepals curl back and the
colour is fully showing. In large-flowered roses, flowers along with the stem of
prescribed length are cut when the first one or two petals start to unfold but do not open
fully. The flowers in small-flowered clustered varieties are cut when these begin to open
in the cluster.

 In foreign market, the size of stem varies from 60-90 cm for large flowered red roses and
40-50cm or small-flowered ones depending upon the grade. The size of large-flowered
bud is 3-3.5cm and 2-2.5cm for the small-flowered.

 Yield for Rose cultivation in green house an average of 225-350 stems/sq.m

 The hybrid tea roses can yield about 70-80 stems/plant/year, while the floribundas yields
about 80-90 stems/plant/year.
 Secateur for harvest Harvesting technique

11. Post harvest handling

 The flowers are harvested in early morning or late in the afternoon. The cut roses are kept
in plastic buckets/containers filled with clean water having disinfectant and preservative
(silver thio-sulphate) to enhance their shelf-life. These flowers are shifted to pre-cooling
chambers having a temperature of 100C, and kept there for about 12hr. The grading is
done on the grading tables which have graduations marked on them, Automatic grading
tables are also available. The flowers are graded for their stem length, quality and variety.
The defective, damaged or bruised flowers are rejected.

 The graded flowers are bunched with 10 or 20 stems in each bunch and sleeved with
thick paper or plastic film, These flowers are then packed in telescopic corrugated
cardboard boxes of specified dimensions. The box size maybe 105cm x 45cm x 20cm for
containing 200-300 stems, each of 40-50cm length and 135cmx 35cm, x 20cm for 200-
300 stems, each of 6Ocm-90cm length.

 Nowadays the cut flower boxes are pre-cooled through vacuum cooling at 2°-4°C in
much shorter time of about half an hour. The flower boxes are then transported to airport
in refrigerated trucks, Efficient logistics management after flower production is important
for export consignment which may include detailed planning of transportation by road
and aircraft, maintaining effective cold chain, quarantine, customs and airline formalities.
 Pre cooling Grading Packing

12) Cost of Cultivation and Profitability

Item
No. Unit Cost/unit Total
1.Preparatory tillage
1.1 Ploughing by tractor with (1time) M.B. plough 8 hours 300 2400
1.2 Ploughing by tractor with (2 times) cultivator 6 hours 200 2400
1.3 Ploughing by tractor with (2 times) Rotavator with
4 hours 600 4800
planting
2. Layout
2.1 Preparation of ridges and furrows, (6 labour for 2 days) 10labour/day 250 2500
2.2 Planting material (5000 plants/ha ) 5000 plants 35 175000
2.3 planting(5 labours for 2 days) 10 /labour/day 250 2500
2.4 Gap filling (3 labours for 1 days) 3 /labour/day 250 750
3.Manures and fertilizers
3.1 FYM 20 t /ha Rs. 570/t 11400
3.2 Urea 325 kg @ Rs. 6/kg 1950
3.3 SSP 250 kg @ Rs. 9/kg 2250
3.4 MOP 250kg @ Rs. 15/kg 37500
3.5 Expenditure on manures application @ Rs. 200/ t of FYM
10 labours 4000
3.6 Expenditure on fertilizer application (for 1 day) 250
2500
3.7 Neem cake
200 kg ( 5 bags) 800
4000

4. Intercultural operations
4.1 Weeding (for 1 day) Two times 28 labours 200 5600
4.2 Pruning (for 1 day) 5 labours 200 1000
5.Irrigation application
5.1 Labour charges (2 men for 1 irrigation) 8 times/ 400 38400
month,
96 times/year

6.Plant protection
6.1 Labour for spraying (2 men per spray) 2 labours 500 1000
6.2 monocrotophos @ 2 lit / acre 460 920
6.3 imidacloprid @ 2 litl/ acre 650 1300
6.4 Parathion @ 2 lit/acre 450 900
6.5 Dithane M45 @ 3 kg/acre 360 720
6.6 Bavistin @3 kg/acre 600 1200

7.Harvesting and Marketing (5 labours for 1 45000 for 45000

7.1 Harvesting day)fifteen three years
times/month
7.2 Transportation
15 1000 45000
times/month /single time

Total 3,98,990/-

Total expenses…3,98,990/-

Yield/acre( one year)…2.5 tonns……...

Market value/kg flowers…80 rupees………….
Total Revenue…10,00,000……...

Profit/loss = Total revenue - total expences

= ………6,01,010…..Rs