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Since the early history of the world the trafficking was there. In each setting, we prioritized robust
methodological approaches that were complementary and could address our main evaluation
question, i.e., to what extent the rationale and assumptions of WIF were supported by context-
specific evidence, and what were main enablers and barriers to implementation. Low learning levels
might be explained by low prevalence of female migration (7% of households) in the site that ILO
selected for the training and evaluation, which likely hindered participant interest and uptake of
migration-related information. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted
version. The victims demonstrate behavioral change and may begin abusing drugs and alcohol. That
is, programs to prevent labor exploitation among international migrants need to address more than
just the predeparture characteristics of prospective migrant women but must consider interventions
that shift the power imbalances for migrant workers in relation to larger structural determinants,
particularly recruitment processes and the employment context at the end of the migration trajectory.
Scientists reporting weak or null findings are arguably among the most valuable soothsayers in
policy or programming realms because of their ability to explain what should be done differently or
more effectively in the future, to avoid the waste of precious funds ( 54 ). We put in place several
strategies to reduce attrition, but we were not able to conduct many interviews after women reached
their destination. Human Trafficking in South Asia: Assessing the Effectiveness of Interventions:
Rapid Evidence Assessment. (2020). Available online at: (accessed December 14, 2020). The
evaluation used realist evaluation techniques to examine the intervention mechanisms, outcomes, and
context. At the first follow-up, 188 women were reached, representing an attrition rate of 45%. In
India, women's pre- and post-knowledge of migration risks and opportunities was assessed using
single questions connected to a migration-learning construct, such as, “What would you say are the
main risks in moving away from home to take up work somewhere else?” Before the training,
participants could cite an average of 1.2 risks (of 13) compared to 2.1 risks after the training.
Moreover, while these tools lay the essential scaffolding for future improvements, there is little
evidence of their earnest implementation and even less evidence that women workers experience any
enforcement or benefit from regulatory provisions. GB-1-203857-102, awarded to LK and CZ at the
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. For instance, several participants in Bangladesh
indicated that they joined primarily for the free meal. Further, this law requires that the trafficked
person cooperate with law enforcement immediately and provide detailed accounts of the trafficking.
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According to McCarthy (2014), those who are opposed to this claim that human trafficking would
still be in place even if prostitution were criminalized. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF
Download PDF Related Papers Human Trafficking in South Asia: Application of Anti Trafficking
Laws and The States' Duty to Protect Human Rights of The Victims Anisuzzaman Sobuj, Shanjida
Efat Human trafficking, a neo-slave trade, is a common menace in South Asia. It has far-reaching
effects on the victims as well as on the economy. There are international and domestic laws
prohibiting human trafficking. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). They may stay for a period of time and then return
to their country of origin, or they may remain permanently as unauthorized immigrants. There seems
to be some conflicts between the strict enforcement of the laws on prevention of unlawful entry by
the foreigners in the countries where they are being illegally transferred and eviction of them
therefrom and the international laws relating to upholding and protecting the human rights of every
human being on earth. To date, there are no data indicating modifiable factors or actionable targets to
reduce “vulnerability” to trafficking. The rate in Sri Lanka is 3%, excepting the far north Jaffna
region which is omitted from official figures. 4. There are opportunities to extend knowledge by re-
using the existing secondary data. Our findings indicate that, in reality, many, if not most, of the
women planning international migration have to engage with informal agents at some point in their
journey ( 42 ), especially women who came from rural areas where there are few or no registered
agents. Creation of awareness on the issue and human rights is also important. Specifically, SWIFT
investigated the validity of the intervention's theory and underlying assumptions that labor
trafficking could be reduced or eliminated by enhancing women's autonomy and generating adoption
of safe migration practices ( Figure 1 ). London: Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI)
(2020).
Trafficking of human beings is a major problem in today's universal society. Africa, African slave
trade, Atlantic slave trade 896 Words 3 Pages Outline Topic: Human Trafficking General Purpose:
To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about Human Trafficking. In the other three
sites, we examined migration planning among prospective Nepali migrant women by comparing
first-time and repeat migration using logistic regressions controlling for district, time until proposed
departure, and age. Shikha also calls the NGO helpline from the employer's home. We used Bayesian
networks to model the Nepal returnee dataset to examine causal interactions between variables and
make predictions about the effect of potential interventions. What is the prevalence of and
associations with forced labour experiences among male migrants from Dolakha, Nepal. The research
proposal should present the main points required for the research, contain the predicted results, the
purpose of the investigation and list of the methods used for the study of human trafficking. In
South Asia, Bangladesh, India and Nepal are most vulnerable in relation to human trafficking.
Exerting these rights is especially difficult in countries where employment contracts bind employees
to employers through migration sponsorship programs, such as the Kafala system in the Gulf
countries. What are the current trends and status of bonded child labour in South Asia? 2. Successive
attempts to reform the legal definition of human trafficking and interventions have resulted in the
application of excessive and arbitrary state power and bureaucratic control (Tandon, 2015).
Nevertheless, she traveled through an irregular channel following the advice of her broker and
discussions with her husband. Also, we advise you to read articles in human trafficking research
paper outline newspapers and blogs to see how the problem of human trafficking is highlighted in
mass media. The WIF intervention's target participants were identified and recruited by local
organizations commissioned by the WIF program. She shared an incidence of previous day that two
policemen were harassing a customer and then the customer gave 1000 Indian Rupees to these
Policemen. Actually, one in two Nepali women planning to migrate in the next 3 months knew
nothing about contract details, including salary, living situation, hours, time off, contract length, or
penalty for leaving early. The evil of trafficking in women and children has become a parasite which
we are bearing in our body and it has become both a human rights and developmental issue and thus
this practice has long listed consequences. Finally, the paper invites the EU to assess the possibility
of drafting a new treaty on contemporary forms of slavery, as a way to fill some existing loopholes at
the international level. Globalization has led to the development of free trade, free flow capital and
enhanced the ability to draw cheap labor from any foreign market within the world. The broker had
told us to wait till the next morning. I was not in a favor of working in anybody's house. The United
Nations estimate that between 800,000 and 4 million men, women and children are deceived,
recruited, transported from their homes and sold into slavery around the world each year. Research
for the report was guided by three central questions: 1. However, practically, narratives of targeted
persons at the local level indicates that this intervention does not promote the goal of human rights
and protection of targeted persons. The paper points out the need to evolve a multidimensional
approach and focuses attention on structural factors of trafficking and to recommend effective
suggestions to combat the social evil. At the first follow-up, 188 women were reached, representing
an attrition rate of 45%. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. If
the evaluation did not find positive results, we would not know whether there was a problem with
the implementation or with the theory. In India, women migrated almost exclusively within India.
Only 13.9% of migrant women relied on a broker. Every year, thousands of men, women and
children fall into the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad.
The main purpose of the human trafficking is the forced labour, debt bondage, child labour and
sexual exploitations. There are also reports showing a rise in trafficking cases in India because of this
current pandemic situation ( News18 Networks, 2020). Moreover, this study indicates that individual
situations have to be carefully considered in the gendered and socioeconomic context to avoid
assumptions about the promise of empowerment against exploitation. Contextual variables were not
part of these initial discussions and were also absent in the first iterations of the program's theory of
change and log frame. The results show that there is a negative correlation between level of
education and knowledge about human trafficking. That is, programs to prevent labor exploitation
among international migrants need to address more than just the predeparture characteristics of
prospective migrant women but must consider interventions that shift the power imbalances for
migrant workers in relation to larger structural determinants, particularly recruitment processes and
the employment context at the end of the migration trajectory. Shelley suggests that the civil society,
government, business community and the general public should take a center point in preventing
human trafficking as a new form of modern-day slavery. Our findings add to the growing body of
evidence on the ineffectiveness of premigration knowledge building as an antitrafficking strategy (
10, 15 ). Human trafficking, information campaigns, and strategies of migration control. SWIFT is
the first evaluation to follow a large-scale, multicountry trafficking intervention, from conception to
implementation, using theory-based mixed-methods approaches. Finally, research could be
conducted on the impact of human trafficking on the lives of survivors. For example, before the
training, 47.3% agreed that “Paid domestic workers have the same rights as all workers,” which
increased to 59.9% after. After the training, a majority reported they learned about women's rights
(85.6%) and workers' rights (84.9%), but these changes were not reflected in their reported attitudes
about these concepts ( 30 ). In sexual trafficking, victims face threats and physical violence from
customers, employers, and law enforcement officers. They should enforce existing laws against
human trafficking, amend and come up with new and better laws. These include cash transfers,
social protection programmes and social labelling, to name a few. Dhaka: London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine (2018). Almost every country in the world is affected by trafficking, whether
as a country of origin, transit or destination for victims. The present study aims at finding the
existence of this practice in today's time, its consequences on the society and the existing laws
against this practice. From available statistics, it can be said that the Nigerian female child is often
trafficked within and outside the country for sexual exploitation while the male children are often
trafficked for domestic servitude thereby depriving the children of basic primary education. To
analyze the pre- and posttraining data, we used descriptive analysis and unadjusted analyses (paired t
-tests, McNemar's tests, Wilcoxon signed ranks tests) to estimate the differences in scores before and
after predeparture awareness training. This paper has tried to analyse the nature, causes, modes and
volume of women and child trafficking in India. Global Slavery Index 2018. (2018). Available online
at: (accessed January 7, 2019). If they want, they can take me to the jail by saying that I am 15 years
old or I am Bangladeshi (undocumented migrant). Scientists reporting weak or null findings are
arguably among the most valuable soothsayers in policy or programming realms because of their
ability to explain what should be done differently or more effectively in the future, to avoid the
waste of precious funds ( 54 ). In Nepal, follow-up was particularly challenging, partly due to the
2015 earthquake that occurred at the end of the fieldwork. In this sense, in women's own
community, WIF's messages were hampered by the social reality of women's lives, where entrenched
social norms and accepted power structures pose substantial barriers along the WIF-anticipated
pathways toward empowerment, particularly when empowerment is specifically related to migration.
Unsurprisingly, findings from Nepal suggest that many who were identified as “prospective
migrants” did not actually have any clear plans to migrate but rather a loose idea of considering
migration if the opportunity arises. The person (broker) was maintaining tight secrecy for which we
were in doubt. Further methodological detail is available elsewhere ( 34 ). Perhaps they have become
so in part because the United States is a prime destination country both for illegal migrants and
victims of trafficking.
But it is very hard to fathom the magnitude of the concept as trafficking which is closely related to
child labour, bonded labour, child marriage, kidnapping and abduction and prostitution even though
these things can exist also independent of trafficking. This hand shoots out at her and strangles her
long, tangled hair into its fist and drags her out into the cruel open world away from the dark room
that suddenly becomes much more appealing. The basic assumption that guided the development of
WIF's community-based component was that women's empowerment would lead to reduced
incidence of trafficking. There is growing recognition of the necessity to publish null findings of
rigorously produced evidence for interventions that do not do what was intended and offer
explanations for apparent failure. Evidence on children working shows a downward trend overall in
Sri Lanka and broadly speaking across India. 2. This report offers a definition of bonded child labour
focused on the child’s entrapment. Conversely, our study showed that having contracts did not
protect Nepali migrant women from forced labor at destination ( 20 ). These commercial sex workers
from emerging countries will be willing to do anything to reach the developed countries, including
unorthodox methods. Both flourished despite early- and mid-20th-century agreements and laws to
control their spread. Priya said that here the system is reverse as the market opens after 12, once the
police gather their money and leave the place (D4:FW3). All authors contributed to the article and
approved the submitted version. Trafficked women and girls are often sent to North America, Asia,
Western Europe, and the Middle East. An ongoing controversy is a debate regarding whether
prostitution is an engine of human trafficking or it is purely a product of poverty. Dolakha: London
School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2016). Sometime, they stop their vehicle in front of me,
ask if I carry Ganja (Marijuana), daaru (alcohol) and talk with me a little and go ahead. She
recommends that they let the phone keep ringing because Shikha is acting childishly and is not taking
sufficient time to adjust. These are not necessarily informal enterprises overall; they often offer their
outputs as supply on formal subcontracts. In the India intervention sites, most women migrated
internally and the largest portion worked in construction. By examining the intersections between
human trafficking and other forms of violence, the factors that contribute to vulnerability, the
effectiveness of different interventions, and the impact on survivors, we can develop a more
comprehensive approach to addressing this global problem. Legalizing prostitution in many
developed countries was a major blow to efforts that aim at eradicating human trafficking. It has led
to child trafficking for the purpose of sexual use. As such, the consequences are most directly felt by
trafficked persons. We could not take rest for a while during the duty hours. A randomised control
experiment in Edo State, Nigeria. That is, even if our evaluation indicated some level of intervention
effectiveness, we would not know if it could work elsewhere ( 22 ). Moreover, for intervention
purposes, these broad determinants are not generally actionable within current anti-trafficking
budgets or timeframes. India is estimated to have the largest number of persons in modern slavery
globally at 8 million, compared with an estimated 592,000 in Bangladesh and 171,000 in Nepal ( 7 ).
Of these, at least 500,000 are under the age of 18 years. During the course of our evaluation, there
was some resistance to the subject of forced labor and human trafficking. Download Free PDF View
PDF ), Bonded Child Labour in South Asia: Building the Evidence Base for DFID Programming
and Policy Engagement, Dep’t for Int’l Development, London, UK. Women's individual
characteristics, awareness, and participation in trainings did not affect their likelihood of unfree
recruitment, work and life under duress, or impossibility of leaving their employer (the three
dimensions of forced labor, as defined by the ILO) ( 20 ).
Actually, one in two Nepali women planning to migrate in the next 3 months knew nothing about
contract details, including salary, living situation, hours, time off, contract length, or penalty for
leaving early. Download Free PDF View PDF ), Bonded Child Labour in South Asia: Building the
Evidence Base for DFID Programming and Policy Engagement, Dep’t for Int’l Development,
London, UK. Rural women in Bangladesh had greater trust in local recruiters because they had the
impression that recruiters would be accountable in some way if something went wrong—even if
plans would eventually involve registered agencies ( 43 ). This paper analysis certain setbacks in the
laws and amendments regarding the prevention of immortal trafficking in India and their
implementations, it also discusses issues related to why trafficking occurs. Poor intervention
targeting was also reflected by the low numbers of women who actually migrated for domestic work
in the India study site (vs. She said the Police is a party in the business in that red light area. The
victims demonstrate behavioral change and may begin abusing drugs and alcohol. The Effects of
Trafficking on Survivor Economic Security Victims of sex trafficking bullying research paper thesis
experience poor physical and mental health U. Scientists reporting weak or null findings are arguably
among the most valuable soothsayers in policy or programming realms because of their ability to
explain what should be done differently or more effectively in the future, to avoid the waste of
precious funds ( 54 ). A plethora of economic, political, and indigenous social causes contribute to
trafficking in India. See Full PDF Download PDF See Full PDF Download PDF Related Papers AN
APPRAISAL OF THE NIGERIAN CHILD’S RIGHT AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING
Adejorin Abiona ABSTRACT The phenomenon of the trafficking of human beings, especially
children into exploitative sexual and commercial labour as a result of their vulnerability, has begun
to attract both national and international attention from the mass media, world leaders, academics,
advocacy groups, the clergy and humanity in general. Global Slavery Index 2018. (2018). Available
online at: (accessed January 7, 2019). Once again, akin to colonial policies, despite resulting in some
improvements in India’s human trafficking or workers’ harsh labour conditions, these changes
produced more harm than help. In India, while the training was well-received, with 95% of
participants reporting that they learned information about migrating safely that they did not know
before, assessments of participant learning indicated that all knowledge domains covered by the
training remained low after the training (see Outcomes below) ( 30 ). These efforts reflect a
misplaced focus on law enforcement rather than holistic human-rights based solutions that promote
the agency of workers and migrants. Thus a self-reflexive mode of analysis is useful, and reflexivity
via dialogue among the stakeholders is a principle of research that improves the ethics of discussing
bonded child labour. Africa, African slave trade, Atlantic slave trade 896 Words 3 Pages Outline
Topic: Human Trafficking General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience
about Human Trafficking. To date, there are no data indicating modifiable factors or actionable
targets to reduce “vulnerability” to trafficking. This definition places most bonded child labour
within the boundary of child labour estimates. This paper has tried to analyse the nature, causes,
modes and volume of women and child trafficking in India. The United Nations estimate that
between 800,000 and 4 million men, women and children are deceived, recruited, transported from
their homes and sold into slavery around the world each year. I used to spread a mat under the bed
of a room and sleep there with fear like a dog.” Despite regular evidence from this study and others,
abuse, especially sexual abuse, was not integrated into the curriculum. Priya said that here the system
is reverse as the market opens after 12, once the police gather their money and leave the place
(D4:FW3). The SWIFT evaluation was conducted independently and sought to answer the question:
How do the WIF community-based prevention interventions influence women's risk of forced labor
(modern slavery) in domestic work and garment sectors. Of those 22, 99 traffickking being women
and 21 percent children. There are also reports showing a rise in trafficking cases in India because of
this current pandemic situation ( News18 Networks, 2020). This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). WIF in India focused on
internal migration, while in Nepal and Bangladesh, the target was international migration. The only
way to get your child to a sex trafficking ring is by buying a hookup. We first describe findings by
Mechanisms of WIF, followed by the interventions Outcomes, before describing how context
affected both mechanisms and outcomes in the Context section.
Targeting modifiable determinants of a migrant's experiences, for example, recruiter behaviors,
which fall further up the structural pathway, may yield better results (see Figure 2 ). Understanding
the intersections between these forms of violence can help inform efforts to prevent and address
human trafficking. Exercising their rights became even more problematic when women needed to
negotiate with labor brokers and nearly impossible with employers once they arrived in the
destination, not least because work conditions are rarely negotiable and rights related to foreign
workers are not enforced even if they exist on paper, particularly for domestic workers ( 44 ).
Triangulation across sites showed many similarities in findings, even considering the different
methods used for data collection. Yet, findings from our research and other studies indicate that
most prospective migrants are actually aware of migration-related risks. London: Independent
Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) (2020). There are some international laws which directly
prohibits the human trafficking. It also examines the prevalence of contemporary forms of slavery
and assesses the policy framework for EU external action. You can order a custom research paper on
Human Trafficking topic at our professional research paper writing agency. In this paper, we
conducted a synthesis of findings across the different studies, based on principles of realist
evaluation. What are the 3 contributing factors that led to human trafficking. We started querying to
the broker regarding our work settlement. We are grateful to the FCDO colleagues for their
consistent support throughout the evaluation. The success of social labelling rests upon a large firm,
or firms, agreeing to a normative convention of good treatment of labour, followed by the award of a
kitemark. Legalizing prostitution has also attracted many commercial sex workers from undeveloped
countries to actualize their dreams in developed country economies. Moreover, the release of
prevalence measurements of trafficking and forced labor was seen as particularly sensitive to
governments and the international organizations operating in these sites. Participants who reported at
least one indicator of involuntariness and one penalty within a dimension, of which one was a strong
indicator, were defined as having experienced that dimension of forced labor. It p Human trafficking
these days is one of the biggest problems that exist in the world because victims are sometimes
tricked and lured by false promises or physically forced, some traffickers use coercive and
manipulative tactics including deception, intimidation, feigned love, isolation, threat and use of
physical force, debt bondage, other abuse, or even force-feeding with drugs to control their vi I've
paid for sex. Worldwide, 28 per cent of trafficking victims are children, but children account for 62
per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa and 64 per cent in Central America and the Caribbean. The states
should prohibits the human trafficking by incorporating the national legislation. Subsequent research
was conducted in three of the five WIF districts, Chitwan, Rupandehi, and Morang and included
519 returnee migrants who had previously migrated internationally for work purposes and 340
prospective migrants who planned to migrate internationally for work. Safer Labour Migration and
Community-Based Prevention of Exploitation: The State of the Evidence for Programming. States
should ensure the safe return of the trafficked persons in the home country. You can download the
paper by clicking the button above. Otherwise, if we just ignore or “symbolically” try to do
something, only make sure that states sign a treaty and expect that victims would seek help; we can
simply conclude a long lasting debate of human nature and say that we do not care about human
rights and our nature is already evil. Human trafficking was started as a sexual sacrifice of the
temple; by ancient Babylon and Mesopotamia. Yet, occupational risks and protections were not part
of the WIF training curriculum. It is because these numbers could include cases of adult sex workers
who consented but their consent got denied during anti-trafficking interventions as both ITPA and
section 370 allows it. Victims are lured or abducted from their homes and subsequently forced to
work against their wish through various means in various establishments, indulge in or subjected to
various types of indignities and even killed or incapacitated for the purposes of begging and trade in
human organs. United Nations special rapporteur on trafficking in persons in her report also pointed
that a new international instrument may be required, because the current international instruments
like Palermo protocol may not be sufficient or effective when it comes to considering such human
rights goals.