Dissertation 1

-Bader Nameer Alkuzai (M00847235)

-MSc Strength and conditioning
-Middlesex University London

RSI mod in vertical and horizontal tasks

Dissertation 2

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................4

METHODS................................................................................................................................6

Experimental Approach to the Problem.................................................................................6

Subjects...................................................................................................................................7

Statistical Analysis.................................................................................................................9

Descriptive Statistics..............................................................................................................9

RESULTS................................................................................................................................10

Pearson’s Correlation...........................................................................................................11

DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................................13

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................14

APPENDIXES.........................................................................................................................15
Dissertation 3

ABSTRACT
The Modified Reactive Strength Index (RSImod) is a metric used in sports science
and training to assess an athlete's ability to rapidly produce force and utilize the stretch-
shortening cycle during plyometric exercises. It is a modification of the traditional Reactive
Strength Index (RSI) that incorporates adjustments to the calculation method to provide a
more accurate representation of an athlete's reactive strength capabilities.

In the Modified Reactive Strength Index (RSImod) assessment, vertical tasks are
typically used to evaluate an athlete's reactive strength capabilities. These tasks involve
vertical jumping movements that challenge an athlete's ability to rapidly produce force and
utilize the stretch-shortening cycle. The research study is designed in a way that explains
about RSI and RSI-mod scores which will be estimated from DJ and CMJ trials. RSI in its
classic form and RSI Mod going through several jumps and tests for several athletes and see
how it might improve athletic performance for different athletes. The research study tests the
RSI mod form on the set of data that is selected and I have compared the obtained results
with the old ones by testing the RSI & RSI MOD (RSI: There are following methods that can
be used to calculate RSI Method 1: RSI = Jump Height / Ground Contact Time, Method 2:
RSI = Flight Time / Ground Contact Time, Method 3: RSI = Jump Height / Time to Take-off
RSI mod: The RSI mod is calculated as RSI mod= Jump height/ time to take-off in a
countermovement jump). In this study, along with finding about RSI mod in athletes, it also
intends to analyses if it is going to change/ Improve athletic performance or not.

Keywords: Reactive strength index; reactive strength index-modified; plyometric; agility

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INTRODUCTION
This research is mainly about the reactive strength index mode which is about the capability
of any individual which in this case is an athlete, to change the overall eccentric based
muscular contraction to the concentric one. Assessing an athlete's reactive strength is a
crucial component of the training process, particularly when it comes to optimizing their
performance in explosive movements and sports involving rapid force production.

It is been analysed that the reactive strength index as the main variable that can only measure
reactive strength of any athlete (Dos'Santos, Thomas, Comfort, & Jones, 2018). There are
certain conditions that needs to be fulfilled while measuring the reactive strength mode and
which consist of a particular training session which is then being experimented in a
conditioned state. The two of the very important variables in this training of the athletes are
the jumping and contact time during a depth jump (Bobbert, 1999).

Another important research explains about RSI mod and explain the fact that it helps in
providing all of the scientists who are working on this particular field with an alternate route
of measuring the reactive strength under a certain applied condition. No understanding about
the calculation of the RSI mode, it is very different from the original reactive strength index
equation.

In RSI mod, the time to take off is used instead of ground contact time to assess an athlete's
reactive strength during plyometric exercises. The time to take off refers to the duration
between initial ground contact and the moment when an athlete starts to leave the ground
during a jumping or plyometric movement.

Recently, with headways in innovation, more tests have been created to quantify the RSI, like
the countermovement (CMJ), fold hop, squat leap, weighted CMJ, single-leg bounce, single
bounce back hop, vertical bounce back for 5 redundancies vertical bounce back for 15
reiterations, and vertical bounce back for 10 tests (Sorenson et al., 2010). In those situations
where there is no drop or bounce back hop, the RSI is assigned unequivocally by receptive
strength file changed (RSImod), since it is determined by partitioning the leap level when to
take-off (time to deliver force from the very outset of the unusual strong stage until the
second the competitor leaves the ground) (Bobbert, 1999).

To get these factors referenced previously (i.e., hop level, flight time, ground contact
endlessly time to take-off), three unique techniques can be utilized: (a) the flight time; (b) the
Dissertation 5

distinction between the level of two imprints during the leap; and (c) the numerical
reconciliation of the ground response time. The first requires the utilization of contact mats
photocell mats, or accelerometers. The second technique utilizes various gadgets to work out
uprooting. The third strategy is viewed as the best one, as its exactness is very high in the
event that sufficient testing recurrence techniques are picked and requires the utilization of a
couple of power plates.

The Modified Reactive Strength Index (RSImod), along with the traditional Reactive
Strength Index (RSI), can be valuable tools in sports performance training. They provide
objective measures that coaches can use to assess and provide feedback to athletes, helping to
improve their physical performance (Dos'Santos et al., 2018).

The RSImod or RSI can serve as motivational tools, as they provide immediate feedback on
an athlete's reactive strength capabilities. By monitoring an athlete's RSI value, coaches can
track their progress over time and communicate performance improvements or areas for
development.

Moreover, both RSI and RSImod can be utilized as factors to possibly screen
competitor's neuromuscular preparation. Besides, the RSI has been displayed to have areas of
strength for a shift in course speed, and speed increase speed. Moreover, maximal strength,
particularly comparative with weight, seems to have an exceptionally impressive relationship
with RSImod, showing that more grounded competitors which are quite often have better
responsive strength. The relationship between maximal strength, relative to body weight, and
the Modified Reactive Strength Index (RSImod) is generally positive. A higher level of
maximal strength, when compared to an individual's body weight, is often associated with
improved RSImod performance (Dos'Santos et al., 2018).

Consequently, the point of this study was to dissect the procedures that can work on
the RSI of male competitors, through a precise survey of trial research and meta-examination
(Bobbert, 1999).

To address the issue of RSI, various modifications and strategies can be introduced in
both vertical and horizontal tasks. In vertical tasks, such as typing and using a mouse,
modifications can include the use of ergonomic equipment, such as keyboards and mice that
are designed to reduce strain on the hands and wrists, as well as the implementation of
regular breaks to allow for rest and recovery.
Dissertation 6

In horizontal tasks, such as assembly work or manual labour, modifications can include job
rotation to reduce the amount of time spent performing repetitive tasks, as well as the use of
tools and equipment designed to reduce strain on the hands and wrists. Overall, the
introduction of RSI mods in both vertical and horizontal tasks can help to reduce the risk of
RSI, increase productivity, and improve the overall well-being of workers.

Hypothesis Development
1. Association and agreement between RSI and RSI_Mod:

H0: There is no significant association between RSI and RSI_Mod.

H1: There is a significant association between RSI and RSI_Mod.

2. Association of RSI in horizontal and vertical tasks:

H0: There is no significant difference in RSI scores between horizontal and vertical tasks.

H1: There is a significant difference in RSI scores between horizontal and vertical tasks.

METHODS
This research starts from the participant selection which includes recruit a sample of
participants who are relevant to the research question or population of interest. This included
athletes, individuals involved in specific training programs, or a diverse group representing
the population you want to study. The next is the method and measurement which establish a
standardized protocol for measuring RSI and RSImod scores. The data collection is done
through gathering data on RSI and RSImod scores from each participant. This could involve
conducting specific jumping or plyometric tests and recording the corresponding
measurements. After the data collection the statistical analysis is performed through utilize
appropriate statistical methods to analyze the data collected. For the association between RSI
and RSImod, the research employed Pearson's correlation coefficient and Shapiro-Wilk test.
This analysis will help determine the strength and direction of the relationship between the
two variables (Sorenson et al., 2010).

One study compared RSI and RSImod scores in elite male basketball players and found a
strong correlation between the two methods (r = 0.86). The study also found that RSI was
more strongly related to measures of lower body power, while RSImod was more strongly
related to measures of change of direction ability (Bobbert, 1999).
Dissertation 7

Overall, both RSI and RSImod are valid and reliable methods for assessing an athlete's
reactive strength, but they have slightly different applications and interpretations. It is
important to use the appropriate method based on the specific goals of the assessment and to
avoid directly comparing scores obtained from different methods.

Experimental Approach to the Problem

To analyse the data and test the hypotheses, statistical methods such as correlation analysis
and regression analysis could be used to explore the association and agreement between
RSImod scores obtained from vertical and horizontal jump tests, as well as the relationship
between these scores and measures of lower body power, change of direction ability, and
agility. The study could also compare the performance of RSImod in predicting athletic
performance outcomes in both vertical and horizontal tasks to determine the most appropriate
method for a particular assessment (Dos'Santos et al., 2018).

Subjects
For this very study, 10 athletes were chosen who perfectly matched this research analysis of
Reactive strength index mode. The average weight of every individual is ranging from 75 +-
7 kgs, the average age is around 23 years and the body height average for every athlete is
around 185 centimetres. All of these at least remained the part of different training session
throughout their entire career. This is one of the most important things in selecting the
subjects. Athletes have experience in performing repetitive and demanding movements, and
as a result, they may have insights into how to modify these movements to reduce strain and
prevent RSI. Additionally, many athletes work closely with trainers and coaches who
specialize in injury prevention and rehabilitation, which can provide valuable expertise when
developing RSI mods (Forthomme, Croisier, Ciccarone, Crielaard, & Cloes, 2005).

Procedure
This research is originally a cross-sectional study, which means that all of the different
measurements were conducted in a single visit. Overall, a cross-sectional study design can
provide valuable insights into the association between RSI mods and the presence or absence
of RSI symptoms in individuals performing vertical and horizontal tasks. However, further
studies, such as randomized controlled trials, may be necessary to establish causality and
assess the effectiveness of RSI mods in reducing the incidence of RSI (Wagner et al., 2009).

The Reactive Strength Index Modified (RSI MOD) is a measure of ratio metric looking at
jump height / time to take-off and can only be used during a CMJ. The countermovement
Dissertation 8

jump test involves starting from a standing position, then rapidly dropping down into a squat
and jumping as high as possible (Dos'Santos et al., 2018).
Both the drop jump and countermovement jump tests can be used to assess an individual's
Reactive Strength Index (RSIs) in both vertical and horizontal tasks.

The drop jump test may be more appropriate for athletes who need to rapidly change
direction, while the countermovement jump test may be more appropriate for athletes who
need to rapidly jump or leap. In addition, it is important to ensure that proper technique is
used during both tests to ensure accurate results. For example, individuals should focus on
landing softly and absorbing force during the drop jump test, while maintaining proper
squatting form during the countermovement jump test (Harley et al., 2010).

Overall, the drop jump and countermovement jump tests can both be effective assessments of
an individual's RSI MOD, but the specific needs of the individual and proper technique
should be considered when selecting which test to use (Louder, Thompson, & Bressel, 2021).

First you have to go through a warm up that can take up to 10 minutes which includes some
cardio warm-up followed by dynamic stretches and movements and later on to a plyometric
specific warm up before resting and recovering (Sorenson et al., 2010). The tests carried out
over the period of 2 weeks and athletes attended a session weekly for around 30 minutes
(including the warm up and testing).Each athlete have gone through two jump tests which are
a Drop Jump test and a Countermovement Jump test in which they have gone through the
form and techniques of them before starting their tests and also describing what are they and
the purpose of the jump (Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2023). In both tests, it is important to
ensure that the athlete performs the movement correctly and safely. As a participant there are
some few basic responsibilities. Following instructions, warming up properly, wearing
appropriate outfits and footwear, perform the jumps to the best of your ability, report any
discomfort and pain and lastly follow post test procedures including cooling down and
stretching (Nedergaard, Kersting, & Lake, 2014).

The test that is used is test for normality which includes Shapiro-Wilk tests. This test
calculates a W statistic that measures the degree of departure of the sample distribution from
normality.

The test is based on the null hypothesis that the population from which the sample was drawn
follows a normal distribution. If the p-value associated with the test statistic is less than the
chosen level of significance (usually 0.05), then we reject the null hypothesis and conclude
Dissertation 9

that the sample does not come from a population that follows a normal distribution (Kristof
Kripp, 2015)

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

To analyse the data collected from a study investigating the use of Reactive Strength Index-
Modified (RSImod) in both vertical and horizontal tasks and the association and agreement
between RSImod and Reactive Strength Index (RSI) scores, a number of statistical analyses
can be used (Wagner et al., 2009).

This table shows the descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, and ranges can
be calculated for each variable measured in the study, including RSImod and RSI scores, as
well as for all the Counter Movement Jump and Drop Jump

Table 1: Descriptive analysis

Std. Error of Standard Minimu Maximu

Mean Mean Deviation m m

Age 20.600 .9214 2.9136 17.0 26.0

Height 187.000 1.9437 6.1464 177.0 198.0
Weight 79.200 1.9539 6.1788 71.0 88.0
Gender 1.000 .0000 .0000 1.0 1.0
Height_BEST 80.000 3.2215 10.1871 66.0 96.0
Jump_Height .34543 .021549 .068145 .247 .510
ContactTime .21010 .009877 .031234 .164 .252
RSI 1.69110 .145391 .459768 .980 2.520
Drop_JumpHeight .45985 .021108 .066751 .374 .597
Drop_JumpTime .76165 .027766 .087805 .614 .890
RSI_MOD_Drop
.61757 .049611 .156884 .462 .973
Jump
CMJ_JumpHeight .24180 .016746 .052954 .151 .326
CMJ_JumpTime .87970 .035450 .112102 .717 1.029
RSI_MOD .28404 .030266 .095710 .179 .446
Dissertation 10

Mean: The mean is the average of all the RSI MOD scores collected. It represents the central
tendency of the data and can be used to compare groups or individuals (Dos'Santos et al.,
2018).

Standard Deviation: The table 1 shows the results of standard deviation which is a measure of
the variability of the data. A higher standard deviation indicates more variability in the RSI
MOD scores, while a lower standard deviation indicates less variability(Sorenson et al.,
2010).

On the other hand, the p-value for jump height is 0.032 which is less than the chosen level of
significance, it means that the null hypothesis is rejected. For RSI, the value is >0.05, which
means that it is greater than the chosen level of significance, then we fail to reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that there is not enough evidence to suggest that the sample does not
come from a population that follows a normal distribution (Wagner et al., 2009).

Shapiro-Wilk tests

Statistic df Sig.
Jump_Height .828 10 .032

RSI .965 10 .845

It is important to note that if the data set is very large, even slight deviations from normality
may be detected by the Shapiro-Wilk test, even if the normal probability plot appears to be a
straight line. In such cases, it is important to consider the practical significance of the
deviations from normality and whether they are likely to affect the analysis or not (Kristof
Kripp, 2015).

Pearson’s Correlation
Pearson's correlation is a statistical analysis that can be used to assess the relationship
between two variables. In the context of Reactive Strength Index Modified (RSI MOD)
analysis, Pearson's correlation can be used to assess the relationship between an athlete's RSI
MOD scores in vertical and horizontal tasks (Ramirez-Campillo et al., 2023).

This study aims to investigate the relationship between reactive strength in vertical and
horizontal tasks, then correlation analysis between RSI mod scores in vertical and horizontal
Dissertation 11

tasks may be useful. This analysis can help to determine if the RSI mod scores in vertical and
horizontal tasks are related, and if they measure the same construct of reactive strength
(Harley et al., 2010) .

To perform Pearson's correlation, the RSI MOD scores for both the vertical and horizontal
tasks are collected for each athlete. The scores are then entered into a statistical software
program, which calculates the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The Pearson correlation
coefficient ranges from -1 to 1, with -1 indicating a perfect negative correlation, 0 indicating
no correlation, and 1 indicating a perfect positive correlation (Kristof Kripp, 2015)..

A positive correlation between an athlete's RSI MOD scores in vertical and horizontal tasks
indicates that an athlete who performs well in one task is likely to perform well in the other
task as well. This may suggest that there is a common underlying factor, such as muscle
strength or power that contributes to performance in both tasks. Conversely, a negative
correlation between an athlete's RSI MOD scores in vertical and horizontal tasks indicates
that an athlete who performs well in one task is likely to perform poorly in the other task
(Dos'Santos et al., 2018).

It is important to note that Pearson's correlation does not provide information about the
cause-and-effect relationship between variables. Therefore, additional research may be
needed to determine the specific factors that contribute to the observed correlation between
an athlete's RSI MOD scores in vertical and horizontal tasks (Sorenson et al., 2010).

Table 2: Pearson Correlation

r (with drop jump)

Height_BEST -0.29
Jump_Height 0.36**
ContactTime -0.85**
RSI -0.48*
Drop_JumpHeight 0.59**
Drop_JumpTime 0.68**
RSI_MOD_Drop Jump -0.22
CMJ_JumpHeight 0.77**
CMJ_JumpTime 0.69**
RSI_MOD 0.58**
Dissertation 12

* P < 0.05;

** p < 0,01; DJ–drop jump; RSI–reactive strength index; CMJ–countermovement jump; BL–
bilateral, D–dominant; ND–non dominant.

Considering the two jump approaches in this case, the results from the correlations explains
that Drop jump height= 0.59; p<0.05 and RSI-MOD (r=0.58’ p<0.001), showing the higher
level of correlations while on the other hand the contact time shows negative correlation
value (r=-85; p<0.05) which shows the approach jump performance. It also means that the
negative value of correlation subjects with shorter times of jump which actually jumped ore
higher in the jump test that is performed. The rest of the CMJ’s shows between moderate to
high correlation (r=0.69-0.77; all p<0.001). The drop jumps and the time is not significantly
associated with each other due to its value p>0.05. The RSI and RSI-mod are moderately
correlated with each other (r=0.48-0.58; p<0.01).

Table 3: R² Model

Predictor Response F B Intercep R R² SE

t
RSI-mod RSI (0.48 37.1 * 0. 19* 0.21 * 0.59 0.61 0.24
m DJ)
RSI-mod RSI (0.68 19.7 * 0.20* 0.23 * 0.48 0.50 0.29
m DJ)

DISCUSSION
The results that are obtained provide evidence that RSI and RSI-mod capture different
aspects of reactive strength and should be considered as distinct metrics in your analysis.
These findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge in the field of reactive strength
assessment and provide valuable insights for future studies or training programs that
incorporate these measures.

This study aimed to assess the validity of RSImod (Modified Reactive Strength Index) as a
metric for measuring explosiveness in different tasks. The researchers hypothesized that
conducting a factor analysis on countermovement jump (CMJ) force-time data would reveal
distinct force and speed factors. Furthermore, they predicted that RSImod would show
Dissertation 13

significant loadings on both factors, providing empirical validation of its conceptual

association with explosiveness.

By analysing CMJ force-time data, the study sought to identify the underlying factors
associated with explosive lower body actions. The extraction of separate force and speed
factors through factor analysis was expected, considering the inherent contributions of both
force production and speed in explosive movements like the CMJ.

Reactive Strength Index (RSI) is a measure of an individual's ability to quickly switch

between eccentric and concentric muscle contractions. RSI has been shown to be an
important predictor of athletic performance, injury risk, and rehabilitation outcomes. In both
vertical and horizontal tasks, RSI mods can be used to improve an individual's RSI and
reduce the risk of injury (Louder et al., 2021).

The main purpose of this study is to find association between RSI and RSI mod along with
RSI mod in vertical and horizontal tasks. Both RSI and RSI-mod are associated through
height and time constraints. The study found that there was a significant measurement bias
between RSI (Reactive Strength Index) and RSI-mod (Modified Reactive Strength Index)
scores, with a greater magnitude observed for RSI-mod (0.55-0.63) compared to the mean
score for RSI-mod (0.49). This bias was determined to be statistically significant since the
95% confidence intervals (CIs) did not cross zero (95% CI = 0.40-0.68).

The study is about examining the results through performing tests on different athletes. The
approach jump is also about the combination of two types of jumps has been explained in the
study that is counter movement Jump and Drop Jump. Based on the result (r=0.69-0.77; all
p<0.001), a recent systematic review with meta-analysis found moderate associations
between the Reactive Strength Index (RSI) in drop jump (DJ) tasks and independent
measures of physical and sporting performance. The strength of these associations varied
based on the specific task and physical quality being assessed. The performance indicators
are also associated with the movement in the tasks that is been performed during the tests of
athletes (Sorenson et al., 2010).

Table 3 shows the R² model shows RSI and RSI-mod scores (F = 19–39; p < 0.001; R² =
0.50–0.61). It shows the moderate linear relationship between RSI and RSI-mod scores in
context with CMJ and DJ. The shared variance of 50% and 61% shows that it is distinct and
applied across the selected athletes. It means there is also a significance association between
values as well.
Dissertation 14

The higher level of correlation which is shown between the RSI-mod and jump can be
compared with that of RSI. The overall contact time is less than 250ms and the hypothesis
have a clear implication for the athletes. It is also important to check the association between
RSI-mod and the overall horizontal direction along with the jump performance. Similarly, the
same association is checked with RSI in vertical direction. This study can also be used for
improving the approach of jump performance for the athletes. When it comes to choosing
between bilateral and unilateral RSImod, the literature suggests that bilateral RSImod is
generally preferred (TINE SATTLER & DERVISEVIC, 2012).
Dissertation 15

REFERENCES
BOBBERT, M. F. 1999. Drop Jumping as a Training Method for
Jumping Ability.
DOS'SANTOS, T., THOMAS, C., COMFORT, P. & JONES, P. A. 2018. The Effect of
Angle and Velocity on Change of Direction Biomechanics: An Angle-Velocity Trade-
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FORTHOMME, B., CROISIER, J. L., CICCARONE, G., CRIELAARD, J. M. & CLOES,
M. 2005. Factors correlated with volleyball spike velocity. Am J Sports Med, 33,
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HARLEY, J. A., BARNES, C. A., PORTAS, M., LOVELL, R., BARRETT, S., PAUL, D. &
WESTON, M. 2010. Motion analysis of match-play in elite U12 to U16 age-group
soccer players. J Sports Sci, 28, 1391-7.
LOUDER, T., THOMPSON, B. J. & BRESSEL, E. 2021. Association and Agreement
between Reactive Strength Index and Reactive Strength Index-Modified Scores.
Sports (Basel), 9.
NEDERGAARD, N. J., KERSTING, U. & LAKE, M. 2014. Using accelerometry to quantify
deceleration during a high-intensity soccer turning manoeuvre. J Sports Sci, 32, 1897-
1905.
RAMIREZ-CAMPILLO, R., THAPA, R. K., AFONSO, J., PEREZ-CASTILLA, A.,
BISHOP, C., BYRNE, P. J. & GRANACHER, U. 2023. Effects of Plyometric Jump
Training on the Reactive Strength Index in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan:
A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med, 53, 1029-1053.
SORENSON, S. C., ARYA, S., SOUZA, R. B., POLLARD, C. D., SALEM, G. J. & KULIG,
K. 2010. Knee extensor dynamics in the volleyball approach jump: the influence of
patellar tendinopathy. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 40, 568-76.
TINE SATTLER, D. S., VEDRAN HADZIC, OGNJEN ULJEVIC, & DERVISEVIC, A. E.
2012. VERTICAL JUMPING TESTS IN VOLLEYBALL: RELIABILITY,
VALIDITY, AND PLAYING-POSITION SPECIFICS. 26, 3.
WAGNER, H., TILP, M., VON DUVILLARD, S. P. & MUELLER, E. 2009. Kinematic
analysis of volleyball spike jump. Int J Sports Med, 30, 760-5.
Dissertation 16

APPENDIXES
CONSENT FORM (Signed)

Title of Project: Name of Researcher:

Supervisor’s name and email:

Please initial box

1. I confirm that I have read and understand the information sheet dated .......
………..…for the above study. I have had the opportunity to ask questions and have
been given contact details for the researchers in case I have any further
questions.

2. I understand that my participation is voluntary, the data collected will not be identifiable,
and I am free to withdraw my consent without giving a reason and without penalty.

3. I agree that this form that bears my name and signature may be seen
by a designated auditor to monitor correctness of procedure.

4. I understand that the data I provide may be used for analysis and subsequent publication,
4
and give my consent that this might occur

5. I understand that I can ask for my data to be withdrawn from the study until data
analysis begins in ___________ (specify here when analysis will begin)
Dissertation 17

6. I agree that my non-identifiable research data may be stored in National 6

Archives and be used anonymously by others for future research. I am

assured that the confidentiality of my data will be upheld through the removal

of any personal identifiers.

7. I understand that my interview/activity may be recorded (specify if audio, video or both)

and subsequently transcribed.

8. I agree to take part in the above study. 8

___________________________ ________________ __________________

Name of participant Date Signature

___________________________ ________________ ____________________

Name of person taking consent Date Signature

(If different from researcher)

___________________________ ________________ ____________________

Researcher Date Signature

Dissertation 18