Assessment of Youth Empowerment Programme As Viable Policy For Rural Agrarian Community Development in Katsina State, Nigeria

GUSAU JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (GUJEDS)
ISSN: 2786-9695 Vol. 3(1) July

2023
DOI: https://10.57233/gujeds.v3i1.11
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ASSESSMENT OF YOUTH EMPOWERMENT PROGRAMME AS VIABLE
POLICY FOR RURAL AGRARIAN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN KATSINA
STATE, NIGERIA
M. Y. Abdullahi1, B. I. Balogun2 and A. Jibrin3
Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.1&2
Federal College of Education, Zaria.3
Correspondence address: malamingona@gmail.com 08066664898
Abstract
Youth Empowerment is a systematic process/policy for rural agrarian community development
in Nigeria. Katsina State was purposively chosen. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used
to select 190 respondents each from participating trainee on dyeing, pottery, catering, welding
and blacksmithing and non-participating farmers to assess the impact of the programme in
community development. Information was obtained by the use of structured questionnaires
guided by trained enumerators. Descriptive statistics, foster-greer-thorbecke (FGT) index,
propensity score marching (PSM) were used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of
the respondents, measure their poverty status and the impact as a result of participation in the
programme respectively. The results revealed that majority respondents were agile and fell
between age bracket of 26 and 27 with higher percentage of male (76 and 75), with a good
number marked (64% and 63%), and a higher proportion of educationally advantage (88%
and 87%) of both the participant and non-participant. Similarly, the poverty depth index were
0.326 and 0.412, which showed higher poverty among non-participant (0.412) of the
programme. The result further indicated the average programme effect on poverty status, test
index of youth participating is between 5.9 to 7.2% higher than the non-participant which
makes it significant at 1% level of probability and has impacted on poverty status of the
participant. Therefore, among the recommendation were advocating for both Government and
Non-governmental organization to facilitate community driven development through
empowerment programmes for sustainable development.
Keywords: Youth Empowerment Programme, Community Development, Katsina State.
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INTRODUCTION Youth empowerments simply mean the

According to Ibeneme, (2012) Youth granting of political, social and economic
empowerment is a process of increasing the power to their youth to have complete
assets and contribution of youth as control of their lives to enable them make
individual and as group to make a purposive their own choices and decisions (Florence,
choice and transform the choice into 2016). This is because empowering youth
desired outcome and action. It equally means empowering nation due to their vital
means improving the social, economic, role in agricultural sector and food security.
political and legal strengths of youth to According to Adams, (2008) empowerment
ensure equal right with all citizens and occurs through improvement of conditions,
make them confident enough to claim their standards, events and a global perspective
rights, Such as free living with a sense of of life, he further looks at empowerment as
self-worth, respect and dignity. capacity of an of individuals, groups to take
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control of communities to take their World Bank (2006) estimates that about 55
circumstances, exercise power and achieve percent of youths, reside in rural areas but
their own goals. It gives opportunity to be this figure is up to as 70 percent in Sub-
involved in all aspect of life, like marketing Saharan Africa and South Asia. Over the
of agricultural products, education, years there has been advocacy campaign to
decision taking, politics, opinion leadership get the youth's more involved in agriculture
and most especially skill acquisition production beyond Subsistence level.
(Melanne, 2012; Adebayo, 2014). Incorporating youths into skill acquisition
The concept of empowerment is the idea of programmes will facilitate capacity
power, is a process of change, and becomes building and empowering them for
more meaningful as a result of power. It is agriculture; hence the introduction of
found in giving a voice to the weak, and Katsina Youth Craft Village (KYC)
marginalized to have access to the tools and Programmes.
materials they needed to forge their The Katsina Youth Craft Village (KYC) is
possibility of becoming the produce of their one of the major skill acquisition
own welfare. Empowerment through skills programmes which was established in 2001
acquisition will improve resource poor to provide the youth in the state with a
farmers living which will make them to source of livelihood and put them on a
have access to portable water health care sound path towards self-sustenance and
facilities and electricity, the implication self-actualization (Adelekan and Dansu,
would reduce people’s migration and 2016). The programme provides self-
enhances efficient production. employment opportunity to over 2000
Over 50 percent of the world population are youth annually (KYC, 2019). As at June
youth estimated at about 1.2 billion of age 2016, 11,800 youth were trained in
between 15 and 24 years (Fent, 2008) and different agric related skills with different
World Bank, 2010, UNESCO, 2013, world duration as follows;
youth report, 2018), about one billion live
in developing countries alone. The above
statistics indicated that youth constitute a
serious development opportunity as well as
a challenge particularly in developing
economies.
FAO defines youth as the age range
between 15-35 years. Onnekwusi, (2015).
On the other hand, posited based on his
field experience that youth age is from 18-
40 years. Youth in Nigeria may be
categorized as young men and women
between the age of 13 and 30 years (NYP,
2019).
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Leather works and shoe 3 Months

Skills Duration making
GSM Repairs 6 Months Film and Photography ::
Tie and Dye :: Beauty Saloon ::
Pottery :: Auto-mechanic, Wheel 12 Months
balancing/Alignment
Furniture Making ::
Welding Fabrication and ::
Catering Services ::
Blacksmith
Tailoring and Fashion Design ::

Carpentry ::
Source: KYC, 2016. Several studies highlight the importance of

The participants are enrolled through youth empowerment in addressing the issue
Local Gov’t committee with male and of unemployment in Nigeria. A study by
female having equal opportunity to apply. Farouk (2017); another one by Okorie and
Onyeike (2018) emphasizes that
LITERATURE REVIEW empowering young people with relevant
Youth empowerment has become a critical skills and knowledge can significantly
focus in Nigeria's development agenda as enhance their employability and reduce
the country grapples with the challenges of unemployment rates (Sule, 2013); Ado, et
youth unemployment and al., 2017). Skill development and
underemployment. This literature review vocational training programmes have
explores existing research on youth shown promising results in equipping the
empowerment in Nigeria and its impact on youth with skills that align with the
employment and economic growth. demands of the labour market (ILO, 2020).
According to the World Bank, Nigeria has Moreover, youth empowerment
one of the largest youth populations programmes can also foster
globally, with about 60% of its population entrepreneurship and self-employment
under the age of 25 (World Bank, 2021). opportunities, which are crucial for creating
This demographic presents both jobs and driving economic growth
opportunities and challenges for the Nmeregini, et al., (2020).
country's economic development. A study by Adekunle et al. (2019) found
Empowering the youth with the right skills, that empowering young entrepreneurs
training, and resources is vital to harness through access to finance, mentorship, and
their potential and drive economic growth. business development services led to the
establishment of viable start-ups,
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contributing to job creation and innovation. Savannah region of northern Nigeria
Youth empowerment also has social between Latitudes 11°05' north of the
implications. Research by Okeke (2019) Equator and Longitude 7°08′ east of the
indicates that empowering young people Green Which Meridian. The study area is
can lead to positive changes in their bordered by Sokoto and Zamfara States to
attitudes and behaviours, reducing the west, Jigawa and Kano to the east,
engagement in social vices and criminal Kaduna State to the South and Maradi and
activities. A sense of purpose and inclusion Damagaran in Niger Republic cover the
in productive activities can positively east and North-east boundary respectively.
impact societal well-being. The population of the State is estimated at
However, despite the potential benefits, 5.8 million people in the 2006 population
challenges persist in effectively census which is now projected at 7.56
implementing youth empowerment million people in 2020 at 0.032 percent
initiatives in Nigeria (Adedeji et al., 2018). growth rate (National Bureau of Statistics,
Inadequate infrastructure, limited access to 2020). The State is predominantly occupied
finance, and policy gaps can hinder the by Fulanis and Hausas. However, there is
scalability and sustainability of such significant number of other tribes
programs (Adekunle et al., 2019). occupying some pocket areas.
Furthermore, regional disparities and Due to its vast arable land, the people of the
unequal access to opportunities can State engage in commodity and food
exacerbate the issue of youth production, as crops are grown during both
unemployment. As such, youth dry and rainy seasons. Major crops include
empowerment plays a vital role in cotton, groundnut, millet, guinea-corn,
addressing youth unemployment and maize, beans and rice. The Fulanis are
driving economic growth in Nigeria noted for their animal husbandry and do
(Fadeyi et al., 2015; Abomaye et al., 2018). engage in seasonal migration with their
Skill development, entrepreneurship cattle, goats, sheep and donkey. The Hausas
support, and social empowerment programs also engage in animal rearing but mostly
have demonstrated their potential in occupied with sedentary agriculture. In
equipping young people for the job market addition, the study employed a multi-stage
and fostering economic inclusion sampling procedure for data collection.
(Nwachukwu, 2008). Continued efforts, Katsina State has 34 Local Government
collaboration between stakeholders, and Areas (LGAs) which are divided into three
targeted policies are essential to maximize senatorial zones namely; Katsina Central
the benefits of youth empowerment and Senatorial Zone (Katsina Zone), Katsina
leverage Nigeria's demographic dividend Northern Senatorial Zone (Daura Zone) and
for sustainable economic development. Katsina South Senatorial Zone (Funtua
METHODOLOGY Zone). Daura zone has 12 LGAs while
Description of the Study Area Katsina and Funtua zones have 11 LGAs
The study was conducted in Katsina state, each. Three LGAs considered being
Nigeria which is located between Sahel relatively safe from banditry and other in
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security challenges was purposively
selected from each of the three senatorial
zones in the State (Table 1). The study was
conducted in September 2022.
Table 1: Local Government Areas (LGAs) Kafur LGA

Selected from each zone Malumfashi LGA
S/N Zone Funtua Zone Sample
3 Frame
Katsina SampleLGA
Batagarawa Size
1 Daura Daura LGA 67 Dutsen-ma20LGA

Dutsi LGA 58 Katsina LGA
20
Kankia LGA Total
54 20
2 Funtua Funtua LGA 72
Source: Survey, 2022 20
Slovin's Formula was used to calculate the Primary data was used for this study. Data
sample size for this study as given below: was collected by using structured
𝑁 questionnaires which were administered
n= 1+ 𝑁𝑒 2
through scheduled interview. Descriptive
Where:
statistics, Foster Greer and Thorbecke
n = Sample size
(FGT) poverty measures, Average
N = Total population = 599
treatment effects were used to analysed the
e = Error tolerance (confidence level) =
data. The household expenditure of each
0.0038
599 youth was estimated and was normalized to
n= = 182.83
[1+(599∗0.0038)] per capita expenditure per day.
This figure was rounded down to the
nearest 10 and the sample size becomes 180 The Foster, Greer and the Thorbecke
graduated participants. A list of Model (FGT2)
beneficiaries who trained in tie and dye, The model had been previously used by
pottery, catering services, welding Baba (2020); it grew from a mathematical
fabrication and blacksmith was considered model developed by (Alkire & Foster,
and hence the list was obtained from all the 2014), known as the FGT2 model of
LGAs of KYCV headquarters and poverty decomposition. This model was
participants from the 9 selected LGAs were adopted in this study to determine the
randomly selected to be the respondents. In incidences, the depth and the severity of
order to measure the impact of the poverty in the study area. The poverty line
programme on participants, an equal was calculated based on mean and median
number of non-participants were randomly of the data on composite index generated
selected from the three selected LGAs of from multidimensional poverty indicators.
each of the senatorial zones to be our
control group. Poverty Status: The poverty status of the
Data Collection/Analytical Technique youth in the study area (was determine
using the FGT index) the index is classed
into two categories: the ‘Poor’, and Non-
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poor’. The poverty status was regarded as • Poor: These are farmers whose FGT
2
the position of the household’s of mean values of household expenditure score
3
and median household expenditure score at were below one-third of the mean
1
the poverty threshold (poverty line). The values poverty line i.e. P< 3 of the mean
respondents’ FGT values were used in values
classifying them into the poverty status as 2 1
The poverty lines were set at 3 and 3 of the
earlier shown.
mean and median values in line with the
• Non-poor: These are youth whose FGT
World Bank (2000) recommendations.
value was above two-third value of total
In this study, the generalized form of FGT
value of household expenditure thus the
2
is express as:
poverty line i.e. NP> 3 of the mean
values of household expenditure score.
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖
∞
𝑃𝑖 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑎)
𝑥 =∑ (𝑧
1 𝑛!
= ∑ 1{𝑦𝑖 𝑛=0
𝑁 − 𝑎)𝑛 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
𝑖=1
> 𝑧} … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …For
……… 𝐺𝑖… (𝑧…−. 𝑦𝑖 ). (𝑦𝑖 < 𝑧)
=…
𝑥
1 𝐺𝑖
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑁 ∑
𝑖=1 𝑧
………………………………………………
………………………….
Square Poverty Gap (Poverty Severity) index the more the weight on the position of
index the poorest.
𝑃𝑖
𝑥
The Sen-Sharrock-Thon
1 𝐺𝑖 ∝ 𝑝
= ∑ [ ] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …𝑃 …𝑠𝑠𝑡…=… … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑃0 𝑃1 (1 −
𝑁 𝑧
𝑖=1
𝐺̂ 𝑝 )………………………………………
∝=≥ 0 ………………………………
Where 𝑁 = Sample, 𝑧 = poverty line 𝐺𝑖 =
poverty gap ∝ = Parameters the ∝ larger the
The causal effect of youth empowerments
𝑃0 = Headcount index 𝑃1 Poverty gap for programme on poverty status was
̂ 𝑝
the poor only 𝐺 = Gini index for the determined using the average treatment
Poverty gaap for the whole population effect among interviewed youth who
∆𝑙𝑛𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑡 = ∆𝑙𝑛𝑃0 + ∆𝑙𝑛𝑃1 + ∆ln (1 − 𝐺̂ ) 𝑝 participated and those that do not
…………………………………………… participated in YEP conducted in the state.
…… Those that participated are the treatment
with a value of (1) but whereas those that do
3.2.2 Propensity score matching for not participated was used as control with the
impact of YEP on poverty status value of (0). That procedure enabled the
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plugging comparing the effect of treatment **Z10= Experience of Insecurity
on control and made it possible to use in **Z11= Sex
propensity score matching for comparison ** For these variables, anyone with an
in propensity score estimates. outcome of (𝑄𝑖 ) was removed.
Consequently, it was easy to see the causal 𝜃0 − 𝜃7 = parameters to be estimated
effect of YEP among the interviewed 𝑒𝑖 = disturbance term
youth; other prognosis factors like age, 𝑖 = farm household
education level marital status etc. were used Further, the propensity score matching-
to control bias inherent in the two groups, based nearest neighbour and other matching
this measure has been developed by algorithm was specified as:
Heckman. The outcome of the propensity The average treatment effect
score was used to estimate the average ATT1
treatment effect between the groups so as to 1
= [∑ Y t i
determine the effect of the programme on NT
i∈T
poverty (Baba, 2020). The PSM is based on
the following logit model: − ∑ ωij Y c j ] … … … … … … … … … …
𝑌𝑖 = j∈c(i)
𝑃
𝑙𝑛 (1−𝑃𝑖𝑗 )…………………………………
𝑖𝑗 where,
…………………………………………... 𝐴𝑇𝑇1 = Average treatment effect for those
Given as; 𝑌𝑖 = 𝜃𝑜 + 𝜃1 𝑥1𝑖𝑗 + 𝜃2 𝑥2𝑖𝑗 + treated on poverty, respectively.
𝜃3 𝑥3𝑖𝑗 + 𝜃4 𝑥4𝑖𝑗 + 𝑁𝑇 = number of farmers in the treated
⋯ … … … … … … … … … . +𝑒𝑖𝑗 . groups
Where the outcome variable is 𝐶(𝑖) = Set of controls matched to treated
𝑄𝑖 = units i
1
−𝑥, < 0= not participated 𝜔𝑖𝑗 = 𝑁𝑖 𝑐
if 𝑗𝜖𝑐(1); 0, otherwise 𝑖 = 𝑖th
{ ………….........
𝑥, 1= xA1 = participated farm household
.................................................................. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-economic Characteristics of the
Q = Poverty index Respondents
Z1= Household size (number of people The socio-economic characteristics of
providing unpaid family labour) participants and non- participants of youth
Z2= Age of the farmer (years) entrepreneurs which include age, sex,
Z3= Group membership (years of marital status, household size, educational
membership) level, years of practicing experiences,
𝑍4 = Education level membership of co-operative society and
𝑍5 = Amount of credit access access to credit is presented.
𝑍6 = Years of practice
Z7= Proximity to market Table 2: revealed that majority (58%) of the
Z8= Political affiliation participants and (56%) non- participants
**Z9= experience of COVID-19 pandemic were between the ages of 20-29 years. The
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mean ages for participants and non- is 3. This showed that there is no much
participants of KYCV were 26 and 27 years difference in the household size among the
respectively. This implies that majority of two categories of the respondents. Thus,
respondents were still within a productive young people can participate in programme
and active working age range, hence with the assurance that they will get help in
participate, produce to earn some income terms of labour from their household
from KYCV activities. This finding members. While with respect to educational
concurred with the findings of Farouk level, it was found that about 24% of the
(2017) who reported that the dominance of participants and 26% of the non-
the youth within the age group of 20-29 participants had secondary education, about
years are more active in entrepreneurship 23% of the participants and 27% of the non-
because they have the desire to get out of participants had adult education. Also 19%
poverty and unemployment. Also, the sex of the participants and 17% of the non-
distribution revealed that 76% of the participants had post-secondary education.
participants and 75% of non- participants Majority (88%) of the participants and the
were male showing that there are more non- participants (87%) had some form of
males involved in the empowerment formal educational qualification. This
activities than females. The dominance of implies that majority of the youths are
the male in the study implies that they are educated, this is an added advantage for the
at the forefront of the fight against poverty. youths to be able to make use of
Male youth's domination in KYCV is in line innovations in KYCV activities. Education
with findings by Fadeyi et al. (2015) helps to arm young people with an
Abomaye et al. (2018) who opined that understanding of some skills necessary for
female youths find it difficult to cope up entrepreneurship to improve on their living
with the tedious activities of standard.
entrepreneurship. The findings showed that With regard to years of experience, it was
64% of the participants and 63% of the non- also found that about 46% of the
participants were single, while 33% and participants and 39% of non- participants
36% were married, as indicated in the had between 1-3 years of established
Table. The implication drawn from this practices. The mean experience for
result is that young and agile people have participants and non-participants of KYCV
indicated interest in empowerments is 5 years. This showed that there is no
activities. This variable is very important much difference in the years of experience
because it helps us to track youth's source among the two categories of the
of motivation or disincentives in engaging respondents. Practicing and or experience is
in the programme. The result further used as a measure of managerial ability, the
revealed that majority (67%) of the more experience a person is, the more his
participants and (76%) of non- ability to make rational decision. The
participants had between 1-3 household number of years of experience possess by
sizes. The mean household size for the respondents implies that such people are
participants and non- participants of KYCV likely to make decisions that would grow
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their businesses. This finding is in tandem information for successful business
with the findings by Farouk (2017) who ventures.
reported that the dominance of the youth
with business experience of 2-4 years Access to credit indicated that most (66%)
implies that most of them have just of the participants and 73% of non-
benefited from entrepreneurship education participants had no access to credit while
that inspired them to start small businesses. about 34% of the participants and 27% of
Membership of Cooperative Society was non-participants had access to credit. This
found to be (36%) of the participants and implies that respondents are faced with
(35%) of non-participants, while most financial impediments associated with
(64%) of the participants and (65%) of the financing an agribusiness as well as the
non-participants are not member of any opportunities to diversify their income
cooperative society. It showed that majority sources. Access to credit facilitates the
of the respondents do not belong to any acquisition of productive resources needed
cooperative society. Membership of an for agribusiness. This finding agrees with
association will provide opportunities for Sule, (2013); Adelekan and Dansu, (2016);
higher exposure to various kinds of Ado, et al (2017); Adedeji et al. (2018) who
information, exchange of ideas and assessed the influence of credit on youth
consequently enhance utilization of engagement in agribusinesses.
Marital Status
Single 116
Married 60
Table 2. Socio-economic characteristics
of the Respondents Widower 3
Variables Participant Non-Participant
Divorced 1
Freq. Percent Freq. Percent
Total 180 1
Age Household Size
< 20 years 34 18.9
1-3 persons 32 17.8 121
20 – 29 years 105 58.3
4-6 persons 101 56.1 56
30 – 39 years 41 22.8
7-9 persons 47 26.1 3
Total 180 Total 100 180 100 180 1
Mean 25.82 Mean 27.11 2.79
Standard Deviation 4.636 Standard Deviation 4.888 1.489
Sex Educational Level
Male 137 76.1
No formal education 135 75.0 21
Female 43 23.9
Adult education 45 25.0 41
Total 180 100 180 100
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Quranic education 23 7-9 years12.8 8 4.4 31
Primary education 19 Total 10.6 24 13.3 180
Secondary education 43 *Non-membership

23.9 47 26.1 116
Post-secondary education 33 Total 18.3 30 16.7 180
Total 180 Access to100

Credit 180 100
Years of Experiences Access 62
No experiences No access 43 23.9 118
1-3 years 82 Total 45.6 71 39.4 180
4-6 years 67 37.2

Source: Survey, 2022 28 15.6
4.2 Poverty Status of Participants and depth index than the participants which
Non-Participants of Youth means that the degree of poverty among
Empowerment. non-participants was more compared with
The study established poverty thresholds the participants. The implication is that
based on the 2/3 mean per household respondents among the participants need
expenditure (MPCHE) for participants and about 32% which translates into
non-participants of youth entrepreneurs. It N19,141.47 while the non-participants need
was found that about 33% and 23% of the about 41%which translates into N24,525.01
participants and non-participants fell under annually in addition to their MPCHE to
the non-poor category while, about (67%) attain the poverty line. Finally, it was found
and (77%) of the participants and non- that the non-participants had a poverty
participants fell under poor category. severity index of 0.282 while the
It was established that 59% and 73% of the participants had a poverty severity index of
participants and non-participants of KYCV 0.223 respectively. It indicated that the non-
programme were considered as poor. This participants had higher percentage about
shows that larger percentages of non- 28% of the poorest while the participants
participants were considered poor as had lower percentage about 22% of the
compared to the participants of youth poorest. Although, poverty is severe among
entrepreneurs in the study area. The the respondents but is more severe among
implication is that there is a reduction in the non-participants. This implies that
poverty among the participants of youth about 22% and 28% of the participants and
entrepreneurs; this could be due to non- participants constitute the poorest
participants' access to support from KYCV among the respondents. This is supported
programme. by the finding of Nwachukwu (2008), who
Similarly, the poverty depth index for reported that youth participate in
participants and non-participants were empowerment programmes to earn more
0.326 and 0.412, respectively. This showed income thereby reducing their poverty.
that non-participants had greater poverty
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Table 3: Estimation of the Poverty Status Poverty Incidences
of Participants and Non-participants P0 0.592
Pi
Participants Non-participant 0.326
Poverty Status P2 0.223
Freq. Percent Freq. Percent
Poverty lines MPCHE
Poor 121 2 67 138 77
/3 * MPCHE N89,725
Non-poor 59 33 42 23
4.2.1 Hypothesis one N59,817
Total 120 100 120 100
Source: Survey, 2022 participants were pooled, and then

participation equation was estimated on all
The hypothesis which stated that the the observed covariates X in the data that
poverty status of youth in the are likely to determine participation
entrepreneurial programme is low was (Ebenehi, 2012). Accordingly, we first
tested using result from Table 3. It was fitted all data collected on the covariates
found that the poverty status of respondents into logit model and gradually reduced its
in the study area was high 67% and 77% for number until we get the desired good
participants and non-participants, match. Finally, we have maintained those
respectively. The hypothesis which stated influential covariates determining the
that the poverty status of youth in the programme participation. These covariates
entrepreneurial programme is low is included marital status, educational level,
rejected and the alternative was accepted. years of membership, amount of credit,
4.3 Impact of Youth Participation on years of practices and insecurity. Table 4
their Poverty Status presents the logit estimates of the youth
In estimating propensity score matching, programme participation equation.
the samples of participants and non-
Table 4: Estimation of Propensity Score: Membership 0.089626 0.043495** 2.06
Dependent Variable (Youth Amount of Credit 2.06E-06 2.42E-06 0.85
Participation in KYCV) Years of Practice 0.03525 0.036564 0.96
Variables Coef. Std. Err. Proximity
Z P>z 95%-0.05297
Conf. Interval
0.225788 -0.23
Age -0.04163 0.021212* Political
-1.96 Affiliation
0.05 -0.2135
-0.0832047 0.174623
-5.7E-05 -1.22
M Status 0.321399 0.187212* Covid-19
1.72 Pandemic
0.086 -0.01206
-0.04553 0.303888 -0.04
0.688327
Household Size -0.08605 0.071348 Insecurity
-1.21 0.228 0.155938
-0.2258908 0.316089 0.49
0.053788
Education Level; 0.01655 0.052365 Constant
0.32 0.752 0.768151
-0.086078 0.797113 0.96
0.119188
Note: ** and * significant at 5% and 10% membership, amount of credit, years of

levels of probability Source: Survey, 2022 practices and insecurity were positively
It showed that some covariates such as age, associated with youth programme
marital status and years of membership participation. In the contrary, such
were significantly associated with youth covariates as age, household size,
programme participation. Furthermore, proximity, political affiliation and Covid-
marital status, educational level, years of 19 pandemic were negatively associated
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with the youth programme participation. distributions of covariates across two
The younger the household head, the more youth's groups, it was established that there
likely she/he is better educated and hence is sufficient common support region for the
has more chance of being selected into the two groups of youths. There is also need to
training programme. These findings are be sure that the differences in the covariates
consistent with the stated criteria of in the matched two groups have been
selecting youths for programme eliminated. These two requirements are the
participation as it was designed to train few necessary preconditions for the reliability
affluent households, who are supposed to of the subsequent estimations of the
be easily trained to train others. This result programme impacts.
also indicates that participation in the The common support region was satisfied
KYCV programme was mainly influenced in the range of 0.0030751 to 0.8782346
by observable covariates and hence hidden with only 8 losses of observations (one
covariates played very little role which, in from those participants and from those
turn, imply that the results of programme non- participants). Figure 1 below shows
assessment using PSM approach were the regions of common support for the two
unbiased and consistent. groups of youths.
As the main purpose of the propensity score
estimation was to balance the observed
Note that untreated off support indicates

Figure 1: Overlap graph for common those observations in the non-participants
support in Propensity score Distribution that do not have suitable comparison from
Key: Horizontal axis-propensity score; participant and hence excluded from
Vertical axis-frequency of propensity score. analysis while untreated on support
Source: Survey, 2022. indicates those observations in the non-
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participant that do not have suitable graphs clearly reveals that there is
comparison from the participant and used in considerable overlap in the predicted
the analysis. Thus the graph clearly reveals propensity scores of the two graphs.
that there is considerable overlap in the Table 6: Poverty Status Test Index
predicted propensity score of the two
Across Youth Groups
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Algorithms Participant with theATT
Non-Participant necessary skills
Std. Err to alleviate
T-valuepoverty
among youth in order to stem youth
Attnd 180 137 0.0593 0.0240 2.475**
restiveness in Northern Nigeria.
Attr (0.01) 144 131 CONCLUSION0.0499 0.0140 3.566***AND
Attk (0.05) 105 128 RECOMMENDATIONS
0.0981 0.0420 2.336**
Youth participation in entrepreneurship
Source: Survey, 2022 programme has been able to achieve some of
its stated objectives. It has shown that the
participating youth in the study area can
come out of poverty through increased mean
per capita household expenditure by 32%
which translates into N19,141.47 annually.
Based on the findings, the following
Note: Attnd stands for nearest neighbour recommendations were made:
matching; attr for radius matching and attk
for kernel matching algorithm. *** i. Since the years of membership of
significant at 1%, ** significant at 5%, * an association had a significant
significant at 10%. influence on poverty incidence
The result in table 6 under column ATT and participation in
showed that estimated average programme entrepreneurship programme. It is
effect on Poverty Status Test Index of those recommended that cooperative
youth participant is between 5.9 and 7.2% society should source more loans
higher than the non-participant youths and and make it available to members,
this finding is statistically significant. The so that youths could expand their
result is also consistent with other previous businesses; this would further
studies (Pufahl, and Weiss, 2009); Umar, et improve their living standard and
al (2014). Thus, it can be concluded that help combat poverty.
participation in KYCV programme
significantly impacted on poverty status of ii. Efforts should be made by non-
the participants at 1% level of probability. governmental organization and
The study has found a significant impact of local government council in the
youth participation in the entrepreneurial areas to boost the empowerment
programme on their poverty status as practices of youths through
reported result from table. As such provision of infrastructure
participation in KYCV programme especially feeder roads to reduce
significantly impacted on poverty status of the level of risk which tends to
the participants at 1% level of probability. increase with increase in distance.
Therefore, to address the issue of poverty it This could enhance the level of
become imperatives to empower our youth enterprise activities that could
generate more income for the
14
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_______________________________________________________________
youths and thereby help to combat Journal of Economics, Commerce
poverty among the respondents. and Management, 6(9):423-441.
Ado, B. K. and Ibrahim, K. M. (2017). Impact
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Assessment of Youth Empowerment Programme As Viable Policy For Rural Agrarian Community Development in Katsina State, Nigeria

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GUSAU JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (GUJEDS)

ISSN: 2786-9695 Vol. 3(1) July

INTRODUCTION Youth empowerments simply mean the

Leather works and shoe 3 Months

GSM Repairs 6 Months Film and Photography ::

Tie and Dye :: Beauty Saloon ::

Pottery :: Auto-mechanic, Wheel 12 Months

Tailoring and Fashion Design ::

Source: KYC, 2016. Several studies highlight the importance of

Table 1: Local Government Areas (LGAs) Kafur LGA

1 Daura Daura LGA 67 Dutsen-ma20LGA

Primary education 19 Total 10.6 24 13.3 180

Secondary education 43 *Non-membership

Post-secondary education 33 Total 18.3 30 16.7 180

Total 180 Access to100

Years of Experiences Access 62

No experiences No access 43 23.9 118

1-3 years 82 Total 45.6 71 39.4 180

4-6 years 67 37.2

Source: Survey, 2022 participants were pooled, and then

Note: ** and * significant at 5% and 10% membership, amount of credit, years of

Note that untreated off support indicates

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