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The disorder causes damage to a protective insulation called myelin which surrounds nerves referred
to as axons (Calabresi, 2007). Verywell Health is part of the Dotdash Meredith publishing family.
One of the most common and widespread complications is intense, disabling pain throughout the
body. Updated Mcdonald Criteria expected to speed the diagnosis of MS and reduce misdiagnosis.
The inflammatory response propagates demyelination and axonal damage Karussis, 2014, p. The
process of 'training' the immune system with a vaccine is called immuni. Of all of the diseases that
are currently extant within the world, the most horrifying ones are invariably those that have no cure
and only limited treatments. The areas which experience inflammation are referred as active lesions
and plaques refer to scar tissue where myelin gets destroyed. The reason behind this is that these
diseases are already weakening the immune systems of the patients. Another secondary defense
mechanism is the lymphocytes which is involved in immunity and can subdivide into B-Cells which
produce circulating antibodies and T-Cells which are primarily responsible for cell mediated
immunity. Tanya.A, 'et al' (2004). Other symptoms that can happen with RRMS include fatigue,
sensitivity to heat, and depression. If you leave out major food groups, your diet can be low in
vitamins and minerals.’. According to Kantarci (2008), multiple sclerosis represents one of the most
pathologically and clinically intricate heterogeneous diseases, whose aetiology is not fully known.
Secondary progressive MS ultimately affects 50 percent of people with relapsing remitting MS. The
work on interpretation of genome data is still in. There are four types of MS which are, Relapsing-
Remitting MS which is clearly defined attacks followed by complete or partial recovery, Secondary-
progressive MS which occurs 10-20 years after diagnose, Primary-progressive MS which involves
continuous or worsening symptoms from the beginning and Progressive-relapsing MS which is
relatively rare and combines relapse with steady worsening. We use cookies to create the best
experience for you. Primary research involves the collection and analysis of raw data through
surveys, experiments, interviews etc. In some cases, erroneous claims have misdirected research,
resulting in a substantial but unproductive investment in time and money. People increase their
chances at developing multiple sclerosis when they already have thyroid disease, Type 1 diabetes, or
inflammatory bowel disease. The lived experience of relapsing multiple sclerosis: a phenomenological
study. Beta interferon therapies are nevertheless known to reduce exacerbations and slow down the
progression of physical inability. The ethnic background of a person is also a critical factor where
there are more Caucasians than whites affected by the disease. There are numerous MRI techniques,
including the MRS, which provides information about the biochemistry of the brain, and DTI, which
shows 3-D images of areas of the brain with lesions due to loss of myelin (Olek 59), showing the
progression of multiple sclerosis. In this book, she told each individual to imagine life from one day
being able to see bright colors and distinct pictures to only realize that as each day goes by the world
is beginning to look darker and darker until you can see nothing but black. Many viruses and diseases
have been connected to multiple sclerosis, so people with diseases stand a bigger chance at
developing the virus. This attack leads to CNS inflammation and could damage myelin and
eventually injuring the nerves. Orally administered drugs may prove to be more acceptable and
convenient to patients, and this may lead to enhanced patient adherence to medication in the long-
term perspective. The transverse myelitis tends to be complete and is typically associated with
extensive signal change in the cord extending over many segments with swelling of the cord.
He discussed these aspects with his Doctor, who, after a thorough examination, and questioning
about his family life, confirmed the diagnosis that he was indeed suffering from multiple sclerosis.
This paper investigates the effects Multiple Sclerosis has on gait patterns and this will be achieved by
looking at the clinical methodologies used in studying the physical ability of the patients especially
with regards to locomotion. A definitive diagnosis has been done according to neurologist and
McDonald criteria. A differential diagnosis, which is the process used by medical professionals to
discern between two or more possible diseases, is used as a way to accurately diagnose the disease.
This type of MS is marked by relapses that last at least 24 hours. I was sleeping 14 plus hours a day
and could still only muster enough energy to pee before needing a nap. Let us write or edit the
research paper on your topic. While there is no cure for multiple sclerosis, nor have their been
methods to prevent the disease, there are treatments and medications that are designated to target
the individual symptoms, as well as tending to the faulty autoimmune response. We prognosticate a
slight increase in the incidence of MS in the age group of 20 to 50 years. Recommendation 6: The
power of neuroimaging as a tool for basic research and for clinical assessment should be taken
advantage of more extensively. Secondary progressive MS ultimately affects 50 percent of people
with relapsing remitting MS. Let us write or edit the research paper on your topic. Relapsing
Remitting MS. In this course of MS, symptoms and attacks. This paper will describe the statistics on
the disease, a summary of the disease and resources available to manage it. It is five times more
common in temperate climates than in the tropics, and strikes 50 percent more women than men.
Some of the more common symptoms of multiple sclerosis are numbness and weakness in one or
various parts of the body part, more particularly arms and legs. The work on interpretation of genome
data is still in. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Incorporated, 1993. Print. The data
will then be analysed and the results or findings will then be evaluated. You can download the paper
by clicking the button above. Indeed, multiple sclerosis “has an overall familial recurrence rate of
20% (Compston, 2008).” The less that a person is related to someone, such as the difference between
siblings and half-siblings, the less chance that there is that multiple sclerosis will be developed.
However, if the moves between locations take place after a child hits puberty, they usually maintain
the risk that they had at their first location. MS is not known to be hereditary; however, having an
immediate relative. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The
number, size, and location of plaques and lesions determine the form and severity of the signs
(Rolak, 2001). Eventually, the patient develops multiple fractures, anemia, bleeding disorders and
sepsis (Bhargava, and Griffing, 2009). The good news is that once you finally reach a definitive
answer, you can begin to plan for your future. It has been observed that there is a linkage between
multiple sclerosis and stress. Those that are of Native American, Asian, and African descent appear to
have the lowest risk at developing the disease. Oral drugs Long-term efficacy of currently available
parenterally administered therapies might be altered and weakened by several factors including their
immunogenicity, and patients' limited adherence to the prescribed treatment schedule.
During a remission, symptoms partly or completely go away. References Bello-Haas, V. (2009).
Exercise therapy for multiple sclerosis. The subjects were diagnosed with MS by neurologists (all
newly diagnosed patients from 2001-2014) and were registered in MS center to receive treatment.
Those that are of Native American, Asian, and African descent appear to have the lowest risk at
developing the disease. My reason for choosing this topic is that I am very familiar with M.S. My
mother was diagnosed nearly ten years ago when I was only eight. Also, women with the condition
have every reason to bear children as there is no reason why women with the condition cannot give
birth. Being diagnosed with MS can be a confusing and difficult time. A higher count of oligoclonal
bands can help diagnose MS. In people with MS, IgG levels are often excessively high compared to
those in people without the disease. In short, the bodies of the patients under the attack of MS will
face multiple problems originating from the less control of brain over the nerve system. Interferons
slow the progression of the intensity of multiple sclerosis symptoms. Therapy is also used as a
method to overcome the symptoms; physical and occupational therapists can teach the patient
exercises that can help them to strengthen their bodies, as well as exercises that can be undertaken to
make daily tasks easier. Blunt Multiple sclerosis is one of the most misunderstood diseases of this
century. The spinal tap also looks for a large number of white blood cells, which are immune cells,
and proteins known as oligoclonal bands. Halbreich, Uriel. Multiple Sclerosis: A Neuropsychiatric
Disorder. It is difficult for us a family to get through but we just take each day as it comes. In short,
the bodies of the patients under the attack of MS will face multiple problems originating from the
less control of brain over the nerve system. As time went on, doctors began to understand the
characteristics associated with multiple sclerosis, which helped them to not only discover causes and
treatments, but also allowed them to understand where the disease has been and where it is going.
What to Know About the Multiple Sclerosis Diagnostic Criteria. In this type, symptoms accumulate
and worsen without any remission. Research Proposal. The effect of Music on relieving anxiety
perioperatively. Multiple Sclerosis Class Title June 13, 2011 Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a
disease of the nervous system that involves the individual’s immune system eating away at the
protective covering of one’s nerves. This is important because your doctor will prescribe medications
that can help reduce inflammation and slow disease progression once it's confirmed that you have
MS. It has been observed that there is a linkage between Multiple Sclerosis and stress. In recent
uses, medical marijuana has been prescribed to help with the pain associated with multiple sclerosis.
We prognosticate a slight increase in the incidence of MS in the age group of 20 to 50 years. The
most common evoked potential use for MS is sight and can help the doctor determine if there are
any problems along the optic nerve pathways, which connect the brain with the eyes. If a person
moves from a high-risk area to a low-risk area, their risks decreased for developing multiple sclerosis,
and vice versa, if they were to move from low-risk area to a high risk area. MS is not known to be
hereditary; however, having an immediate relative. There were two limitations to the study,
according to study author Kathryn C. Over-the-counter pain killers, as well as others that require a
prescription have proven to be effective in relieving pain in a multiple sclerosis symptoms.
Corticosteroids, for example, are the most common form of medication given to a multiple sclerosis
patient, which helps to reduce the inflammation that occurs during a relapse.
Other secondary defense mechanisms involved are, the neutrophil which is capable of ingesting and
killing bacteria and is an important defense against infection. MS is a progressive, disabling illness
that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Conclusion: The collected results suggested that
Khuzestan Province is a high-risk area for MS; the prevalence and incidence of the disease are
increasing, especially in women. Verywell Health is part of the Dotdash Meredith publishing family.
Furthermore, it is estimated that about 200 cases are diagnosed every week (Trisolini et al., 2010).
Other countries with high MS prevalence as found in the study are shown in the table below.
Diagnosing MS can be difficult because there is no definitive way to tell if a person has it. However,
this notwithstanding, there exist various treatments that are able to slow the disease and improve the
prognosis and general life expectancy that an individual who has the disease might expect to have.
Often an individual will describe a change in their abilities when comparing current to past function
but cannot identify an episode that led to the worsening. In the majority of cases of MS, severe
disability or death is rare. This is important because your doctor will prescribe medications that can
help reduce inflammation and slow disease progression once it's confirmed that you have MS. The
life expectancy of people with multiple sclerosis is five to ten years lower in comparison to those that
do not have the disease. An MRI can detect lesions caused by loss of myelin to the brain and spinal
cord (Waxman 13); though an MRI is used to determine if an individual has multiple sclerosis, it can
also help rule out other diseases, like lupus or Lyme disease. The McDonald criteria include one MS
attack (a worsening of prior symptoms or brand-new symptoms that suddenly begin) and clinical
evidence of one MS lesion, plus one criterion demonstrating dissemination in time and one criterion
demonstrating dissemination in space. Sexual dysfunction Alprostadil, selective oral
phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil Male and female sexual
dysfunction is common and must be specifically enquired about. The pharmacological means are
usually based upon trying to integrate a degree of neuro-rehabilitation within the patient and seek to
reduce the rate at which symptoms and their destructive side effects can cause. The reason behind
this is that these diseases are already weakening the immune systems of the patients. This in
combination with its paralyzing effects can produce a diminished sense of self in the patients as well
as a diminished sense of being in others. Due to such a generalized and non-determinent subset of
symptoms, it is oftentimes common for individuals who have multiple sclerosis to live with it for
several years prior to correct diagnosis. The study participants were all residents of Shiraz. Secondly,
with regards to the means by which the disease can be treated, it is vitally important to underscore
the fact that there is no known cure for the disease nor has there ever been a proven case in which
the body’s natural defense mechanism has been able to cure the disease on its own (Ben-Hur, 2011).
Although there has been a great deal of progress made with regards to other diseases, multiple
sclerosis continues to provide something of an impenetrable wall for the healthcare professional in
seeking to ameliorate its symptoms and or provide a cure that can make the disease an issue of the
past; similar to polio. The lived experience of relapsing multiple sclerosis: a phenomenological study.
Because the results of tests aren’t always cut-and-dried, the process between first experiencing
symptoms and getting a treatment plan can be a long and arduous one. If my questionnaire is reliable
then my conclusion will be positive. Some of the greatest complications that a patient can undergo
are depression, epilepsy, and changes in their mental being, such as forgetfulness and problems with
concentration. However, the definitive proof to support the latter concept is lacking. Anything within
that environment, such as stressful events or cigarette smoke, as well as characteristics that can bring
about infections to a person, thus damaging their immune system, can cause multiple sclerosis. In
this book, she told each individual to imagine life from one day being able to see bright colors and
distinct pictures to only realize that as each day goes by the world is beginning to look darker and
darker until you can see nothing but black. In a study conducted by the World Health Organization
and Multiple Sclerosis International Federation (MSIF) to determine the prevalence of the disease in
122 countries globally, it was found out that the median prevalence is 30 persons in every 100,000
(Trisolini et al., 2010). In US, it is estimated that the number of people affected by MS stands at
between 250,000 and 350,000. Women are twice as likely to develop multiple sclerosis than men are.
MS is a rare among some ethnic groups such as among Japanese and has never been identified
among Africans, Eskimos, Blacks, Inuits and Aborigines. Our website is not intended to be a
substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Seminario biologia molecular-
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. She presents with complaints of diplopia, ataxia, fatigue, muscle
spasms, and muscle weakness. The criteria take into account the number of lesions and flare-ups you
have. If the relapsing-remitting MS progresses to a point at which there are no discernible relapses
and remissions, it has transitioned to secondary progressive MS. Research Proposal. The effect of
Music on relieving anxiety perioperatively. It is believed, though there is no concrete proof, that the
cause of the disease in one person as opposed to another has to do with various factors, such as age,
gender, ethnicity, and even the place where the person lives. Results: Female patients represented the
majority among total samples analyzed with 70.8%. Patients aged between 11 and 47 years old with
a mean age of 27.5 years reported the first presentation for MS. Sensory symptoms were most
common at first presentation in 33.3% of cases while motor symptoms were most common at
relapses. The central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, is made up of cells
and nerves that deliver messages to and from the brain. A majority of researchers describe MS as an
autoimmune disease where white blood cells get misguided and instead of fighting disease causing
organisms, they attack body cells (Courtney, 2006). The most common course of MS is Relapsing
Remitting MS. Multiple sclerosis is capable of developing at any age, though the most common age
group to develop the disease is between twenty and forty years of age. Eventually, the patient
develops multiple fractures, anemia, bleeding disorders and sepsis (Bhargava, and Griffing, 2009).
This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you.
This paper will describe the statistics on the disease, a summary of the disease and resources
available to manage it. The symptoms that occur with MS are similar to other diseases and disorders,
so getting tested can help rule out any other health conditions or infections. As such, it is the very
definition of a chronic disease that almost always is the primary cause of death for the patient who
has acquired it. GLANDS IN THE SKIN,FUNCTIONS AND ABNORMALITIES.pptx GLANDS
IN THE SKIN,FUNCTIONS AND ABNORMALITIES.pptx Seminario biologia molecular-
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Since many symptoms of MS can develop from other health
conditions, diagnostic tools are also used to rule out other disorders while diagnosing MS.
Diagnosing MS as early as possible is crucial to ensuring that a person with the disease has the best
quality of life for as long as possible. Relapsing-remitting MS is the most common type, affecting
85% of people with multiple sclerosis. MS develops when the immune system begins attacking the
myelin sheath, the covering of nerve fibers. Because this is the final feelings the reader is reader is
left with. Cognitive testing may be used to determine the level of damage to the brain. The majority
of these disease modifying treatments are intended on masking or delaying the onset of RRMS
(relapsing remitting courses). What to Know About the Multiple Sclerosis Diagnostic Criteria. The
disorder causes damage to a protective insulation called myelin which surrounds nerves referred to
as axons (Calabresi, 2007). The McDonald criteria are the baseline for diagnosing MS. Recent
updates were made in 2017 that changed the way MS is diagnosed. Conclusion: The collected results
suggested that Khuzestan Province is a high-risk area for MS; the prevalence and incidence of the
disease are increasing, especially in women. For MS patients with Primary Progressive MS, their
symptoms.
Statistics on Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is diagnosed in individuals aged between 20
and 40 years. B From what Andrea is telling me it appears that whenever she is confronted with a
symptom that she perceives as a problem she thinks the worst possible thing. A blood test is used to
help rule out conditions such as Lyme disease or other disorders that can be diagnosed with blood
tests alone. It is estimated that more than two million people have MS worldwide. Relapsing
Remitting MS. In this course of MS, symptoms and attacks. If my questionnaire is reliable then my
conclusion will be positive. However, if the moves between locations take place after a child hits
puberty, they usually maintain the risk that they had at their first location. If longterm records of
such data were maintained in a data registry, they would also provide much-needed insights into the
natural course of the illness. People with PPMS have the same symptoms as those with CIS and
RRMS. However, they can also have additional symptoms, such as. Let us write or edit the research
paper on your topic. The drug has also been found to control tremors in animals suffering from
Multiple Sclerosis. The lived experience of relapsing multiple sclerosis: a phenomenological study. If
no other conditions are present and there is evidence of damage to the myelin, it’s likely that you
have MS. These symptoms all vary based on the location of the affected nerve fibers. Over-the-
counter pain killers, as well as others that require a prescription have proven to be effective in
relieving pain in a multiple sclerosis symptoms. Corticosteroids, for example, are the most common
form of medication given to a multiple sclerosis patient, which helps to reduce the inflammation that
occurs during a relapse. Seminario biologia molecular-Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Risk
factors of multiple sclerosis include age, sex and race, hereditary, and geographical factors, as well as
the existence of other diseases and infections. MS is associated with remarkable functional
impairment and decreased quality of life. Each type of MS will have different results, and that is
why the McDonald criteria address several situations that could occur at various stages of the
disease. It is believed, though there is no concrete proof, that the cause of the disease in one person
as opposed to another has to do with various factors, such as age, gender, ethnicity, and even the
place where the person lives. As body temperature can trigger symptoms, patients need to keep
themselves away from extreme heat and extreme cold. Evaluation of Osteopathic Manual Treatment
in the Treatment of Multiple Scler. This study was conducted to determine the demographic, clinical,
and beyond clinical characteristics in patients with multiple sclerosis to help identify common
disabilities and better understand of the specific needs of these ones.Materials and methods: This
descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 50 MS patients in Rafsanjan, Iran. The
symptoms of RRMS are the same as those in CIS, but they come on more frequently. References
Bello-Haas, V. (2009). Exercise therapy for multiple sclerosis. Visit Continental Clinical Solutions
Contact Page Here. Work-role of Radiation Therapists in the Consequences of Adaptive
Radiotherap. This can be in the form of a questionnaire or an intensive one to one interview. It is the
expectation of this author that although the disease still continues to baffle healthcare professionals,
a further integration and application of scientific knowledge will ultimately be able to provide the
breakthroughs that have so long been sought after. My reason for choosing this topic is that I am
very familiar with M.S. My mother was diagnosed nearly ten years ago when I was only eight.
New York: Springer-Verlag New York, LLC, 2010. Print. Waxman, Stephen G. Multiple Sclerosis as
a Neuronal Disease. Incidence of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis in referrals to two academic centers.
This type of MS is marked by relapses that last at least 24 hours. Work-role of Radiation Therapists
in the Consequences of Adaptive Radiotherap. A higher count of oligoclonal bands can help
diagnose MS. GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY Geriatric pharmacology is a specialized field
focusing. Abhinav S Work-role of Radiation Therapists in the Consequences of Adaptive
Radiotherap. Bursitis is inflammation or irritation of a bursa sac. Multiple Sclerosis is a disease
which directly affects the spinal cord and brain. Additionally, an individual’s age may come to play
in the disease considering most diagnoses are done on persons aged 20 to 50 (Carroll, 2010). This is
100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you. There
are numerous MRI techniques, including the MRS, which provides information about the
biochemistry of the brain, and DTI, which shows 3-D images of areas of the brain with lesions due
to loss of myelin (Olek 59), showing the progression of multiple sclerosis. A definitive diagnosis has
been done according to neurologist and McDonald criteria. In short, the bodies of the patients under
the attack of MS will face multiple problems originating from the less control of brain over the nerve
system. The conclusion formed from this document is that the immune system does not always do
the correct thing for the body however at the time of doing it, believes that it is protecting the body. I
was sleeping 14 plus hours a day and could still only muster enough energy to pee before needing a
nap. This damage leads to disruption of nerve impulse along axons resulting in the many symptoms
seen in multiple sclerosis patients. A combination of symptoms, lab tests, and exams need to be
measured against a specific set of criteria known as the McDonald criteria for doctors to reach a
diagnosis. Evoked potentials measure electrical activity in the brain and spinal cord by stimulating
connections between the nerves in the body (nerve pathways) with sound, touch, or sight. However,
it should be definitively stated that although these breakthroughs are helping healthcare
professionals to integrate a further level of help to the patient as well as a greater level of
understanding of the disease, these treatments are still only meant to treat the symptoms and not as
a means of providing any level of cure; due to the fact that no known remedy exists for multiple
sclerosis. What to Know About the Multiple Sclerosis Diagnostic Criteria. To do this, your doctors
will likely ask you for routine testing and checkups to measure the progression of the disease as well
as the efficacy of your specific treatment. Due to this factor, it is often extraordinarily difficult for
the patient or the healthcare professional to correctly diagnose the disease as it is evidenced by
symptoms as diverse as muscle weakness, muscle spasms, loss of coordination, diffiulting
swallowing, visual abnormalities, fatigue, or difficulties retaining urine or the bowels. Their
symptoms and signs often get worse or can be triggered by an increase in body temperature. The
demographic data were recorded using questionnaire. Verywell Health uses only high-quality
sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Linda is a person
with a disability of Multiple Sclerosis. Close relatives of a person with MS are eight times more
likely than the average person to develop the disease themselves, and children of a person with MS
have 30 to 50 times the average risk. Furthermore, due to the pain that they feel, it becomes difficult
to go about basic daily activities. The highest incidence of MS occurred in 2011 and 2012 (17.62,
95% CI: 8.02-38.72 and 16.92, 95% CI: 6.23-45.88 per 100,000 respectively).