Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Millions of women in our hamlets know what unemployment means. Give them access to
economic activities and they will have access to power and self-confidence to which they
hitherto have been strangers” - Mahatma Gandhi
The relationship between women's empowerment and social development has been a major
theme in studies of any nation’s overall development. The United Nation (UN) claims that
improving women’s status is not only beneficial to themselves but also for overall social
economic development of the nation.
"Investing in women's capabilities and empowering them to exercise their choices is not only
valuable in itself but is also the surest way to contribute to economic growth and overall
development" (United Nations, 1995). Women comprise of half of the country’s population,
yet, they have limited control over income. Most women remain confined to a narrow range of
female low-income activities resulting in gender discrimination. Poverty and unemployment
are the major problems of any under-developed countries, to which India is no exception. In
India, at the end of Ninth Five Year Plan, 26.1 per cent of the population was living below
poverty line.
1
In the rural areas, 27.1 per cent of the population was living under poverty. The overall
unemployment rate was estimated to be 7.32 per cent while the female unemployment rate was
8.5 per cent. Unemployment amongst women in the rural areas was 9.8 per cent. This was
because of the low growth of new and productive employment. In the end of the Ninth Five
Year Plan, the Government implemented various schemes to reduce poverty and to promote
gainful employment. But the most effective scheme with less stress on financial expenditure
was the concept of “Self-Help Group”. It is a tool to remove poverty and improve the rural
development (Sabyasachi Das, 2003).
When we look into the 1990s, development programs started to notice the role of women's
empowerment in economic development and human development. The term ‘Women's
Empowerment’ was first defined by the United Nations after the Fourth World Conference on
“Women: Action for Equality, Development and Peace” in Beijing in 1995. The United Nations
identified that Women's Empowerment has five components: women's sense of self-worth,
their right to have and to determine choices, their right to have access to opportunities and
resources, their right to have the power to control their own lives - both within and outside the
home, and their ability to influence the direction of social change to create a more just social
and economic order, nationally and internationally (United Nations, 1995).
Despite significant growth in agricultural production and employment over the past five
decades of development planning, rural poverty continues to pose the greatest challenge in
India. Despite decades of poverty alleviation efforts, the absolute number of poor has doubled
since independence. About 36 per cent of the rural households are found to be outside the fold
of institutional credit.
When we study the various studies, suggest that the existing policies, systems and procedures
as well as the savings and loan products often are not matching the needs of the poor.
“Whatever you do, be different- that was the advice my mother gave me, and I can’t think of
better advice for an entrepreneur. If you’re different, you will stand out.” and “Nobody talks
about entrepreneurship as a survival, but that’s exactly what it is and what nurtures creative
thinking. Running the first shop taught me business is not financial science; it’s about trading:
buying and selling.” – By Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop.
So, empowerment of women involves many things- economic opportunity, social equality and
personal rights. Women are deprived of these human rights, often as a matter of tradition. In
rural areas, women are generally not perceived to have any meaningful income generation
2
capacity, and hence, they are relegated mainly to household duties and cheap labour. Without
the power to work and earn a good income, their voices are silenced.
Individual scholars also have their definitions of women's empowerment. The definitions of
women's empowerment by scholars often belong to either category: empowerment as a process,
or empowerment as a goal. In the first viewpoint, empowerment is viewed as an ongoing
process rather than a product; there is no final goal to it.
Empowerment is the process whereby the powerless gain control over the circumstances of
their lives. It includes both control over resources and ideology (Batiwala, 1994; Sen &
Batliwala, 2000). Kabeer (1999) emphasizes "power" as the ability to make choices, and
"empowerment" is the process of acquiring the ability of make choices by those who are denied
such ability.
In later definition of the concept, Mosadale (2005) defines women's empowerment as the
process by which women redefine gender roles in ways which extends their possibilities for
being and doing. She emphasizes that empowerment has to be claimed by the group that want
to be empowered, specifically by women. Empowerment is about ability: women's ability to
control individual health; the ability to control her life; and the ability to change the world
(Bradley, 1995; Tengland, 2008). Different dimensions of this also include the abilities to
control their homes, work, relationships, leisure time and values. One can argue that this point
of view is not much different from a general human rights perspective since it does not highlight
the gender aspect of women's empowerment. Bradley (1995) for example, views empowerment
as the degree to which women are social actors, and thus, able to affect their own positions.
Even though some scholars view women's empowerment as an outcome or as an outcome and
a process, the definition that describes women's empowerment as a process has received more
agreement. The process of women's empowerment is dynamic; it is not static over the life
course but may vary over time, subject to the accumulation of experiences, resources, and
achievements as well as of time-varying characteristics like age, marital status and duration
(Lee-Rife, 2010). Empowerment is also relative and contextual. People are empowered or
depowered relating to other people or to themselves at a previous time (Mosadale, 2005;
Tengland, 2008). The term "empowerment" may indicate a redistribution of power to the less
powered group. Odutolu, Adedimeji, Odutolu, Baruwa, and Olatidoye (2003) insist that
empowerment is context-specific; it differs in different cultures, situations and stages of their
life cycles. For example, the use of contraception was once considered empowering, but when
3
more than half of the married women in rural Bangladesh have used it since 1990s, it has
become normative and does not necessary imply a higher level of empowerment (Malhotra,
Schulerm, & Boender, 2002). Even though women's empowerment is a process, measuring the
process over time is a major challenge in studies on women's empowerment. Thus, women's
empowerment can only be measured as a final goal. Despite the wide variation in the
conceptualizing women's empowerment, a definition can be proposed: "Women's
empowerment is a self-acquired process to achieve women's choices in all aspects of life,
including decisions about their health and bodies, their education, employment, and political
representation. This process should be acquired at all levels: individual, household,
community, country and global. Furthermore, women's empowerment is contextual. It should
be interpreted closely with the socio-economic context and in period of time
The study was undertaken mainly to understand the economic condition and satisfaction level of women
self-help group. It helps to understand various factors related to success of women self-help group such
as training facilities, loan facilities, general benefits, monetary benefits and gives a clear-cut idea as to
know how far the members are satisfied with their working in group environment. The researcher has
made sincere efforts in extracting information and has done required analysis. Suitable suggestions have
been given to the Government that enable the Government to identify the needs of women self-help
group and women’s development by skill and economic empowerment. It helps to understand the
standard of living of the people those who are living below the poverty line in that area only.
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1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Poverty and Unemployment go hand in most developing countries. In India, the financial
institutions have not been able to reach the rural sector especially in the unorganised sector. In
developing countries, women play a pivotal role as risk managers and drivers of development,
particularly in regions of severe poverty. Peoples’ participation in credit delivery and recovery
and linking of formal credit institutions to borrowers through the SHGs have been recognised
as a supplementary mechanism for providing credit support to the rural poor. Most of the SHGs
members do believe that finance is their major problem. It is true that unfavourable event in
business will lead to financial crisis. Women suffer from illiteracy, lack of awareness, poor
healthcare and unemployment. This is particularly true in the rural areas and in cases of main
weaker sections of society like scheduled caste and schedule tribes. In the recent times, women
have contributed to a great extent towards the development of the economy but not many are
aware of this that they have the potential. The recent development has been in the
entrepreneurial activities undertaken by them. Therefore, empowerment of women is the only
remedy to the problem faced in not only India but also other developing countries.
The following are the objectives which the study seeks to fulfil.
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1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Methodology is the way to solve the research problems systematically. It may be understood
as a science of studying how researcher is done scientifically. The researcher has selected a
particular place randomly for this survey. Data has been collected through questionnaire.
Data collection is one of the most important aspects of research. The data was collected from
Primary Data
The primary data is the first-hand source of information. The primary data was collected by
distribution of questionnaires to the respondents. The questionnaires were prepared in such a
way that they are simple and easy understandable. So, the respondents were enabled to express
their opinion and frankly.
Secondary Data
The secondary data have been collected from the periodicals, magazines, journals and
websites.
Sampling Size For the purpose of this study, the schedules were given to self-help groups in
the Andipalayam panchayat under Kinathukadavu taluk. Out of these 20 questionnaires was
rejected by the researchers since they were incomplete. Thus, the total sample size for the study
was from 30 respondents.
Convenience sampling technique is used for the study. This type of sampling is very convenient
and is relatively inexpensive.
The study was carried out across in the Andipalayam panchayat under Kinathukadavu taluk. It
is an agricultural oriented Taluk surrounded by villages. Andipalayam is 12 kilometres from
Kinathukadavu on the way to Negamam-Coimbatore main road. It is one of the leading rural
areas of Kinathukadavu for coconut and its products.
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5.1.5 Framework of Analysis
The study has been analysed using the following statistical tools.
➢ Simple Average
➢ Rank Analysis
➢ Chi-square test
The scope of the study is to find out women empowerment, measured by income generation,
women employability and rural economic development, through Self- Help Groups within
Andipalayam panchayat under Kinathukadavu taluk and to find out the level of awareness of
these self- help groups among the rural women of Andipalayam panchayat under
Kinathukadavu taluk. For this purpose, primary and secondary data was collected from
members of the self-help group in the Andipalayam panchayat under Kinathukadavu taluk.
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CHAPTER – II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Kumar & Babu (2020)2 this paper has analysed the “microfinance and factors
contributing for economic empowerment of women SHG members” The principal component
analysis has used for the purpose using primary data collected in Hassan district. This study
revealed that the economic empowerment is possible in many ways and economic activities.
Out of 20 ways of achieving the economic empowerment, the feasibility has found only in six
ways. Hence the absolute economic empowerment of SHG women has not achieved in Hassan
district. However, the relative economic empowerment has been achieved with the help of bank
linkages SHG programme. This study also proved that the lack of income earning employment
opportunities are the hurdles in achieving the efficient economic empowerment of women.
Therefore, the promotion agencies of SHG have to financially support the income earning
activities of the SHG women member.
Nithya & Sahad (2019)3 this paper highlights the “Role of SHGs in Women
Empowerment in Tamil Nadu”. this case study has found that SHG has made significant
changes in the livelihood aspects of millions of poor women across the countries. The study
has selected Tiruvallur district where the number of SHGs is higher as compared with the rest
of the states in Tamil Nādu. Survey with 100 SHG members belongs to various villages of the
study areas revealed that SHG members improved in their economic and social status.
8
Masrat (2018)4 this paper attempts to study the economic empowerment of women
through self-help groups in district Baramulla of JK. In this study, multi stage sampling was
used to select the appropriate samples. Totally 120 SHG members were selected for collecting
primary data information. The findings of the data analysis revealed that micro finance through
SHG have created a positive impact for its beneficiaries. Participation in SHG has a positive
impact on the income, saving and asset positions of the participant.
Kumawat & Bansal (2018)5 in their study entitled “A study on problems faced by
SHGs members in carryout the SHGs activities” conducted an explorative study in Udaipur
district of Rajasthan to find out the activities and various problems faced by the women in
empowerment through SHGs. The data were collected from 130 members, 100 members from
SHGs and 30 members from non-self-help groups through interview technique.
Vinodhini & Vaijayanthi (2017)6 this study is focused on confirming the financial and
social status of women belonging to various SHGs in the country. The main purpose of this
study is to know the status of SHG in rural India and its impact on socio-economic development
of women from 2012-2015. The data is collected from secondary sources from state of
microfinance in India (NABARD). The study reveals that the SHGs helped these women by
financial facilities for sending their children to school and access to the day to day living
amenities. The key reasons for the success of SHG are its link with the poor people, its
innovative practices, its capacity to enable people’s participation in development and trust
building at different level. SHG also helped to develop self-confidence and independence
among rural women which in turn increased the livelihood of the rural people.
Kumar & Sri (2017)7 the main purpose of this study was to address the “Problems
faced by the members of SHGs with special reference to thimmampalayam area in Coimbatore
district in Tamil Naidu”. Out of 10 SHGs, 114 members were selected for the present study by
using the questionnaire technique of data collection. This findings of the study revealed that
majority(74.6%) of the respondents were female, majority (40.40%) belongs to the age group
of (25-30), majority (54.4) were married, majority (36.8%) were motivated by SHGs members,
majority (38.6%)of respondent were lack in formal education, majority (33.3%) of respondents
were conflicting among the group members, majority (39.5%) of respondents were in heavy
competition of the market to sale the product, majority (46.5%) of respondents were in shortage
of capital for their financing situation. overall lack of formal education, family responsibilities
as their major personal problem, conflicts, lack of communication skills among the group
9
members in decision making process was their major social problem, heavy competition is the
major sources of marketing problem and insufficient loan as their major financial problem
among SHGs in the study area.
Narasimha et al. (2016)8In their study entitled “role of self-help groups in women
empowerment and health. This study was conducted on cross-sectional study in urban field
practice area of Bangladesh Medical Collage and Research institute. 95 women were
interviewed by a pre-validated questionaries who were involved in the SHG for last 1 year.
This study revealed that 62.1% were literate, 65% received economic help through this
programme. 26% got importance in family as well as community, 21% had improvement in
personal health, 68% decides to seek medical care for health-related issues
Haripada data (2016)9 “Self Help Groups in Tripura and Marketing of the Product:
An Overview”. The principle objectives of the study are to Analyses the necessary step be
taken to improve the marketing linkages for the products. The primary data have been collected
from 150 respondents through convenience sampling technique. This study is an attempt to
review and analyse the causes, problems and future perspective of SHG movement in Tripura
and also to search some suggestive solutions.
Kondal’s (2014)11 paper confines itself to study women empowerment through SHGs
in Andhra Pradesh. In the study simple statistical tools are adopted. Based on the analysis of
women empowerment through SHGs in Gajwel, the major finding of the study is that there is
a positive impact of SHGs on women empowerment in Gajwel Mandal of Medak District in
Andhra Pradesh.
10
Dhaiya et al. (2014)12 in their study attempt to evaluate the level of women’s economic
empowerment through SHG i.e., income, expenditure and saving of the member after joining
SHG. The study was conducted in Sirsa district. The study is based mainly on primary data
collected through well-structured scheduled and pre tested survey. For analysis of the study
average and percentage method was used. The study revealed that SHGs positively improved
the economic empowerment of women because of in both blocks the SHGs member’s income
has increased after joining the SHGs and the family expenditure of SHGs members has also
increased in both blocks due to positive change in the SHG member’s income.
Mishra (2014)13 examines the pre-SHG and post-SHG status of rural SHG members in
Puri district of Odisha. On the basis of primary data analysis, the study finds that SHGs have
not only produced tangible assets and improved the living conditions of the members, but has
also helped in changing much of their social outlook and attitudes. In the study area, SHGs
have served the cause of women empowerment, social solidarity and socio-economic
betterment of the rural poor.
11
Long kumer et al. (2014)16 makes an attempt to find out the characteristics and levels
of women’s empowerment through SHGs. The present study was conducted in Medziphema
rural development block under Dimapur district of Nagaland. A total of twenty-one SHGs were
randomly for the study purpose. A well-structured schedule was used to collect the data from
the respondents by personal interview method. The study revealed characteristic features of
women’s empowerment which was evident in form of increase in income level, improvement
in skills and knowledge and increased capacity to meet daily household expenses. Majority of
the respondents exhibited medium level of empowerment.
Baily (2014)17 paper deals specifically with four male leaders in a village where the
women had been involved in an SHG for a period for six years. The women actively engaged
with the gatekeepers of the community and continued with the programme even after funding
for the programme had ended. The data highlight the complex nature of male/female
relationships, and the dichotomies that exist for men as they reflect on their own power within
families, their perceptions of women's participation in SHGs, and their awareness of authority
within their communities as it pertains to women's agency.
Guntaka (2014)19 in her study examines the socio-economic conditions of the Dalit
women and their empowerment through Self-Help Groups. The study is based on primary data
collected using questionnaire. 120 sample respondents are selected randomly from Mangalagiri
mandal of Guntur district. It is found from the study that majority of the sample respondents
are illiterates. Though vast proportion of the sample respondents are living in nuclear families,
they are subject to male domination. They joined SHGs with motivation from their co-villagers.
After joining SHGs, they are empowered economically to some extent only. They have no
independence to spend the money earned through SHGs. Even after joining SHGs, decision
making power in their families to these women is very poor. However, their awareness about
various things is increased after joining SHGs. It is suggested that government should initiate
steps to make it compulsory for each and every Dalit woman to enrol in SHGs. Dalit males
also be encouraged to form SHGs so as to have awareness on the importance of women to the
household economy.
12
The study conducted by Kaur et al. (2014)20 makes an attempt to explore the impact
of SHGs on women empowerment. The objectives of the study are to analyse the growth pattern
of the number of total and women SHGs linked to banks and to study the association between
Global Gender Gap Index and the number of women SHGs. They study found that there is
enough scope for improvement and intensified efforts need to be put in to bridge the gaps on
both national and an international level. The study suggests that women empowerment is to be
treated as a national priority, rather than an obligation to cherish the desired goal of gender
equity as espoused by United Nation.
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CHAPTER-III
Today self-help groups play a crucial role in rural and urban areas. It is considered as one of
the most significant tools to adopt participatory approach for the economic empowerment of
women. In present days many women entrepreneurs are came forward and follow some
innovative strategies for selling their products and face a stiff competition between groups. In
this way they have attaining the target it is very difficult task for every self-help group
women’s. So, they are mainly focused on customers and their satisfaction then only survey the
target market. Self-help group provides better services and follow some innovative tactics are
used to producing products, affordable price, proper place new ideas for promotion.
DAY-NRLM is being implemented across the country in a mission mode since 2011 with
the aim to bring at least one-woman member from each rural poor household, as per the Socio-
Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011 data and process of Participatory Identification of Poor
(PIP), into the fold of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and to support them to take economic
activities. As on 31st January, 2024, about 9.98 crore Women households have been mobilized
into 90.39 lakh Self Help Groups (SHGs). The State/UT wise details of the number of
households mobilized into SHGs since 2011 under the Mission is given below.
14
State wise details of the number of households mobilized & SHGs Formed as on
31st January, 2024
15
19 Jammu & Kashmir 791032 90767
16
3.2 Various Schemes and Programmes
The Indra Mahila Yojana, a pilot scheme, was launched in 1995 in 200 community
Development Blocks of India mainly to co-ordinate and integrate components of sectoral
programs and to facilitate their convergence to the empowerment of women. By these 28,000
small homogeneous groups are enabled to function.
The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh was introduced for enhancing the capacity of women
through productivity and economic self-reliance. It provided financial assistance to 2.32 lakhs
women since its inception form 1999. This programmes, funded by the National Credit fund
for women, encouraged the formation of Self-Help Groups for promoting thrift and credit
leading to income generation activities.
The National Commission for women was constituted under the National Commission
for Women Act 1990, mainly to introduce remedial action to safeguard the interests of women
and offering justice to the women who are economically and socially suffering, by such
measures the commission had encouraged the development and empowerment of women. The
NGOs were employed in executing this activity.
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• Mahalir Thittam:
Mahalir Thittam, is a Tamil Nadu Development Project, launched by the Tamil Nadu
corporation for development of women on an experimental basis at Dharmapuri District with
the support of non-Government organizations which are functioning through a network of
women self- help groups. These groups are imparted with capacity building by
Entrepreneurship Development programme training, Vocational Programme Training,
arranging of credit linkages and marketing support.
• 3,58,251 SHGs
• Membership - 57,56,026 women
• Total savings - Rs. 161569.03 Lakhs
• 628 NGO partners
Some the important projects and schemes under Mahalir Thittam are: -
This project is indeed the jewel in the crown. Originally programmed as an agriculture and
land-based project in 1989, the year of launch, it evolved into a movement for economic
empowerment of women, through formation and careful nurturing of Self-Help Groups with
the help of non-Governmental organizations. Indian Bank has been our partner in extending
credit of over Rs.800 million in a span of 9 years to about 1,20,960 women in 5207 Self Help
Groups. The project officially came to a close on 31.12.1998. However, post project activities
involving release of Capital Development Fund (CDF) Assistance, loans to unassisted groups
(with subsidy) and sustainability training are going on. These SHGs have made remarkable
progress as documented in the evaluation reports mentioned below. IFAD SHGs, most of which
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have become self-reliant, are a testament to the epoch-making work of NGOs, Government of
Tamil Nadu and Indian Bank.
Based on the success of the IFAD assisted Tamil Nadu Women's Development Project
(TNWDP), the State Government announced in the Budget for 1996 - 97 the extension of the
project to rural areas of all districts (except Chennai) of the State in a phased manner. Since
1996, the project has expanded every year and now covers all 28 rural districts of Tamil Nadu
The Corporation implements the following Vocational and Skill development programmes.
The State Government has been allocating funds for Vocational Training programmes.
Interested Training Institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations are required to take note
of the following:
To cover five lakhs of women within a time span of five years the Tamil Nadu Corporation for
Development of women Ltd., implemented the Massive Entrepreneurship Development
Programme during 2001-2002. With the financial assistance rendered by the Commercial
Banks Scheduled Banks Government Funds and financial institutions self-employment
opportunities are provided for women, who are members of registered and unregistered Self-
Help Groups. With the Co-ordination of Rural Development, Agricultural Development,
Industries Department TAHDCO etc., 4,74,254 women were benefited by way of training in
vocational sectors such as tailoring, making readymade garments, leather products, Radio and
T.V Repairs, Computer Training, Catering Technology, Processing of food materials, fish etc.
The skill training me program was launched from 2004-2005. The trained self-help group
women gained the capabilities to start their own income generating economic activities.
Between 2003 and 2005 nearly 12,500 women members of self-help groups obtained training
in entrepreneurial activities. The State and Central Government, the Norwegian Assistance for
Rural Development (NORAD) and Support to Training and Employment programme for
women (STEP) were the funding agencies. Under this scheme the TNCDW Ltd. this scheme
has arranged for 30 district level training and marketing centres.
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CENTRALLY SPONSORED SCHEME
SGSY is being implemented since April 1999 as a major anti-poverty scheme for the rural
poor, by organizing them into Self Help Groups (SHGs), providing them with skill
development training and helping them to get credit linkage with financial institutions and
providing infrastructure and marketing support for the products produced by them.
Government of India and the State Government are sharing the costs in the ratio of 75:25.
20
CHAPTER-IV
Table 4.1.1
AGE
CHART 4.1.1
AGE
10%
27% 18-20
20% 20-30
30-40
40-50
43%
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.1 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 3 respondents fall
in the age group of 18-20. 6 respondents fall in the age group of 20-30, 13 respondents fall in
the age group of 30-40, 8 respondents fall in the age group 40-50.
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Table 4.1.2
EDUCATION QUALIFICATIONS
CHART 4.1.2
EDUCATION QUALIFICATION
6%
17% UNEDUCATED
SSLC
HIGHER SECONDARY
17% 60%
UNDER GRADUATE
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.2 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 18 respondents were
uneducated, 5 respondents were completed SSLC, 5 respondents were completed higher
secondary,2 respondents were completed under graduation.
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Table 4.1.3
OCCUPATION
CHART 4.1.3
OCCUPATION
AGRICULTURE
LABOUR
27%
33% NON-AGRICULTURAL
LABOUR
OWN BUSINESS
17% 23%
HOUSEWIFE
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.3 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 8 respondents were
working as agriculture labour, 7 respondents were working as non – agriculture labour, 5
respondents were doing their own business and 10 respondents were housewife’s
23
Table 4.1.4
MARITAL STATUS
CHART 4.1.4
MARITAL STATUS
23%
MARRIED
50% UNMARRIED
WIDOW
27%
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.4 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 15 respondents were
married, 8 respondents were unmarried and 7 respondents were widow.
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Table 4.1.5
TYPES OF FAMILY
CHART 4.1.5
TYPES OF FAMILY
33%
JOINT 10
NUCLEAR 2O
67%
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.5 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 10 respondents
family type were joint family and 20 respondents family type were nuclear family.
It is concluded that the majority 20 respondents’ family type were nuclear family.
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Table 4.1.6
FAMILY SIZE
CHART 4.1.6
FAMILY SIZE
17%
<3
40% 3–4
17%
5–8
>8
26%
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.6 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 12 respondents
family size were less than 3, 8 respondents family size fall in 3 – 4, 5 respondents family size
fall in 5 – 8 and 5 respondents family size fall in greater than 8.
It is concluded that the majority 12 respondents’ family size were less than 3.
26
Table 4.1.7
CHART 4.1.7
3%
17% 23%
1
2
3
>3
57%
Interpretation
From the table 4.7 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 7 respondents’
family have only 1 earning person, 17 respondents’ family have 2 earning persons, 5
respondents’ family have 3 earning persons and 1 respondent family have more than 3 earning
persons.
27
Table 4.1.8
INCOME OF THE FAMILY
CHART 4.1.8
INCOME OF FAMILY
20% 20%
<10K
10K – 15K
15K – 20K
20%
>20k
40%
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.8 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 6 respondents family
income were less than 10000, 12 respondents family income were 10000 – 15000, 6
respondents family income were 15000 – 20000 and 6 respondents family income were more
than 20000.
It is concluded that the majority 12 respondents’ family income were 10000 – 15000.
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Table 4.1.9
CHART 4.1.9
13% 17%
<1 YEAR
1- 2 YEARS
2 – 3 YEARS
40% 30%
>3 YEARS
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.9 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 5 respondents’
period of function of SHGs were less than 1 year, 9 respondents’ period of function of SHGs
were 1 – 2 years, 12 respondents’ period of function of SHGs were 2 – 3 years and 4
respondents’ period of function of SHGs were more than 3 years.
It is concluded that the majority 12 respondents’ period of function of SHGs were 2 – 3 years.
29
Table 4.1.10
FREQUENCY OF GROUP MEETINGS
CHART 4.1.10
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.10 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 8 respondents’
frequency of group meetings were weekly once, 7 respondents’ frequency of group meetings
were fortnight, 6 respondents’ frequency of group meetings were monthly one and 9
respondents’ frequency of group meetings were two months once.
It is concluded that the majority 9 respondents’ frequency of group meetings were two months
once.
30
Table 4.1.11
CHART 4.1.11
20% 13%
< 100
100 - 200
200 – 300
34%
33% >300
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.11 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 4 respondents
saving amount per week were less than 100, 10 respondents saving amount per week were 100
– 200, 10 respondents saving amount per week were 200 – 300 and 6 respondents saving
amount per week were more than 300.
It is concluded that the majority 10 respondents saving amount per week were 100 –200 and
10 respondents saving amount per week were 200 – 300
31
Table 4.1.12
AMOUNT OF CREDIT FACILITIES AVAILED
AMOUNT OF CREDIT
FACILITIES AVAILED RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
< 3000 6 20
3000 – 5000 14 46.66
5000 – 10000 7 23.33
>10000 3 10
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Primary Data
CHART 4.1.12
10%
20%
< 3000
23% 3000 – 5000
5000 – 10000
>10000
47%
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.12 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 6 respondents
amount of credit facilities availed were less than 3000, 14 respondents amount of credit
facilities availed were 3000 – 5000, 7 respondents amount of credit facilities availed were
5000 – 10000 and 3 respondents amount of credit facilities availed were more than 10000.
It is concluded that the majority 14 respondents amount of credit facilities availed were
3000 – 5000.
32
Table 4.1.13
PURPOSE OF LOAN
ACQUIRE ASSETS 9 30
FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT 6 20
BUSINESS START-UPS 1 3.33
TO REPAY DEBTS 3 10
TOTAL 30 100
Source: Primary Data
CHART 4.1.13
PURPOSE OF LOAN
CHILDREN EDUCATION
TO REPAY DEBTS
Interpretation
From the table 4.1.13 shows that 30 respondents taken for the study, 7 respondents’
purpose of loan were children education, 4 respondents’ purpose of loan were to buy household
equipment’s, 9 respondents’ purpose of loan were to acquire assets, 2 respondents’ purpose of
loan were medical treatment, 1 respondents’ purpose of loan were business start-ups and 3
respondents purpose pf loan were to repay the debts.
It is concluded that the majority 9 respondents’ purpose of loan were to acquire assets.
33
4.2 RANK ANALYSIS
Table 4.2.1
PURPOSE OF LOAN
Interpretation
The above table shows that most of the women gave rank 1 for the purpose of loan
through acquire assets so the most of the people get benefit through acquire assets.
34
Table 4.2.2
Interpretation
The above table shows that most of the women gave rank 1 for getting impact of joining
SHGs through rise in income so the most of the people get impact of joining SHGs through
rise in income.
35
4.3 CHI- SQUARE TEST
Hypothesis:
Table 4.3.1
Observed frequency
Expected frequency
----------------------------------
Grand total
36
Table 4.3.2
Expected frequency
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
= (4-1) * (2-1)
= 3*1
=3
-----------------------------------------
Expected value
37
Table 4.3.3
Observed Expected
(O-E) (O-E)2 (O-E)2 /E
frequency frequency
TOTAL 0.09444444
X2 = 0.09444444
DF = 3
P VALUE= 7.815
38
CHAPTER – 5
5.1 FINDINGS
39
5.2 SUGGESTIONS
• As majority of the members of the self -help groups are uneducated, these SHGs
can take up the initiative to give minimum education to uplift their state.
• Only 16.66% respondents stated that financial assistance was taken for educating
their children. The financial schemes should be made easier so that many rural
women can take it up for educating their children.
• Self-help groups should take up the initiative to educate the rural family members
as to how women contribute equally to the family income and they should not be
confined to the house.
• Based on the analysis the members of the self-help groups have contribution
towards the rural development. Therefore, the level of the awareness of the
working of self-groups should be increased among the rural population.
40
5.3 CONCLUSION
41
REFERENCE
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://
www.scribd.com/document/448242047/self-help-group-new-project-
docx&ved=2ahUKEwiBk4H02dqEAxWFcGwGHZulBloQFnoECBoQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1Z
DCNokjUfLWIzG-p-AwOu
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://
www.scribd.com/document/379020995/shg-group-project-report-
pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiBk4H02dqEAxWFcGwGHZulBloQFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2M
TRxr5M4VDkLB-gZA-ILb
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://s
jcc.edu.in/sjccresearch/pdf/ugc_poornima17.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjir-
Xs2tqEAxWXVmwGHd8wDZkQFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw38SkUqeogDyoV7-
d4boRtU
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://
www.researchgate.net/publication/341441421_A_Study_on_Women_Empowermen
t_through_Self-
Help_Groups_with_special_Reference_to_Ghaziabad_in_Uttar_Pradesh_District&ve
d=2ahUKEwjir-
Xs2tqEAxWXVmwGHd8wDZkQFnoECBYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1KJsbk0IF_jDu6VF9SpdpY
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://
www.slideshare.net/paramselp/14-a-study-on-women-empowerment-through-self-
help-groups-in-india&ved=2ahUKEwjir-
Xs2tqEAxWXVmwGHd8wDZkQFnoECBgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3ThrXfr3s2mAKpTyB6bFc
K
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://
www.startquestion.com/survey-ideas/womens-self-help-groups-
survey/&ved=2ahUKEwjir-
Xs2tqEAxWXVmwGHd8wDZkQFnoECD4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1vXQb5j5nqZoueiDyfhOO
7
42
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://
www.academia.edu/43450097/PERCEPTION_OF_WOMEN_TOWARDS_SELF_HELP_G
ROUPS_AS_A_TOOL_FOR_WOMEN_EMPOWERMENT&ved=2ahUKEwjir-
Xs2tqEAxWXVmwGHd8wDZkQFnoECEQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1KZJMW3dsi5PCXzKUSw
K7Z
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://r
epository.tribal.gov.in/bitstream/123456789/74189/1/IIPA_2018_research_0043.pd
f&ved=2ahUKEwjogqmQ29qEAxXvcmwGHf0rAxg4ChAWegQIChAB&usg=AOvVaw167
jNyoinYakIll4x4xpoK
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://
www.researchgate.net/publication/259868179_A_study_on_empowerment_of_rur
al_women_through_self_help_groups&ved=2ahUKEwjogqmQ29qEAxXvcmwGHf0rA
xg4ChAWegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw2Rov76D5ta4T_hWZXBaCmb
• http://ncwapps.nic.in/pdfReports/SHG-Delhi.pdf
• https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19452829.2018.1454407
43
APPENDIX
A STUDY ON SATISFACTION LEVEL OF WOMENS TOWARDS SELF
HELP GROUPS IN ANDIPALAYAM PANCHAYAT UNDER
KINATHUKADAVU TALUK
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Name:
2. Age: (years)
a) 18 - 20
b) 20 - 30
c) 30 - 40
d) 40 - 50
3. Education Qualifications:
a) Uneducated
b) 10th
c) Higher secondary
d) Under graduate
4. Occupation:
a) Agriculture labour
b) Non-agricultural labour
c) Own business
d) Housewife
5. Marital status:
a) Married
b) Unmarried
c) Widow
6. How did you know about SHG?
a) Government authorities
b) Government advertisement
c) Bank individuals
d) Friends and relatives
7. Type of family
a) Joint
b) Nuclear
8. Family size
a) Less than 3
b) 3 - 4
c) 5 - 8
d) More than 8
9. Number of earning persons in a family
a) one
b) two
c) three
d) More than 3
44
10. Monthly income of the family
a) Less than Rs.10000
b) Rs.10000 - Rs.15000
c) Rs.15000 - Rs. 20000
d) More than Rs.20000
11. How long have you been part of SHG?
a) 0 - 6 Months
b) 6 - 1 Year
c) 1 - 2 years
d) 2 Years and above
12. Primary motive of joining SHGs:
a) To develop saving habits
b) To get access to credit facilities
c) For achieving self-reliance
d) For socio economic empowerment and sustenance
13. Period of function of SHGs (years)
a) Less than 1 Year
b) 1 - 2
c) 2 - 3
d) More than 3 Years
14. Frequency of group meeting
a) Weekly once
b) Fortnightly once
c) Monthly once
d) Two months once
15. Saving amount per week
a) Less than Rs.100
b) Rs.100 - Rs.200
c) Rs.200 - Rs.300
d) More than Rs.300
16. Amount of credit facilities availed
a) Less than Rs.3000
b) Rs.3000 - Rs.5000
c) Rs.5000 - 10000
d) More than Rs.10000
17. Purpose of loan
a) Children education
b) To buy household equipment’s
c) Acquire asset
d) For medical treatment
e) Business start-up
f) To repay the debts
45
18. Impact of joining SHG
a) Rise in income
b) Education of family members
c) Improvement in food habits
d) Improvement of business
e) Business start-ups
f) Social awareness or participation
19. On a scale of 1 to 5 (1 not at all satisfied and 5 being extremely satisfied) rate your level of
improvement in standard of living.
1 2 3 4 5
46