Day 1: uncovering the core of Arabic sentences.

Training using dialogue:

Question 1: Describe dialogue with 3 arabic words:
a) Ghosala
b) Ibnu ( you can’t have verb without fail)
c) althawbun

‫غسل األبن الثوب‬

This is core sentence behind every sentence in whole dialogue. This is core information in the
dialogue.

Question 2: Describe dialogue with 4 arabic words , what is the fourth words:
d) Abu (father) – (as the clothes is belong to father)

Question 3: Condense the whole dialogue into 1 sentence. Without losing any important.
‫األبن غسل ثوب أبيه األبيض بعد الصالة في الح ّمام بالماء والصابون طاعة األبيه‬
** the core of words 4 words son washes his father clothes
** White color added or not will not affect core meaning
** We answer all those questions related to verb such as how , when , where after core words.
After core words we can answer. And then you can add why.
** This is complete sentence and add as much details as we can. Most of Arabic sentences won’t
have these much of details
*** If want to construct a sentence with details, add kaifa, mata, aina and limada.

Analysis sentences:
Core: That son wash clothes
Details : father’s white (clothes) – to show which clothes
Components (adverb): Answer questions about verbs. Because each actions happened in specific
place , specific times (zharaf , maful fii). Zharaf – like bada. And use jarr – like fii for place/makan of
verb happened. Use adjectives such as bi/with to show how . And can use conjunctions (athof) with
wau. Answer why with maful li ajlih (why he is doing it).

Details & components make it more details to core pillars

Step by step to construct details sentences:

1) Fill + fail with mafulbihi
2) Add mudhof mudhof Ilahi , and naat
3) Add question like kaifa, mata, aina dan limada

This conversation above will change if we change fail (to daughter or father commended his two
sons or three). We need to have agreements Feminine , Masculine and singular, dual and plural.

------------------------------------------------------------ what is difference between hal and mata?----------

Mata – that implies the clothes has been wash. He not seeking for confirmation as he say “Hal”.
Rather he seeking for information when? Mata implies that an action has been taken.

Hal – his father seeking confirmation whether clothes has been wash or not. Open ended question,
he seeking confirmation on that. Answer to that is yes or no . Which means that you are not seeking
for information.
Hal is use to seeking confirmation yes or no. But all other questions words, there are their to seek
more information. And actual question you use depend what information you are looking for. Why it
is important? The question determined an answer. For example , the answer for mata is
zharaf/maful fii (location adverbs) or harf jarr and etc . Aina answer with harf , kaifa answer with hal
, limada answer with maful lijihi .

----------------------Using alif lam on cloth , what if he used it right from start of sentences?----------
We using alif lam when both parties know what is being talk about. For this case, it is incorrect to
use alif lam because most likely his son don’t know which clothes want to wash.

------------------- Levels of details-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

How much details should we give when you talking to someone?

The purpose of language is to facilitate the exchange of messages.

-> Our goal in speech is to deliver the intended message in the clearest way possible, using as few
words as necessary (listening vice versa – extract as much as they can).
--- If message is too vague , it can turn into a confusing riddle
--- On the other hand, if it is overly detailed, it can become as boring as legal document.

Any speech in Arabic will have to delivered according to one of the 4 levels of details:
1 & 2) Detailed & Core
What are core & detailed sentences?
Principle: Every sentence is either a core sentence or derived from a core sentence

Arabic core structures:

a) Isimiyyah - Mubtada + Khobar (*Khobar can be mufrod, jumlah fiil, jumlah isim, syibul jumlah)
b) Filiyyah - Fill + fail

Example of core sentences

Core of sentence above is:

Subject: son , Verb : wash , Object : Clothes

Extra: Father clothes , white

Transformation sentence:
Add question and change present to past tense
Example 2:

Example 3:

Learn abilities to draw answer with question as question and answer has strong connections. Each
question has specific answer for it.
People usually confuse because don’t see core in details sentences. Important to learn the cores
(identify them)

3) Substitution

Higher than level than details

When We have a word but for the sake of not having repetitions , not repeat of same name, replace
it with specific words – pronouns. Pronouns take a place of nouns. Benefit of subs to avoid repetition
and avoid giving unnecessary detail.

Important principles related to verbs (where substitution occurs most frequently):

- Every verb is always accompanied by a fail (subject) which can be noun, dhomir mustashilun or
dhomir mustatir.

You can make substitution if that person/thing has been previously been mentioned in dialogue such
that the person know what has you substitute of

4) Ellipsis

Means something that is omitted , excluded. Something we do all the times. When you answer
question, we use ellipsis.
Grammatical ellipsis in Bayna Yadayk, got a lot ellipsis in bayna yadayk - for example 10 percent of
635 sentences missing pillar/core. Core go back to context or dialogue.

---------------------Syntactic transformations-------------------

Main transformation:

Verbalize: Nominal -> verbal

Negate : Affirmative -> negative
Ask : Statement -> Question
Request: Statement -> Request

Others:
active to passive, present to past , statement to emphasis

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------Grammatical Agreement---------------

-----------------Compound sentences--------------------

---------------Complex sentences--------------------------

Day 2: The 4 levels of detail to make sure your always on point

Question on first statement : There is a thief in the house , correct or not translation?
Question on second statement : There is a thief in the hour , correct or not translation?

First statement : Incorrect translation

Second statement: correct translations

First statement: There is no thief in the house , Second statement : There is thief in the house.

Answer:

Mubtada/Subject – green. Khobar – purple. Mafulbihi – blue

Core sentence : Ana roaitu lisshon (thief).

Adverbs – jarr majrur, zhorof

Adjectives – naat

Firsr sentence: Seeing action happened in the house. In other words , I in the house saw the thief.
- Reason fi baiti come after verb. Fi baiti is adverbs, adverbs tell us where verb happened As jarr and
majrur can put in anywhere. Where in Arabic, adjectives (naat) always come after noun (manut).
Fi baiti is come after thief hence thief is not in the house.
Thief in the screen

*** Core sentence make it to jumlah isimiyyah.

Second sentence: Thief is in the house.As adverbs fi baiti are after noun thief. Jarr majrur can be put
anythere.. The seeing happened on the screen,

Adverbs are flexible, adjectives has to be close together

Take away?
Importance of phrase structure Grammar.
- Look at a sentence in terms of phrases not isolated words
- Word other matters
- Separate components in jumlah.

Musnaf Ilahi – mubtada or fail (thing that you talking about)

Musnaf – Khobar, flil

Conclusion for lesson:

*** if you can replace all these words with one pronoun. If yes, then it is one phrase.
*** Syibul jumlah about locations.
****Jarr majrur (adverbs) – can be anywehere.
*** Naat (adjectives) – need to be next noun (manut)

Six types of sentences:

- statement a) affirmation , b) negation
- question a) seeking confirmation b) seeking informatino
- request a) do b) don’t

What are the details:

The details are normally answers to following questions regarding core sentence words:
which , where, when , why , how , who (who with) ,what (what with , what to).

If some complex sentences , make it to jumlah isimiyyah tp help your understanding.

Day 3: Arabic comprehension skills

Spend more time on functions words despite limited words due to high frequency.
These function words cover almost 50% in al-quran. They make it difficult to identify core words.
Knowing these words are important.

Arabic comprehension skills:

Word level analysis

** before analysis know meaning of word

*** know the morphological attributes of the word

Clause Level analysis

** What we working right now. Smallest part of sentence – complete sentence /mufid (mubtada,
Khobar, fill + fail)

**** Identify clause type – jumlah isimiyyah or jumlah fiiliyah

How to identify khobar (syibul jumlah) brought forward?
- See if isim marfu after syibul jumlah nakirah or not. If nakirah, yes Khobar being bring forward.
- Most of time, mubtada is makrifah ( definite)

How to know question words in what position in irab/ mahali?

-Answer question with one word and determine it with position

Istifham
- got 2 types : huruf istifham & isim istifham.
- huruf istifham – usually seek confirmation.
- isim istifham – noun, seek information , take place of something you don’t know.

****Extract the core

****Complete the core

- Identify core referents
For example – this pronouns refer to who or what?

- Write ellipted core words

These 2 skills above required critical thinking

*****Condense the core

- Replace all the explicit nouns with personal pronouns
- make fail and mafulbihi in dhomir and add into verbs.

### it is about 3 level , clause analysis (core/mufid), functional analysis (functions words) and phrase
level analysis (extra – maful fii,mudhof ilahi.

Functional Analysis

Why needed? Arab , they add things to sentences to enhance the meaning or to deliver the meaning
they need to deliver.

- Story, a people say arab like to have a lot of redundancy such as a lot of repetition. He find arab
say
Sometimes they say first, sometimes they say second , sometimes they say third. He same these
basically same sentence and it only has one meaning and why say three different ways?

First one – it is to answer someone question

Second one- add inna to it , if someone find questionable to accept answer, emphasis needed
Third – add lam above inna, this one be answer to someone who is rejecting Abdullah stood up.
Lam here is huruf Qasim/ huruf sumpah. You use Qasim when you talking to someone who is
rejecting your statement.

!!!! rarely people focus on function words. For example how to use, when to use function
words.

***** Identify function words

Sentence – default: 1)statement 2)positive , 3)present , 4) simple

!! Aspect - timespan it happened. From example , from what point to what point become
teacher.
 *Determine function category: 1) statement , 2) question 3) request (have fill amr)
*Determine sentence function:
- Statement – positive (default) or negative
- Question – asking for confirmation(default) or information
- Request – do (default) and don’t

>>>> if there is a negative sentence (not default) , it need to have function word to make it
negatives. No function words – negative it will be default positive

**** Determine sentence function

*** List transformations
a) Mood
Mood
i) declarative (default) statement
ii)emphatic mood – emphasis (with inna, qode is for verb)
iii)Subjunctive mood – when you’re not sure – not a yes, neither is no (doubt).
- For example, perhaps Allah swt will forgive us
- with words like laalla(your hope)
- or words like laita (wishful thinking actually impossible)
- asar

iv)Conditional mood - if statement. For example “if you work hard , you will success)

Mood makers – kaanna – as if you are sad (for example)

- not say you are sad or happy

b) Tense
- past ,present , future
- using sin and saufa to turn it into future tense

Tense markers
-Verbal sentence – sin , saufa , lam, lan
- lam do 2 things – makes it negative, and also make it past tense
- for example, he has not washed it till now , but
don’t mean he won’t wash it
- lan – opposite of lam , for example, he will not wash it in the future.
- meaning “tidak”, for example “saya tidak akan hisap rokok” future.

- Nominal sentence – these words introduce to give jumlah isimiyyah a tense

- such as ka ana,
- Kaana to make jumlah isimiyyah and make it past tense
- Add a syin to kanna make it become in the future. Saikuunu
- Asar do 2 things , first change the mood. Turned statement into a
wish & hope. It is also for future tense
- However laala – turn wish & hope but don’t change tense.
Exercises:

Laa (default) – can be use jumlah isimiyyah and fiiliyyah

Laisa – mainly use in jumlah isimiyyah. It’s a way to take isimiyyah and negate
Lan – for future , negative.
Lam – for past tense
Ma nahiyah -

In – means if .
Idaa – means if
 You not sure about that but you don’t want to make statement.

From very long time ago up until now, this is still the case. It is continuing

Day 4: Agreement rules - 6:50 – 9:00**

########### Beyond core & Function words
Tips: Verb have different meanings. To know different meaning verbs , we can look at mafulbihi if
verbs need mafulbihi (fill muta’ddi).

Important Takeaways: 1) Core + Details = phrases

2) We analysis sentences based phrases not words

- Types phrase – Mubtada phrases , khobar phrases , object phrases, extra phrases (details)

Mufid phrase (leader -one) , extra phrases (followers – a lot)

Core words – Dhommah

Details phrases – Can be dhommah, fattah, kasroh or sukun
- Answer question who , when , why , how and etc
51:23

Arabic – flexible and conscience.

The purpose of using adjective (sifat):

a) to clarify
b) praising (for example – good boy)
c) mis praising (for example – bad behaviour boy)

****To give more details to mubtada – can use adjective, mudhof Ilahi
****To give more details to verb – use who, how and when (maful fii)

Detailed
- Details are given when:
a) normality (common) - for example car
b) clarify / Separate - for example sifat young different old and young son
c) Given description and make it stand out from rest
* Ta’reef – happen to alif lam of makrifah * mudhof , mudhof ilahi

d) Takhsees – happen to nakirah - narrow down ishtiraak

Better skill: know how to specific and narrow down who what you talking about so that other
person know what in your minds.
- 3 meaning in the above in meaning in linguistic
- These marfu , mansub and majrur are markers (First markers)
- Second markers will be (alamat)
- Isim-isim marfu - are core of sentences

- Isim-isim mansub - mostly related to verb (fill) or talk about verb

- make up frow few certain type of words in isim-isim mansub
- not every word can be isim-isim mansub

Verb (fill) happened with details that need to fill

i) adverb of place - place of verb happened (maful fii – zhorof makan),
ii) adverb of time time of verb (zhorof zaman)
iii) Adverb of manner – hal – how certain way of verb happened- fast ,slow
iv) Adverb of reason – maful lahu – answer question why-related to heart
v) Maful mutlak – menguatkan perbuatann, jumlah perbuatan, jenis fill

*** Hal make up from isim fail or shifat (naat)

****Maful lahu – action take place in heart- fear
Isim-Isim Majrur
- digunakan bila perlu sahaja.
-digunakan apabila isim-isim mansub tidak dapat jawab soalan-soalan tidak berkaitan fiil
- digunakan apabila tidak ada isim-isim mansub dapat jawab bila ,dimana
- ia boleh menjawab bila , dimana ,kenapa, bagaimana tanpa mengguna isim-isim majrur
- digunakan sebagai mudhof ilahi
- isim isim majrur perlu diguna bersama berpasangan amil - jarr majrur , mudhof mudhof Ilahi

Day 5:
Core: Mufiid (jumlah ismiyyah – mubtada, Khobar or jumlah fiiliyah -fill f,ail)
Modifiers for noun : mudhof Ilahi . Shifat , badal (describe noun)
Modifiers for verb:

What is the biggest difference between words that describe a noun and words that describe a verb.
*****Adjectives (describe noun) will be right after the nouns. Adverb can be anywhere

*** Ayat 1 : Pintu itu adalah biru, terbuka

***Ayat 2: Pintu biru itu adalah terbuka.

Something is wrong with sentence in picture above? Why?

Because there is only one subject in the sentence above.

To correct it put alif lam into color ,it will become 2 doors.
Amazing way of writing a sentences

Day 6: Compounding
conjunctions – using athof
Day 7: Arabic Language Skills

What Arabic skill required:

Basic skill that overlook :