Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening

Population Men ages 65 to 75 years who Men ages 65 to 75 Women ages 65 to 75 Women who
have ever smoked* years who have years who have ever have never
never smoked* smoked smoked
Recommendation Screen once for abdominal Selectively screen No recommendation. Do not
aortic aneurysm (AAA) by for AAA. Grade: I statement screen for
ultrasonography. Grade: C AAA.
Grade: B Grade: D

Abnormal Blood Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Screeninglinical Summary

Population Adults aged 40 to 70 y who are overweight or obese

Recommendation Screen for abnormal blood glucose. Offer or refer patients with
abnormal blood glucose to intensive behavioral counseling
interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity.
Grade: B

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Screening

Population Children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 y
Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I (insufficient evidence)

Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive

Medication
Population Adults aged 50 to 59 Adults aged 60 to 69 Adults younger than Adults aged 70 y or
y with a ≥10% 10-y y with a ≥10% 10-y 50 y older
CVD risk CVD risk
Recommendation Initiate low-dose The decision to No recommendation. No recommendation.
aspirin use. initiate low-dose Grade: I (insufficient Grade: I (insufficient
Grade: B aspirin use is an evidence) evidence)
individual one.
Grade: C

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: ScreeningSummary of a U.S. Preventive

Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Population All Pregnant Women Men and Nonpregnant Women

Recommendation Screen with urine culture Do not screen.

Grade: A Grade: D
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: Screening
Population Children aged 18 to 30 months for whom no concerns of autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) have been raised by their parents or a clinician

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I (insufficient evidence)

Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy to Prevent Preterm Delivery: Screening

Population Asymptomatic Pregnant Women Asymptomatic Pregnant Women With
Without Risk Factors for Preterm Risk Factors for Preterm Delivery
Delivery

Recommendation Do Not Screen No recommendation due to insufficient

Grade: D evidence.

Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening

Population Asymptomatic adults

Recommendation No recommendation

Grade: I (Insufficient Evidence)

Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (Hypertension):screening.

Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Children and adolescents without symptoms of hypertension
Population

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement

Risk Assessment The strongest risk factor for primary hypertension in children is elevated body mass index.
Other risk factors include low birthweight, male sex, ethnicity, and a family history of
hypertension.
BRCA-Related Cancer: Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic
Testing
Population Asymptomatic women who have not been diagnosed with BRCA-related cancer

Recommendation Screen women whose family history may
be associated with an increased risk for
potentially harmful BRCA mutations.
Women with positive screening results
should receive genetic counseling and, if
indicated after counseling, BRCA testing.
Do not routinely recommend
genetic counseling or BRCA testing
to women whose family history is
not associated with an increased
risk for potentially harmful BRCA
mutations.

Grade: B Grade: D
Risk Assessment Family history factors associated with increased likelihood of potentially harmful
BRCA mutations include breast cancer diagnosis before age 50 years, bilateral
breast cancer, family history of breast and ovarian cancer, presence of breast
cancer in ≥1 male family member, multiple cases of breast cancer in the family, ≥1
or more family member with 2 primary types of BRCA-related cancer, and
Ashkenazi Jewish ethnicity.

Breast Cancer: Medications for Risk Reductionl Summary of U.S. Preventive

Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Asymptomatic women aged ≥35 years without Asymptomatic women aged ≥35 years without a
a prior diagnosis of breast cancer who are at prior diagnosis of breast cancer who are not at
increased risk for the disease increased risk for the disease

Recommendation Engage in shared, informed decision making Do not prescribe risk-reducing medications.
and offer to prescribe risk-reducing Grade: D
medications, if appropriate.
Grade: B

Primary Screening for Breast Cancer With Conventional Mammography

Population Women aged 40 to 49 y Women aged Women aged ≥75 y
50 to 74 y

Recommendation The decision to start screening Screen every 2 No recommendation.

should be an individual one. years. Grade: I evidence
Grade: C Grade: B insufficient
Screening for Breast Cancer With Methods Other Than Conventional Mammography
Screening Method Primary screening with DBT Adjunctive screening with breast
ultrasonography, MRI, DBT, or other
methods in women who have dense
breasts

Recommendation No recommendation. No recommendation.

Grade: I statement Grade: I statement
(insufficient evidence) (insufficient evidence)

Breastfeeding: Primary Care Interventions

Population Pregnant women, new mothers, and their children

Recommendation Provide interventions during pregnancy and after birth to support

breastfeeding.
Grade: B

Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screeningarotid Artery Stenosis: Clinical Summary of

USPSTF Recommendation, 2014
Population Adults without a history of transient ischemic attack, stroke, or other
neurologic signs or symptoms

Recommendation Do not screen for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general adult
population.
Grade: D

Alcohol Misuse: Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary

Care
Clinical Summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Adults aged 18 years or older Adolescents
Recommendation Screen for alcohol misuse and provide brief behavioral No
counseling interventions to persons engaged in risky or recommendation.
hazardous drinking. Grade: I statement
Grade: B
Celiac Disease: Screening
Population Asymptomatic adults, adolescents, and children

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I (insufficient evidence)

Cervical Cancer: Screening

Population Women Women ages Women Women Women after Women
ages 21 to 30 to 65 younger older than hysterectomy younger
65 than age 21 age 65 who with removal of than age
have had the cervix and 30
adequate with no history
prior of high-grade
screening precancer or
and are not cervical cancer
high risk

Recommendation Screen with Screen with Do not Do not Do not screen. Do not
cytology cytology screen. screen. Grade: D screen with
(Pap smear) every 3 years Grade: D Grade: D HPV
every 3 or co-testing testing
years. (cytology/HPV (alone or
Grade: A testing) every with
5 years. cytology).
Grade: A Grade: D

Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions

Population Children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years without signs or symptoms of
maltreatment

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea:
Population Sexually active females Sexually active females Men
aged ≤24 y and older aged ≤24 y and older
No
women at increased risk women at increased risk
for infection: screen for for infection: screen for recommendation
chlamydia, grade: B gonorrhea, grade: B Grade:I

Recommendation Screen for chlamydia. Screen for gonorrhea. No

Grade: B Grade: B recommendation.
Grade: I
statement

Chronic Kidney Disease: Screening

Population Asymptomatic adults without diagnosed chronic kidney
disease (CKD)

Recommendation No recommendation Grade: I (Insufficient Evidence)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening

Population Asymptomatic adults who do not present with respiratory symptoms

Recommendation Do not screen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Grade: D

Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Screeningor Cognitive Impairment in Older

Adults
Population Community-dwelling adults who are older than age 65 years and have no signs or
symptoms of cognitive impairment

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement
Colorectal Cancer: Screening
Population Adults aged 50 to 75 y Adults aged 76 to 85 y

Recommendation Screen for colorectal cancer The decision to screen for

starting at age 50 y. colorectal cancer is an individual
Grade: A one.
Grade: C

Coronary Heart Disease: Screening Using Non-Traditional Risk Factors

Population Asymptomatic men and women with no history of coronary heart disease (CHD),
diabetes, or any CHD risk equivalent

I Statement: No recommendation because of insufficient evidence

Insufficient
Evidence

Coronary Heart Disease: Screening with Electrocardiography

Population Asymptomatic adults at low risk for Asymptomatic adults at
coronary heart disease (CHD) events intermediate or high risk for
CHD events

Recommendation Do not screen with resting or No recommendation.

exercise electrocardiography (ECG). Grade: I (Insufficient Evidence)
Grade: D

Dental Caries in Children from Birth Through Age 5 Years: Screening of Birth
Through Age 5 Years: Clinical
Population Children age 5 years and younger

Recommendation Prescribe oral fluoride
supplementation starting at
age 6 months for children
whose water supply is
deficient in fluoride.
Grade: B
(<0.6PPM)
Apply fluoride varnish Routine oral screening
to the primary teeth of examinations: No
all infants and children recommendation.
starting at the age of Grade: I statement
primary tooth
eruption.
Grade: B
Depression in Adults: Screening
Population Adults aged ≥18 y

Recommendation Screen for depression, with adequate systems in place to ensure

accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up.
Grade: B

Depression in Children and Adolescents: Screening

Population Adolescents aged 12 to 18 y Children aged ≤11 y

Recommendation Screen for major depressive disorder No recommendation:

(MDD). Adequate systems should be Grade: I (Insufficient Evidence)
in place to ensure accurate diagnosis,
effective treatment, and appropriate
follow-up.
Grade: B

Developmental Hip Dysplasia: Screening

Population Infants who do not have obvious hip dislocations or other abnormalities
evident without screening

Recommendation No recommendation
Grade: I (Insufficient Evidence)

Drug Use, Illicit: Primary Care Interventions for Children and Adolescents

Population Children and adolescents younger than age 18 years who have not
already been diagnosed with a substance use disorder

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement
Falls Prevention in Older Adults: Counseling and Preventive Medication
Population Community-dwelling adults aged 65 Community-dwelling adults aged 65 years
years and older who are at increased and older
risk for falls

Recommendation Provide intervention consisting of Do not automatically perform an in-

exercise or physical therapy and/or depth multifactorial risk assessment with
vitamin D supplementation to comprehensive management of
prevent falls. identified risks to prevent falls.
Grade: B Grade: C

Folic Acid for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: Preventive

Medication

Population Women who are planning or capable of pregnancy

Recommendation Take a daily supplement containing 0.4 to 0.8 mg (400 to 800 µg) of folic acid.
Grade: A

Genital Herpes Infection: Serologic Screening

Population Asymptomatic adolescents and adults, including those who are pregnant

Recommendation Do not routinely screen for genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection.
Grade: D

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Screening

Asymptomatic pregnant women after 24 Asymptomatic pregnant women before 24
Population
weeks of gestation weeks of gestation

Recommendation Screen for gestational diabetes mellitus No recommendation.

(GDM). Grade: I statement
Grade: B
Glaucoma: Screening
Population Adults without vision symptoms who are seen in primary care

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement

Gynecological Conditions: Periodic Screening With the Pelvic

Examination
Population Asymptomatic, nonpregnant adult women who are not at increased risk for any specific
gynecologic condition

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I (insufficient evidence)

Note: This statement does not apply to specific disorders for which the USPSTF already
recommends screening (i.e., screening for cervical cancer with a Pap smear, screening for
gonorrhea and chlamydia).

Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease

Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Behavioral
Counseling
Population Adults in primary care who are overweight or obese and have known cardiovascular
risk factors

Recommendation Offer or refer to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to

promote a healthful diet and physical activity.
Grade: B

Hearing Loss in Older Adults: Screening

Population Asymptomatic adults aged 50 years or older

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I (Insufficient Evidence)

Hepatitis B in Pregnant Women: Screening

Population All Pregnant Women

Recommendation Screen at the first prenatal visit. Grade A

Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse of Elderly and Vulnerable Adults: Screening
Summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Asymptomatic women of childbearing age Elderly or
vulnerable adults

Recommendation Screen women for intimate partner violence No

(IPV), and provide or refer women who screen recommendation.
positive to intervention services. Grade: I
Grade: B

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women: Screening and

Supplementation
linical Summary
Population Asymptomatic pregnant women and adolescents

Recommendation Screening: No recommendation. Iron Supplementation: No

Grade: I statement (insufficient recommendation.
evidence) Grade: I statement (insufficient
evidence)

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: Screening

Summary
Population Asymptomatic children ages 6 to 24 months

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement (insufficient evidence)

Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Screening

Population Asymptomatic adults at increased risk for infection

Recommendation Screen for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI).

Grade: B
Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy: Screening
Population Asymptomatic children ages 1 to Asymptomatic children ages 1 Asymptomatic pregnant
5 years who are at increased risk to 5 years who are at average women
risk

Recommendation No recommendation Do not screen for elevated Do not screen for

Grade: I (Insufficient Evidence) blood lead levels. elevated blood lead
Grade: D levels.
Grade: D

Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening

Population Asymptomatic children and adolescents 20 years or younger

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I (insufficient evidence)

Low-Dose Aspirin Use for the Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality

From Preeclampsia: Preventive Medication
Summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Asymptomatic pregnant women who are at high risk for preeclampsia

Recommendation Prescribe low-dose (81 mg/d) aspirin after 12 weeks of gestation.

Grade: B

Lung Cancer: Screening

of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Asymptomatic adults aged 55 to 80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking
history and currently smoke or have quit smoking within the past 15 years.

Recommendation Screen annually for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography.
Discontinue screening when the patient has not smoked for 15 years.
Grade: B
Obesity in Adults: Screening and Management
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Adults aged 18 years or older

Recommendation Screen for obesity. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 30
kg/m2 or higher should be offered or referred to intensive,
multicomponent behavioral interventions. Grade: B

Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening

Population Children and adolescents 6 y and older

Recommendation Screen for obesity; offer or refer children and adolescents with obesity to
comprehensive, intensive behavioral interventions to promote
improvements in weight status.
Grade: B

Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening

Population Asymptomatic adults, including those with unrecognized symptoms

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I (insufficient evidence)
Ocular Prophylaxis for Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum: Preventive
Medicationl

Recommendation Provide prophylactic ocular topical medication for the prevention of

gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.

Grade: A

Oral Cancer: Screening

Summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Asymptomatic adults aged 18 years or older

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I Statement

Osteoporosis: Screening

Population Women age ≥65 Women age <65 years Men without previous
years without whose 10-year fracture known fractures or
previous known risk is equal to or secondary causes of
fractures or greater than that of a osteoporosis
secondary causes of 65-year-old white
osteoporosis woman without
additional risk factors

Recommendation Screen No recommendation

Grade: B Grade: I
(insufficient evidence)
Ovarian Cancer: Screening
Population Asymptomatic women without known genetic mutations that increase risk
for ovarian cancer

Recommendation Do not screen for ovarian cancer.

Grade: D

Pancreatic Cancer: Screening

for Pancreatic Cancer: Clinical Summary of USPSTF Recommendation
Population Asymptomatic adults

Recommendation Do not screen for pancreatic cancer.

Grade: D

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and CVD in Adults: Risk Assessment

with Ankle Brachial Index
Summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Asymptomatic adults without a known diagnosis of peripheral artery disease
(PAD), cardiovascular disease, severe chronic kidney disease, or diabetes

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement
Preeclampsia: Screening
Population Pregnant women without a known diagnosis of preeclampsia or hypertension

Recommendation Screen for preeclampsia with blood pressure measurements throughout pregnancy.
Grade: B

Prostate Cancer: Screening

of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Population Adult males

Recommendation Do not use prostate-specific antigen (PSA)–based screening for prostate cancer.
Grade: D

Rh(D) Incompatibility: Screening

Population Recommendation Grade

(What's
This?)

Pregnant The USPSTF strongly recommends Rh(D) A

women, during blood typing and antibody testing for all
the first pregnant women during their first visit for
pregnancy- pregnancy-related care.
related care visit
Population Recommendation Grade
(What's
This?)

Unsensitized The USPSTF recommends repeated Rh(D) B

Rh(D)-negative antibody testing for all unsensitized
pregnant Rh(D)-negative women at 24 to 28 weeks'
women gestation, unless the biological father is
known to be Rh(D)-negative.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Behavioral Counseling

Summary of USPSTF Recommendation
Population Sexually active adolescents and adults at increased risk for sexually transmitted
infections (STIs)

Recommendation Offer or refer to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to prevent STIs.

Grade: B

Skin Cancer: Counseling

Population Children, adolescents, and young adults aged 10 to 24 Adults older than age
years with fair skin 24 years

Recommendation Provide counseling about minimizing exposure to No recommendation.

ultraviolet radiation to reduce risk for skin cancer. Grade: I
Grade: B (Insufficient Evidence)
Skin Cancer: Screening
Population Asymptomatic adults

Recommendation No recommendation
Grade: I (insufficient evidence)

Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children Age 5 and

Younger: Screening
Summary
Population Asymptomatic children aged ≤5 years whose parents or clinicians do not have specific
concerns about their speech, language, hearing, or development

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement (insufficient evidence)

Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in

Adults: Preventive Medication

Population Adults aged 40–75 y with
no history of CVD, ≥1 CVD
risk factors, and calculated
10-y CVD event risk of
≥10%
Adults aged 40–75 y with Adults 76 y and older
no history of CVD, ≥1 CVD with no
risk factors, and calculated history of CVD
10-y CVD event risk of
7.5%–10%

Recommendation Initiate use of low- to Discuss with patient and No recommendation.

moderate-dose statins. selectively offer use of Grade: I (insufficient
Grade: B low- to moderate-dose evidence)
statins.
Grade: C
Suicide Risk in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults: Screening

Population Adolescents, adults, and older adults in the general U.S. population who do not
have an identified psychiatric disorder

Recommendation No recommendation. Grade: I Statement

Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adults and Adolescents: Screening

Asymptomatic, nonpregnant adults and adolescents at increased risk for syphilis
Population
infection

Recommendation Screen for syphilis infection.

Grade: A

Syphilis Infection in Pregnancy: Screening

Population All Pregnant Women

Recommendation Screen for syphilis infection.

Grade: A

Testicular Cancer: Screening

Population Adolescent and Adult Males

Recommendation Do Not Screen

Grade: D
Thyroid Cancer: Screening

Population Asymptomatic adults

Recommendation Do not screen for thyroid cancer.

Grade: D

Thyroid Dysfunction: Screening

Population Nonpregnant, asymptomatic adults

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement (insufficient evidence)

Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women:

Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions

Population Nonpregnant Pregnant women Pregnant women All adults age ≥18 y
adults age ≥18 y age ≥18 y age ≥18 y

Recommendation Provide Provide Pharmacotherapy ENDS: No

pharmacotherapy behavioral interventions: No recommendation.
and behavioral interventions for recommendation. Grade: I
interventions for cessation. Grade: I statement
cessation. Grade: A statement
Grade: A
Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions

Population School-aged children and adolescents

Recommendation Provide interventions to prevent initiation of tobacco use.

Grade: B

Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening

Population Children aged 3 to 5 y Children younger than 3 y

Recommendation Screen at least once to detect No recommendation.

amblyopia or its risk factors. Grade: I (insufficient evidence)
Grade: B

Vitamin D and Calcium to Prevent Fractures: Preventive Medication

Task Force Recommendation
Population Men or Community-dwelling Community-dwelling
premenopausal postmenopausal women at postmenopausal women at
women doses of >400 IU of vitamin doses of ≤400 IU of vitamin
D3and >1,000 mg of calcium D3and ≤1,000 mg of calcium

Recommendation No No recommendation. Do not supplement.

recommendation. Grade: I statement Grade: D recommendation
Grade: I statement
Vitamin D Deficiency: Screening
Population Community-dwelling, nonpregnant, asymptomatic adults aged ≥18 y

Recommendation No recommendation.
Grade: I statement (insufficient evidence)

Vitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cancer and CVD: Preventive

Medication
of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of
Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
Population Healthy adults without special nutritional needs.

This recommendation does not apply to children, women who are pregnant or may
become pregnant, or persons who are chronically ill or hospitalized or have a known
nutritional deficiency.
Recommendation Multivitamins: Single- or paired-nutrient β-carotene or vitamin
No recommendation. supplements: E:
Grade: I statement No recommendation. Do not recommend.
Grade: I statement Grade: D