Why was the Nehru Report Rejected by the AIML?

[7]

Nehru report was made in 1928 by all parties' conference in opposition for the Simon
Commission and was supported by a vast majority of non-Muslims. It was rejected
because of the reasons given below.

Nehru Report of 1928 was a strictly Hindu version of India's future constitution. It
asked for Hindi to be made the official language of India. As Urdu was of great cultural
importance for Muslims, they opposed it as it was a threat to their cultural rights.

Nehru Report of 1928 suggested that Muslims should not be given separate
electorates in the council. This angered the Muslims and they opposed Nehru Report
as Hindus were going against Lucknow Pact and were not accepting Muslims as an
important community of India.

Nehru Report of 1928 was also unacceptable as it also suggested abolition of diarchy
and representative government in provinces. It suggested that there should be a
strong center with limited provincial autonomy which was opposed by Muslims as
their demand of full provincial autonomy was not accepted. Hence, Nehru Report was
rejected as Hindus were trying to dominate Muslims and did not protect Muslim rights
even in Muslim majority areas like Punjab and Bengal.

Was the 1st RTC More Successful Than all of the Round Table Conferences? [14]

The Round Table Conferences, pivotal events in the history of British-Indian

negotiations, were held in London across three sessions in 1930, 1931, and 1932.
These conferences were convened to discuss and recommend reforms for the
constitutional issues plaguing India, based on the Simon Commission Report. The First
Round Table Conference saw a wide representation from various Indian communities
but lacked the presence of the Indian National Congress due to its leaders being in
jail. The Second Conference was notable for Gandhi's participation, representing the
Congress, but was marred by disagreements, particularly on minority rights. The
Third Conference, significantly less attended, failed to make any substantial
progress, largely due to the absence of major political figures from India. In my
opinion, the first Round Table Conference was the most successful of the three,
primarily due to its achievements in laying down a framework for future discussions
and agreements.

The First Round Table Conference (1930) was successful in several aspects. Firstly, it
managed to bring together a diverse group of Indian representatives, including
Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, and representatives from princely states and British
provinces, to discuss India's future governance structure. This inclusivity, despite the
absence of the Congress, was a significant step towards collaborative dialogue.
Secondly, the conference reached a consensus on adopting a Federal System of
government for India, a major stride towards decentralization and self-governance.
The agreement to establish responsible government in provinces was another critical
outcome, reflecting a move towards greater Indian autonomy. Additionally, the
princely states' agreement to join the federation marked a pivotal moment in unifying
the diverse political entities under a single administrative framework. The formation
of several committees to address specific issues, such as finance, franchise, and the
Sindh separation, demonstrated a structured approach to tackling complex problems.
Lastly, the conference's outcomes set a foundation for further discussions, indicating a
forward momentum in constitutional reforms despite the challenges ahead.

The Second Round Table Conference, despite Gandhi's participation and high
expectations, was less successful due to persistent disagreements, especially
regarding minority representation and rights. Gandhi's assertion that the Congress
was the sole representative of Indian interests led to friction with other delegates,
undermining the potential for consensus. The conference's only significant
achievement was the decision to grant full provincial status to Orissa, NWFP, and
Sind, which, while important, did not address the broader constitutional issues at
hand.

The Third Round Table Conference was even less productive, primarily due to the
conspicuous absence of both Congress and key political figures like Jinnah. This
conference ended up being a mere formality, finalizing the discussions of previous
meetings without making any substantial new progress. The lack of significant
outcomes from this conference further underscores the relative success of the first
conference.

Considering the achievements and the context of the First Round Table Conference, it
stands out as the most successful of the three. It laid down a crucial foundation for
India's future governance structure and demonstrated a commitment to a more
inclusive and decentralized form of government. Despite the absence of the
Congress, the first conference's ability to achieve consensus among a diverse group
of representatives and set a direction for future discussions marks it as a significant
step forward in the constitutional reform process in India. The terms agreed upon
would soon help in creating Pakistan.
Which of the following had the most important effect on the Pakistan Movement
between 1909 and 1919?

(i) the Morley-Minto reforms, 1909

(ii)the reversal of the partition of Bengal, 1911

(iii) the Lucknow Pact, 1916.

Explain your answer with reference to all three above.

The Pakistan Movement, which culminated in the creation of Pakistan, was influenced
by several key events and developments between 1909 and 1919. The Morley-Minto
Reforms of 1909, the reversal of the Partition of Bengal in 1911, and the Lucknow Pact
of 1916 each played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of British
India and the trajectory of the movement. However, when evaluating their
importance, the Morley-Minto Reforms stand out as having the most profound and
lasting impact on the Pakistan Movement during this period. These reforms, by
acknowledging the distinct political identity of Muslims and granting them separate
electorates, set the course for the Muslim freedom movement and laid the
foundational principles that would guide the movement towards the eventual creation
of Pakistan.

Between 1909 and 1919, three significant events had a profound impact on the
trajectory of the Pakistan Movement: the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, the reversal
of the Partition of Bengal in 1911, and the Lucknow Pact of 1916. Each of these events
played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of British India, influencing the
direction of the movement that eventually led to the creation of Pakistan. However,
when evaluating their importance, the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 stand out as
having the most significant effect on the Pakistan Movement during this period.

The Morley-Minto Reforms, enacted in 1909, were instrumental in laying the

groundwork for the Muslim freedom movement that culminated in the creation of
Pakistan. By enlarging the councils and accepting the right of Muslims to separate
electorates, these reforms acknowledged the distinct political identity of Muslims in
British India. This recognition was a pivotal moment, as it validated the Two-Nation
Theory, which became the ideological foundation of the Pakistan Movement.

The annulment of the Partition of Bengal in 1911, while significant, primarily served to
underscore the necessity of a strong Muslim political organization to safeguard
Muslim interests. The fierce opposition by Bengali Hindus to the partition and its
subsequent reversal highlighted the limitations of relying on British assurances for
protecting Muslim interests. This event intensified the Muslim League's resolve to
actively pursue fair treatment and representation within the British Indian political
system.

The Lucknow Pact of 1916 marked a significant achievement in Hindu-Muslim

relations by establishing a framework for cooperation towards self-rule in India. It
was the first time a unanimous solution to the Hindu-Muslim problem was reached,
with Hindus acknowledging Muslims as a separate nation and accepting their right to
a separate electorate. While this pact did create a temporary political homogeneity
and set the stage for joint efforts towards self-government, its impact was more on
fostering short-term Hindu-Muslim unity rather than directly advancing the specific
goals of the Pakistan Movement.

In conclusion, while the reversal of the Partition of Bengal and the Lucknow Pact were
important milestones, the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 had the most profound and
lasting impact on the Pakistan Movement between 1909 and 1919. These reforms
institutionalized the political separation of Muslims and laid the foundational
principles that would guide the movement towards the eventual creation of Pakistan.