History Chapter 6

Part 1: Questions
A. Minto Morley Reforms:
(a) 4 Mark Questions:
Q1 What were the Minto Morley Reforms?
Q2 Describe the effects of these reforms on the Indians?
Q3 Who was Lord Minto?
Q4 Who was John Morley?
(b) 7 Mark Questions:
Q1 Why were the Minto Morley Reforms opposed by the Congress?
(c) 14 Mark Questions:
Q1 Were the Minto Morley Reforms more important than any other political
developments between 1909 & 1919?

B. Reversal Of POB:
(a) 4 Mark Questions:
Q1 What was the reversal of the Partition of Bengal?
Q2 Describe the importance of the reversal for the Muslims?
(b) 7 Mark Questions:
Q1 Why was the Partition of Bengal reversed by the British in 1911?
(c) 14 Mark Questions:
Q1 Were social problems the most important reason for the reversal of the
Partition of Bengal?
Q2 Were economic problems the most important reason for the reversal of
the Partition of Bengal?
Q3 Were political problems the most important reason for the reversal of the
Partition of Bengal?

C. Lucknow Pact:
(a) 4 Mark Questions:
Q1 What was the Lucknow Pact of 1916?
Q2 Describe what happened at Lucknow in 1916?
(b) 7 Mark Questions:
Q1 Why was the Lucknow pact of 1916 signed?
(c) 14 Mark Questions:
Q1 Was the Lucknow Pact of 1916 the only beacon of hope for Hindu-Muslim
Unity between 1914-1930??
Q2 Was the reversal of the Partition of Bengal the only factor leading to the
signing of the Lucknow Pact of 1916?
Q3 Were the Anti-Muslim British Policies the only factor leading to the signing
of the Lucknow Pact of 1916?
Q4 Were Jinnah’s efforts the only factor leading to the signing of the Lucknow
Pact of 1916?

D. Montagu Chelmsford Reforms:

(a) 4 Mark Questions:
Q1 What were the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms of 1919?
Q2 What were the main provisions of the Mont-Ford Reforms?
Q3 What was the reaction of the Indians to these Reforms?
Q4 What was the Rowlatt Act?
Q5 What was the Amritsar Massacre?
Q6 Who was General Dyer?
(b) 7 Mark Questions:
Q1 Why were the Mont-Ford Reforms presented in 1919?
Q2 Why were the Indians not pleased with the Mont-Ford Reforms of 1919?
(c) 14 Mark Questions:
Q1 Were the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms more important than any other
political developments between 1909 & 1919?

E. Hindu Movements:
(a) 4 Mark Questions:
Q1 What was the Swadeshi Movement?
Q2 What was the Arya Samaj Movement?
Q3 What was the Maha Sabha Movement?
Q4 What was the Shuddhi Movement?
Q5 What was the Sangathan Movement?
(b) 7 Mark Questions:
(c) 14 Mark Questions:

Part 2: Answers
A. Minto Morley Reforms:
(b) 7 Mark Questions:
A1
1. The INC had wanted more responsibility:
❖ The Councils had advisory powers only.
❖ The local people weren’t given the power to change government policy.
❖ The INC was annoyed by this as they were beginning to look towards self-
rule.
2. The Muslims were granted separate electorates:
❖ The INC labeled this as undemocratic and unjust.
❖ They were highly annoyed as they saw this as a concession too far.
❖ Their reaction was to pass an annual resolution for the next 25 years calling
for an end to separate electorates.
3. The British aims:
❖ They had absolutely no desire to establish a democracy in India.
❖ They wanted to make as few concessions as possible to bring stability.
❖ Morley himself said that the British had no plans to set up a parliament in
India.
(c) 14 Mark Questions:
A1
1. Introduction:
❖ The years between 1909 and 1919 were filled with many important events.
❖ E.g., The reversal of the POB, the Home Rule Leagues, the Rowlatt Act, the
Amritsar Massacre, and the beginning of the Khilafat Movement.
❖ The most important political events were the Minto-Morley Reforms, the
Lucknow Pact, and the Mont-Ford Reforms.
2. Minto-Morley Reforms:
❖ These reforms were very important as they were the start of the British
pattern of introducing reforms every 10 years.
❖ These reforms were very important for the Muslims as this was the first
time that separate electorates were accepted by the British.
❖ One of the most important things was that the Indians who were on the
councils gained valuable experience which was to be of vital importance
later.
3. Lucknow Pact:
❖ The Lucknow Pact held an important status because both the Muslims and
the Hindus united and came to a compromise after signing the pact.
❖ The Congress party accepted the Muslims as a separate Nation and the
AIML as its representatives.
❖ The most important fact was that Congress granted concessions like
accepting the Muslims rights to separate electorates.
4. Mont-Ford Reforms:
❖ Another very important political event was the Mont-Ford Reforms and its
following consequences.
❖ These reforms granted the Indians some real power for the first time
through the system of Diarchy.
❖ Indian protests against these reforms resulted in far-reaching
consequences i.e., the Rowlatt Act and the Amritsar Massacre.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree because I believe that the Lucknow Pact was the most important
development between 1909-1919.
❖ It united the Muslims and Hindus which resulted in them putting stronger
pressure on the British.
❖ They were now on 1 platform and could demand self-rule together.

B. Reversal of POB:
(b) 7 Mark Questions:
A1
1. Social Reasons:
❖ There was a declining law & order situation in Bengal as the Hindus rioted.
❖ The Hindus were out for protests and mourned over the event causing
many problems for the British.
❖ The Hindus made an assassination attempt on the future viceroy, Lord
Minto.
2. Economic Reasons: (Important)
❖ The swadeshi movement was started which encouraged Indians to boycott
the British goods.
❖ The Hindus began to buy Indian made products only causing a business loss
for the British.
❖ British monetary benefits were badly affected.
3. Political Reasons:
❖ The British needed to maintain political peace so that they could rule
without difficulty.
❖ In Bengal it was becoming increasingly difficult to rule with a firm hand.
❖ For this reason, the British didn’t want to lose the support of the majority
(Hindus) to please the minority (Muslims) as this would ultimately make
ruling difficult for them.
(c) 14 Mark Questions:
A1
1. Introduction:
❖ The Reversal of the Partition of Bengal was a very important event in the
early 1900s.
❖ It occurred in 1911 when the British decided to overturn the earlier
Partition due to sustained pressure from the Hindus.
❖ Due to the Reversal of the Partition much of the goodwill between the
British and Muslims was removed.
2. Social Problems:
❖ There was a declining law & order situation in Bengal as the Hindus rioted.
❖ The Hindus were out for protests and mourned over the event causing
many problems for the British.
❖ The Hindus made an assassination attempt on the future viceroy, Lord
Minto.
3. Political Problems:
❖ The British needed to maintain political peace so that they could rule
without difficulty.
❖ In Bengal it was becoming increasingly difficult to rule with a firm hand.
❖ For this reason, the British didn’t want to lose the support of the majority
(Hindus) to please the minority (Muslims) as this would ultimately make
ruling difficult for them.
4. Economic Problems: (Important)
❖ The swadeshi movement was started which encouraged Indians to boycott
the British goods.
❖ The Hindus began to buy Indian made products only causing a business loss
for the British.
❖ British monetary benefits were badly affected.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree because I believe that the economic problems were the most
important reason for the Reversal of the Partition of Bengal.
❖ The sale of British goods dropped dramatically and British Business
interests in India were negatively affected.
❖ The British had come to India because of its wealth and needed to keep
earning profits from India. (This supply of wealth should not be stopped).
A2
1. Introduction:
❖ The Reversal of the Partition of Bengal was a very important event in the
early 1900s.
❖ It occurred in 1911 when the British decided to overturn the earlier
Partition due to sustained pressure from the Hindus.
❖ Due to the Reversal of the Partition much of the goodwill between the
British and Muslims was removed.
2. Economic Problems: (Important)
❖ The swadeshi movement was started which encouraged Indians to boycott
the British goods.
❖ The Hindus began to buy Indian made products only causing a business loss
for the British.
❖ British monetary benefits were badly affected.
3. Social Problems:
❖ There was a declining law & order situation in Bengal as the Hindus rioted.
❖ The Hindus were out for protests and mourned over the event causing
many problems for the British.
❖ The Hindus made an assassination attempt on the future viceroy, Lord
Minto.
4. Political Problems:
❖ The British needed to maintain political peace so that they could rule
without difficulty.
❖ In Bengal it was becoming increasingly difficult to rule with a firm hand.
❖ For this reason, the British didn’t want to lose the support of the majority
(Hindus) to please the minority (Muslims) as this would ultimately make
ruling difficult for them.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree because I believe that the economic problems were the most
important reason for the Reversal of the Partition of Bengal.
❖ The sale of British goods dropped dramatically and British Business
interests in India were negatively affected.
❖ The British had come to India because of its wealth and needed to keep
earning profits from India. (This supply of wealth should not be stopped).
A3
1. Introduction:
❖ The Reversal of the Partition of Bengal was a very important event in the
early 1900s.
❖ It occurred in 1911 when the British decided to overturn the earlier
Partition due to sustained pressure from the Hindus.
❖ Due to the Reversal of the Partition much of the goodwill between the
British and Muslims was removed.
2. Political Problems:
❖ The British needed to maintain political peace so that they could rule
without difficulty.
❖ In Bengal it was becoming increasingly difficult to rule with a firm hand.
❖ For this reason, the British didn’t want to lose the support of the majority
(Hindus) to please the minority (Muslims) as this would ultimately make
ruling difficult for them.
3. Social Problems:
❖ There was a declining law & order situation in Bengal as the Hindus rioted.
❖ The Hindus were out for protests and mourned over the event causing
many problems for the British.
❖ The Hindus made an assassination attempt on the future viceroy, Lord
Minto.
4. Economic Problems: (Important)
❖ The swadeshi movement was started which encouraged Indians to boycott
the British goods.
❖ The Hindus began to buy Indian made products only causing a business loss
for the British.
❖ British monetary benefits were badly affected.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree because I believe that the economic problems were the most
important reason for the Reversal of the Partition of Bengal.
❖ The sale of British goods dropped dramatically and British Business
interests in India were negatively affected.
❖ The British had come to India because of its wealth and needed to keep
earning profits from India. (This supply of wealth should not be stopped).

C. Lucknow Pact:
(b) 7 Mark Questions:
A1
1. Reversal of Partition of Bengal: (Important)
❖ The British promised that this would not happen but when they could not
sustain Hindu pressure the reversed the partition.
❖ Muslims got disappointed and lost their trust in the British because they
had remained loyal throughout.
❖ The British gave importance to the Hindus (Majority), so the Muslims
realized the need to change their strategy and join hands with the INC.
2. Anti-Muslim International Policies:
❖ The Muslims were disappointed by the unilateral policies of the British e.g.,
supporting Balkan States during the Balkan War, maltreatment of Muslim
soldiers, and interference in Persia and Afghanistan.
❖ The Muslims took this personally and felt that British policies were anti-
Muslim in general.
❖ This was a disappointment for the Muslims and decided to into an
agreement with the INC.
3. Jinnah’s Efforts:
❖ Jinnah understood the need for unity and since he was an idealist, he
believed it was better for India if the Muslims and Hindus cooperated.
❖ Since the Hindus were a majority and more politically aware they could
help the Muslims to get their rights because a joint demand would put
more pressure on the British.
❖ If the two communities worked together and demanded self-rule, there
was a better chance of success.
(c) 14 Mark Questions:
A1
1. Introduction:
❖ The years between 1914 and 1930 had presented many chances for Hindu-
Muslim unity but not all were clinched.
❖ A few examples are these chances are the Lucknow Pact, the Khilafat
Movement, and the 14 Points of Jinnah.
❖ However, after the rejection of Jinnah’s 14 Points there was no longer any
cooperation between the two communities and Jinnah called this the
“Parting of Ways”.
2. Lucknow Pact:
❖ The Lucknow Pact was the first ever agreement between the Muslim
League and Congress.
❖ The two parties agreed to cooperate thus opening the chance for Hindu-
Muslims unity in India.
❖ This created hope for the future that the Hindus and Muslims would
cooperate against the British.
3. Khilafat Movement:
❖ The Khilafat Movement was another instance when the Muslims and
Hindus got together for a common cause.
❖ They worked together for their different aims and jointly applied pressure
on the British forcing them to respond.
❖ This was yet another piece of hope for Hindu-Muslim unity, but it ended
when Muslims reacted with anger to Gandhi’s decision to call off the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
4. 14 Points of Jinnah:
❖ This was yet another chance in which the Muslim League and Congress
could have united, but this chance was not taken by Congress.
❖ After the Nehru Report was not accepted by the AIML, Jinnah produced his
14 points which, if the INC accepted, would mean Hindu-Muslim Unity.
❖ This was another great chance for Hindu-Muslim, but it went begging and
with it the last chance for cooperation between the communities.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree that the Lucknow Pact was the only beacon of hope for Hindu-
Muslim Unity because there were many other occasions also.
❖ First was the Lucknow Pact, then was the Khilafat Movement, and the last
was the olive branch of Jinnah’s 14 Points.
❖ Thus, there were many beacons of hope for Hindu-Muslim unity but either
they just could not last, or they just were not grasped by the two sister
communities.
A2
1. Introduction:
❖ The Lucknow Pact was an extremely important event in the history of India
as it was the first instance of Hindu-Muslim political cooperation and unity.
❖ The pact was signed in the December of 1916 in the city of Lucknow after
a joint session of AIML & INC.
❖ Due to this pact the Hindus and Muslims cooperated for many years to
come and applied a lot of pressure on the British together.
2. Reversal of Partition of Bengal: (Important)
❖ The British promised that this would not happen but when they could not
sustain Hindu pressure the reversed the partition.
❖ Muslims got disappointed and lost their trust in the British because they
had remained loyal throughout.
❖ The British gave importance to the Hindus (Majority), so the Muslims
realized the need to change their strategy and join hands with the INC.
3. Anti-Muslim International Policies:
❖ The Muslims were disappointed by the unilateral policies of the British e.g.,
supporting Balkan States during the Balkan War, maltreatment of Muslim
soldiers, and interference in Persia and Afghanistan.
❖ The Muslims took this personally and felt that British policies were anti-
Muslim in general.
❖ This was a disappointment for the Muslims and decided to into an
agreement with the INC.
4. Jinnah’s Efforts:
❖ Jinnah understood the need for unity and since he was an idealist, he
believed it was better for India if the Muslims and Hindus cooperated.
❖ Since the Hindus were a majority and more politically aware they could
help the Muslims to get their rights because a joint demand would put
more pressure on the British.
❖ If the two communities worked together and demanded self-rule, there
was a better chance of success.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree that the Reversal of the Partition of Bengal was the only factor
leading to the signing of the Lucknow Pact because there were other
important factors.
❖ First was the Muslim belief that the British were against the Muslims
because of their Anti-Muslim National and International Policies.
❖ Also, it was because of Jinnah’s tireless efforts that this pact was signed
due to his understanding of the need for unity.
A3
1. Introduction:
❖ The Lucknow Pact was an extremely important event in the history of India
as it was the first instance of Hindu-Muslim political cooperation and unity.
❖ The pact was signed in the December of 1916 in the city of Lucknow after
a joint session of AIML & INC.
❖ Due to this pact the Hindus and Muslims cooperated for many years to
come and applied a lot of pressure on the British together.
2. Anti-Muslim International Policies:
❖ The Muslims were disappointed by the unilateral policies of the British e.g.,
supporting Balkan States during the Balkan War, maltreatment of Muslim
soldiers, and interference in Persia and Afghanistan.
❖ The Muslims took this personally and felt that British policies were anti-
Muslim in general.
❖ This was a disappointment for the Muslims and decided to into an
agreement with the INC.
3. Reversal of Partition of Bengal: (Important)
❖ The British promised that this would not happen but when they could not
sustain Hindu pressure the reversed the partition.
❖ Muslims got disappointed and lost their trust in the British because they
had remained loyal throughout.
❖ The British gave importance to the Hindus (Majority), so the Muslims
realized the need to change their strategy and join hands with the INC.
4. Jinnah’s Efforts:
❖ Jinnah understood the need for unity and since he was an idealist, he
believed it was better for India if the Muslims and Hindus cooperated.
❖ Since the Hindus were a majority and more politically aware they could
help the Muslims to get their rights because a joint demand would put
more pressure on the British.
❖ If the two communities worked together and demanded self-rule, there
was a better chance of success.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree that the Reversal of the Partition of Bengal was the only factor
leading to the signing of the Lucknow Pact because there were other
important factors.
❖ First was the Muslim belief that the British were against the Muslims
because of their Anti-Muslim National and International Policies.
❖ Also, it was because of Jinnah’s tireless efforts that this pact was signed
due to his understanding of the need for unity.
A4
1. Introduction:
❖ The Lucknow Pact was an extremely important event in the history of India
as it was the first instance of Hindu-Muslim political cooperation and unity.
❖ The pact was signed in the December of 1916 in the city of Lucknow after
a joint session of AIML & INC.
❖ Due to this pact the Hindus and Muslims cooperated for many years to
come and applied a lot of pressure on the British together.
2. Jinnah’s Efforts:
❖ Jinnah understood the need for unity and since he was an idealist, he
believed it was better for India if the Muslims and Hindus cooperated.
❖ Since the Hindus were a majority and more politically aware they could
help the Muslims to get their rights because a joint demand would put
more pressure on the British.
❖ If the two communities worked together and demanded self-rule, there
was a better chance of success.
3. Reversal of Partition of Bengal: (Important)
❖ The British promised that this would not happen but when they could not
sustain Hindu pressure the reversed the partition.
❖ Muslims got disappointed and lost their trust in the British because they
had remained loyal throughout.
❖ The British gave importance to the Hindus (Majority), so the Muslims
realized the need to change their strategy and join hands with the INC.
4. Anti-Muslim International Policies:
❖ The Muslims were disappointed by the unilateral policies of the British e.g.,
supporting Balkan States during the Balkan War, maltreatment of Muslim
soldiers, and interference in Persia and Afghanistan.
❖ The Muslims took this personally and felt that British policies were anti-
Muslim in general.
❖ This was a disappointment for the Muslims and decided to into an
agreement with the INC.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree that the Reversal of the Partition of Bengal was the only factor
leading to the signing of the Lucknow Pact because there were other
important factors.
❖ First was the Muslim belief that the British were against the Muslims
because of their Anti-Muslim National and International Policies.
❖ Also, it was because of Jinnah’s tireless efforts that this pact was signed
due to his understanding of the need for unity.

D. Montagu Chelmsford Reforms:

(b) 7 Mark Questions:
A1
1. Dissatisfaction with the Minto-Morley Reforms:
❖ the Minto-Morley reforms only gave the Indians advisory powers.
❖ For this reason, the Indians wanted more representation in the governance
of their country.
❖ This reason convinced the British that there was a need for more reforms
so that the Indians would get more representation and calm down.
2. Please/Placate Indians after WW1:
❖ Many Indians had fought with the British in World War 1 and expected a
reward for their contributions.
❖ More than a million Indians enlisted in the army and thousands even gave
their lives fighting for the British.
❖ The Indians thought that after this help the British would surely reward the
Indians for their loyalty by giving them more power.
3. The Liberal Party’s Policies:
❖ Edwin Montagu (he was responsible for bringing these reforms) was part
of the liberal party and when there was a liberal government, they would
bring reforms.
❖ This was because they were light on the Indians, and they wanted to pacify
the Indians by bringing reforms granting them concessions.
❖ This would make the Indians settle down.
A2
1. Introduction of Diarchy in Provinces:
❖ Under this system the areas of responsibility were divided into ‘Reserved’
and ‘Transferred’ subjects.
❖ The reserved subjects were more important and were controlled by the
Provincial Governor.
❖ The transferred subjects were less important and were given to Ministers
who were chosen by the Viceroy. This didn’t please the Indians as the
Viceroy still had most of the power.
2. High Indian Expectations:
❖ The Indians had expected much greater concessions which they did not
get.
❖ They had fought with the British in the war and had helped them greatly,
but they were disappointed by these reforms.
❖ Only a few moderates supported the Mont-Ford Reforms, and they were
soon excluded from the INC party.
3. Rowlatt Act & Amritsar Massacre:
❖ The British had expected these reforms to be welcomed with enthusiasm,
but they were greatly mistaken.
❖ The British took strong and effective action against this opposition and
introduced the Rowlatt Act which allowed arrest without warrant,
detention without bail, and the right to order people where to live.
❖ Protests erupted and led to the Amritsar Massacre where British troops
under General Dyer fired upon a crowd and killed 400 people.
(c) 14 Mark Questions:
A1
1. Introduction:
❖ The years between 1909 and 1919 were filled with many important events.
❖ E.g., The reversal of the POB, the Home Rule Leagues, the Rowlatt Act, the
Amritsar Massacre, and the beginning of the Khilafat Movement.
❖ The most important political events were the Minto-Morley Reforms, the
Lucknow Pact, and the Mont-Ford Reforms.
2. Mont-Ford Reforms:
❖ Another very important political event was the Mont-Ford Reforms and its
following consequences.
❖ These reforms granted the Indians some real power for the first time
through the system of Diarchy.
❖ Indian protests against these reforms resulted in far-reaching
consequences i.e., the Rowlatt Act and the Amritsar Massacre.
3. Minto-Morley Reforms:
❖ These reforms were very important as they were the start of the British
pattern of introducing reforms every 10 years.
❖ These reforms were very important for the Muslims as this was the first
time that separate electorates were accepted by the British.
❖ One of the most important things was that the Indians who were on the
councils gained valuable experience which was to be of vital importance
later.
4. Lucknow Pact:
❖ The Lucknow Pact held an important status because both the Muslims and
the Hindus united and came to a compromise after signing the pact.
❖ The Congress party accepted the Muslims as a separate Nation and the
AIML as its representatives.
❖ The most important fact was that Congress granted concessions like
accepting the Muslims rights to separate electorates.
5. Conclusion:
❖ I disagree because I believe that the Lucknow Pact was the most important
development between 1909-1919.
❖ It united the Muslims and Hindus which resulted in them putting stronger
pressure on the British.
❖ They were now on 1 platform and could demand self-rule together.
E. Hindu Movements:
(b) 7 Mark Questions:

(c) 14 Mark Questions: