Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mew.r-6 2010
Mew.r-6 2010
CODE OF PRACTICE
MEW/R-6/2010
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List of Tables
1. Scopes of the Old and the Revised Versions of Kuwait’s Code of Practice
for Energy Conservation ………………………………………………….. 3
2. Classification of Building Construction …………………………………... 5
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Building and Energy Department at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research would like to express its gratitude to the following people from the Ministry
of Electricity and Water for their dedicated support in providing necessary
information and eradicating difficulties for the KISR team to complete this report.
They are:
From the Technical Services Sector:
Engr. Abdulhamid Qambar / Director of Design and Supervision Dept.
Engr.Nahida Abdulla Dashti / Director of Planning and follow-up Department.
Engr. Pulliyattu Chacko George / Chief Specialist Engineer (Mechanical).
Engr. Ahmad Al-Sahhaf / Senior HVAC Engineer.
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I. INTRODUCTION
A significant portion of the world’s oil and other fossil fuel resources is
consumed in comfort conditioning of buildings. Kuwait, where air-conditioning
(A/C) is a must for all types of buildings, is no exception. In Kuwait, A/C accounts
for 70% of the electricity annual peak load and 45% of yearly electricity consumption.
More importantly, it accounts for over 20% of fossil fuel consumption, with fossil
fuel being the country’s only natural resource and sole source of revenue.
Minimum requirements for efficient energy use in buildings have been
enforced by the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) sector for all new and
retrofitted buildings since 1983, through an Energy Conservation Code of Practice
which was prepared in accordance with the decision taken by The Council of
Ministers in its session 18/80 dated April 20, 1980, that takes into consideration the
fact that consumers pay only a fraction (5 to10%) of actual cost of power and energy.
The 1983 code specifies minimum thermal resistance for walls and roofs, size
and quality for glazing, fresh air requirements, and performance standards for A/C
systems. More importantly, the code fixes the maximum allowable power for the A/C
and lighting systems of buildings based on the application, area and type of A/C
system.
By implementing the code, buildings need 40% less cooling, and more than
40% less peak power and annual energy. It is estimated that implementation of the
code, until 2005, resulted in over 2,530 MW savings of peak power, 1.26 million RT
of cooling capacity, and nearly 131 million barrels of fuel. The estimated cost of
these benefits is well over KD2.25 billion, in addition to the release of over 55 million
metric tons of CO2 in Kuwait’s environment.
In 2003, the MEW spent KD160 million for the purchase of a new power
generation plant besides spending over KD300 million more on fuel (at a rate of
KD5/barrel). During the past 2 years, the energy and power demand grew at a rate of
6% per year. If the same trend continues, Kuwait’s peak power demand will reach
27,000 MW in 2025.
The energy conservation code, as legislation, helps foster economic growth
and reduces adverse environmental impacts. The purpose of this revision is to
reassess the efficacy of the 1983 code and make necessary changes to further enhance
the energy efficiency of buildings and to reduce power ratings of A/C systems. The
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power rating is defined as the power required in kilo watts (kW) per unit of cooling
(RT) for A/C systems and their components. This revision of the 1983 code needs to
be viewed in light of the following changes that have come to pass in Kuwait:
Revision in design conditions.
Development of sophisticated building energy simulation programs for
accurate prediction of cooling demands and energy requirements.
Major advances in building envelope construction including insulation and
glazing, and in lighting technology.
Significant improvement in the energy efficiency of A/C hardware and
motors.
Incorporation of site-related features for a variety applications.
Establishment of design features and power ratings for major components of
A/C systems.
Growing concern with regard to indoor air quality (IAQ), resulting in an
increase in ventilation requirements, as per the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards.
A comprehensive comparison of the scopes of the old and the revised version
of the Code of Practice for Energy Conservation is presented in Table 1. The code
has been revised using a multilevel analytical, experimental and field-oriented
research and development (R&D) program that included:
Engineering-economic analysis of passive energy conservation measures and
cooling energy requirements for buildings.
Establishment of power ratings for A/C systems and their major components
using cost-effective energy conservation measures and techniques.
Assessment of operational techniques for A/C systems for power and energy
savings.
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Table 1. Scopes of the Old and the Revised Versions of Kuwait’s Code of
Practice for Energy Conservation.
Limits for U-value, SHGC and Acceptable ranges of U-values, SHGC and
visible transmittance for windows visible transmittance for whole window
were not specified. assemblies are specified for different types of
glazing. (7.2.2 Table 8)
One set of design weather conditions Separate design weather conditions are defined
was specified for the entire state of for Kuwait’s coastal and interior zones. (4.2
Kuwait. Tables 3 & 4)
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II. SCOPE
The revised code provides the minimum energy-efficient requirements for the
design and construction of new buildings and their heating, ventilating and air-
conditioning (HVAC) systems, new portions of buildings and their HVAC systems
and new HVAC systems in existing buildings. Also, criteria are provided for
determining compliance with these requirements. The provisions of the revised code
apply to all types of buildings including all single- and multiple-family residences,
commercial buildings, institutional buildings and special buildings. The code shall
not be used to circumvent any safety, health or environmental requirements.
III. DEFINITIONS
3.1 Building
A building is defined as a structure entirely or partially enclosed within
exterior walls, or within exterior and partition walls, and a roof, affording shelter to
persons, animals, or property.
3.2.2 Special buildings. Such buildings include all types of buildings meant for
industrial purposes including commercial warehouses.
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3.3 Building envelope
3.3.1 Wall and roof areas. These are the external surface areas of the building
envelope, measured in square meters or square feet, based on the external dimensions
of walls or roof, as the case may be.
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per unit temperature difference, expressed as W.m/(m 2.K) or Kcal.m/(h.m2.°C)
or Btu.in/(h.ft2.°F).
Thermal resistance of a material: This is the inverse of the thermal
conductivity of a material, expressed as (m 2.K)/W.m or (h.m2.°C)/Kcal.m or
(h.ft2.°F)/Btu.in.
3.3.3 Shaded construction. All types of shading devices (passive) that form a part
and parcel of a building’s construction are considered to comprise shaded
construction.
3.3.4 Effective on-ground floor heat gain. Effective heat gain from the on-ground
floor of an air-conditioned building is defined as the product of the perimeter or
exposed edge, the heat gain coefficient per unit perimeter and the temperature
difference between the indoor and the outdoor temperatures.
3.3.5 Glazing. Glazing is a part of the fenestration (an opening in the building
envelope), whether fixed or operable, that serves as a physical and/or visual
connection to the outdoors, as well as admitting light. Types of glazing include
different designs and constructions with the intent of minimizing the A/C load by
reducing direct radiation input and/or conduction. Important related definitions are:
Glazed area: This is the total projected area, in square meters or square feet,
of the fenestration, an opening in the building envelope, that serves as a
window or a door. The area measurement includes transparent glazing and
any opaque element comprising the sash and frame.
Shading coefficient (SC): This is a multiplier that adjusts the solar heat gain
value for clear glass to a value for tinted glass. The relationship between the
solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and the SC is defined as SC =
(SHGC)/0.87. The SHGC is the fraction of incident irradiance that enters the
glazing and becomes heat gain. It includes both transmitted and absorbed
irradiance, where the latter is subsequently conducted, convected and radiated
to the interior of the building.
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result of normal use of exterior doors. It is also referred to as air leakage. Another
related term is ex-filtration, which is defined as the leakage of indoor air out of a
building. Both types of leakage, expressed in terms of air-change per hour (ACH),
result from natural or artificial pressure differences. ACH is the ratio of the outdoor
airflow in a building in an hour to its volume.
3.3.8 Recoverable exhaust air for CRU. Recoverable exhaust air is the amount of
exhaust air that can be used for cooling recovery units (CRU). This is calculated as
follows: recoverable exhaust air = total fresh air – air used for pressurization (0.5 *
ACH) – non recoverable exhaust air (exhaust from kitchen, chemical labs and special
applications).
3.4 A/C
3.4.1 Air-conditioned space. This is the air-conditioned area of a building
measured in square meters or square feet. The area, measured using external
dimensions, can be either directly air-conditioned or a contiguous to the air-
conditioned space.
3.4.2 A/C systems. A/C systems are categorized based on the medium of heat
transfer in the condenser and evaporator. Systems covered in the code correspond to
vapor-compression A/C systems.
Air-cooled A/C system: In these systems, heat is rejected to the outside
environment through air, i.e., air-cooled condenser. The cooling transport
medium to the place of use may be either air in a direct expansion (DX)
system or chilled water.
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Water-cooled A/C system. In these systems, heat is rejected to the outside
environment through water, i.e., a water-cooled condenser. The water used
can be potable, brackish from an underground source, or seawater. In re-
circulating water-cooled system, the water is re-circulated normally in a
cooling tower to conserve water. In once-through systems, the cooling water
is used only once, after which it is discharged, as in seawater cooling. The
cooling transport medium to the place of use may be either air (in a DX
system) or chilled water.
Chilled water A/C system: In these systems, cooling is supplied to room air
by chilled water in air-handling units or fan-coil units.
DX A/C system: In these systems, cooling is supplied to room air directly
from refrigerant boiling in a heat exchanger, called an evaporator.
3.4.3 Standby A/C units. These include any units that are operated only during the
failure of main A/C units.
3.4.4 Partial cool storage. This concept stipulates that the cooling production
system (chillers) shall run at full plant capacity for 24 hours of the peak design day.
The capacity of the plant is arrived at by dividing the total design day cooling demand
(RTh) by 24 hours. The capacity of the partial cool storage shall be arrived using the
design day cooling profile.
3.5.1 Peak electrical load for A/C systems. This term refers to the maximum
electrical load on the A/C system which comprise of subsystems for cooling
production excluding standby units, cooling distribution, heat rejection and all other
auxiliary equipment.
3.5.2 Peak Electrical Load for Cooling Production Subsystems. This term refers
to the maximum electrical load of the cooling production subsystem which comprise
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of the chiller equipment, the heat rejection subsystem and accompanying auxiliary
equipment.
3.5.3 Peak electrical load for lighting system. This term refers to the maximum
electrical load for lighting system of air-conditioned buildings.
3.5.4 Total peak electrical load for buildings. This term refers to the maximum
electrical load of a building which includes the A/C system, internal lighting system
and other electrically operated appliances or equipment.
3.6.1 Peak power density of an A/C system. This is the ratio of the total electrical
load of the A/C system, as defined for ‘peak electrical load for A/C systems’
expressed as watts to the air-conditioned area of the building as defined for ‘air-
conditioned space’ expressed as square meters.
3.6.2 Peak power density of lighting system. This is the ratio of the total electrical
load of a building’s lighting fixtures, inclusive of associated losses, as defined for
‘peak electrical load for lighting system’ expressed as watts, to the air-conditioned
area of the building as defined for ‘air-conditioned space’, expressed as square meters.
3.6.3 Peak Power Density of a Building. This is the ratio of the total electrical
load of the building, as defined for ‘total peak electrical load for buildings’ expressed
as watts to the air-conditioned area of the building as defined for ‘air-conditioned
space’ expressed as square meters.
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3.7.1 Power rating of chiller (PRCHIL). This term refers to the chiller of a vapor-
compression A/C system.
3.7.2 Power rating of cooling tower fan (PR CTF). This term refers to the cooling
tower fan of a vapor-compression A/C system with a water-cooled condenser.
3.7.3 Power rating of condenser water pump (PRCW). This term refers to the
condenser water pump of a vapor-compression A/C system with a water-cooled
condenser.
3.7.4 Power rating of chilled water pump (PRCHW). This term refers to the
chilled water pumps of an A/C system.
3.7.5 Power rating of air-handling system (PR AH). This term refers to the air-
handing system of an A/C system.
3.7.6 Power rating of total A/C system (PRT). This term refers to the total A/C
system.
Kuwait’s meteorological data over the past several years show an appreciable
difference in weather conditions in the coastal and the interior zones, particularly
during the summer season. Coastal zone experience hot and humid conditions,
whereas the interior zone is hot and dry. It is imperative that the A/C plant capacity
for a building be accurately determined to conserve power and energy, and to provide
a comfortable indoor environment throughout the summer. Over sizing leads to
higher initial investments and greater energy consumption by auxiliaries such as
pumps and fans, while under sizing results in discomfort during the peak summer
season. It is for this reason that separate sets of recommendations are made for the
coastal (i.e., within 2.5 kilometers of the coastline) and interior zones:
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4.1 TMY
To estimate the peak cooling demand and the annual cooling and electrical
energy requirements, it is essential to generate hourly data profiles for parameters that
significantly affect the hour-to-hour cooling and/or heating demand of the building.
These parameters are the dry-bulb temperature (DBT), wet-bulb temperature (WBT),
wind speed and global solar radiation. Two typical meteorological years (TMYs)
listing the hourly values for these parameters for the coastal and the interior zones are
provided electronically.
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Table 4. Design Conditions for Kuwait’s Coastal Zone.
Any transient analysis computer software that considers the thermal mass of
the building envelope, the hourly values of the outdoor temperatures, solar radiation
and other weather parameters can be used to estimate peak-day load demand and
annual cooling energy. Some of the currently used methods are DOE-2b, ESP-r and
Carrier’s E-II-20.
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Table 5. Kuwait’s Hourly Design Day Temperatures.
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VI. BASIC ENERGY CONSERVATION REQUIREMENTS
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Mini-split and window units shall not be used for areas if the W/m 2 exceeds the
maximum allowable limit. Exceptions can be made for drivers room, maids room
and kitchens in villas and stand-alone guard rooms for other projects.
Residential
- Villa 10 60 71 53 46 44
- Apartment 10 60 71 53 46 44
Clinic 20 85 100 75 65 63
Mosque
- prayer area 20 115 135 101 88 85
Fast food
restaurant
- Stand-alone 20 145 171 128 111 107
- In a mall 20 120 141 106 92 88
Office 20 70 82 62 54 51
Shopping mall 40 70 82 62 54 51
Stand alone 40 80 94 71 61 59
shops
Community
hall, dinning
hall, theatre 20 115 135 101 88 85
Show room 40 115 135 101 88 85
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VII. MINIMUM REQUIRED ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR
BUILDINGS
7.1 Introduction
In order to meet the ‘Basic Energy Conservation Requirements’, the code
stipulates that certain minimum standards for energy conservation measures be
adhered to. These standards may or may not guarantee that a given building will meet
the Basic Energy Conservation Requirements described herein. The building designer
always has the option of going beyond these minimum standards or using other
recommended measures or any other additional measures approved for application in
Kuwait. No relaxation shall be made in applying the values specified in this section,
and these measures should, therefore, be considered mandatory.
7.2.2 Fenestration
Maximum glazing requirements: Maximum allowable window-to-wall ratio
in each direction for specific glazing type and quality, such as U-value and
SHGC, are given Table 8.
Windows: All windows should have a thermal break between metallic frame
and glazing.
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Table 7. Maximum Allowable U-values for Different Types of Walls and Roofs.
7.3 Ventilation
Unless otherwise mentioned, all residential- and commercial-sector buildings
shall have a minimum ventilation rate of 0.50 ACH for pressurization. This is likely
to maintain a positive pressure of 20 to 50 Pa in buildings of good construction
quality. The ventilation rate should be the higher of the two following values:
0.50 ACH for pressurization + exhaust air from kitchens, toilets and other
areas.
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Recommended air quantity per person or floor area as per ASHRAE Standard
62. (Table 9). Latest ASHRAE standard shall be considered.
7.4.2 Windows and doors. All window and exterior doors shall be properly sealed
and weather-stripped. All cracks should be sealed with caulking or similar materials.
Positive pressure inside buildings should be maintained by the air-handling system to
minimize air and dust infiltration.
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Table 9. Outdoor Air Requirements for Ventilation of Some Common
Applications in Accordance with ASHRAE Standard 62-2001.
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Table 9.
(continued)
Outdoor Air Requirement
Occupancy/
Applicatio Occupancy Related Area Related
n 100 m2
CFM/person l/(s.person) CFM/ft2 l/(s.m2)
Hospital
- Patient room 10 25 13 - -
- Operating room 20 30 15 - -
- ICU and 20 15 8 - -
recovery room
Garage and
Warehouses
- Enclosed - - - 1.5 7.5
parking
- Auto repair - - - 1.5 7.5
room
- Warehouse 5 - - 0.05 0.25
- Factory - - - 0.10 0.50
Sports and
Amusement
- Spectator area 150 15 8 - -
- Game room 70 25 13 - -
- Swimming pool - - - 0.5 2.5
(and deck area)
- Gymnasium 30 20 10 - -
- Ballroom 100 25 13 - -
- Bowling alley 75 25 13 - -
ASHRAE = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers;
ICU=intensive care unit; ACH = air-change per hour; CFM=cubic feet per minute
* Only for general guidelines.
**Continuous minimum exhaust: 5 ACH.
***Continuous minimum exhaust: 2 ACH or 20 CFM (10 l/s), whichever is greater.
7.4.3 Building and shop entrances. Except for residential buildings, all exterior
entrances of buildings and shops shall be double- or revolving-doors, with both
entrance doors closing automatically after use.
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7.4.4 Seals and weather stripping. All exterior doors and windows shall be
properly sealed and weather-stripped to cut infiltration to a minimum.
7.4.5 Exhaust fans. All exhaust fans shall have dampers, which will automatically
shut when fans are not in use.
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Table 10. Maximum Power Rating for Different Types of A/C Systems and their
Components.
System Power Rating (kW/RT)
Type Capacity PRCHIL PRCTF PRCW PRCHW PRAH PRT
(RT)
Ducted split
and packaged All 1.70
units
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8.5 Use of partial cool storage (chilled water storage)
Buildings with part-day occupancy pattern and chilled water systems serving
building’s peak load of 100 RT or above, partial cool storage is mandatory. Some
examples of buildings with part-day occupancy are: commercial offices, community
centers, schools, public offices, banks, games and sports centers, gymnasiums, clubs
etc.
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Regardless of the weather conditions or the load on the cooling tower, the
temperature of water leaving the cooling tower should be kept fixed at the
design value.
Regardless the number of chillers in operation, all the cooling towers,
including the standby, with their fans in operation should be used sharing the
water from the common header.
Single temperature sensor should regulate all the VSDs, thus ensuring similar
speed for all the fans.
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(b) Computer methods
- All computer methods which utilize ASHRAE-certified computation
routines.
- Kuwait Energy Simulation of Buildings (KESB) used by Kuwait Institute
for Scientific Research.
- In computer methods, detailed weather data shall be obtained from certified
government sources.
10.1 Limits.
This code of practice limits the following:
(a) Maximum w/m2 for various types of buildings and A/C systems.
(b) Maximum w/m2 for internal lighting for various types of buildings.
(c) Maximum kW/RT for various types of A/C equipment and systems.
(d) Minimum power factor for certain equipment and appliances.
(e) Maximum overall U-values for walls and roofs.
(f) Maximum percentage of glazed areas by type of glazing.
10.2.1 Architects
No design submittal is required for approval by MEW at the design stage.
However, the architect (consulting office) is responsible for ensuring the following:
1. The overall U-value for walls and roof are within the maximum permitted
values.
2. The type of glazing used shall ensure the values specified in Table 8 of R-6.
3. All exposed floors, columns and beams are insulated as specified in R-6.
If any of the above measures can not be achieved due to design constraints, the
architect (consulting office) shall take prior approval of the MEW before tendering
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the project. For this purpose the architect (consulting office) shall make a detailed
design submittal justifying the reasons for non-adherence to the code.
If any of the above regulations cannot be fully complied with due to design
constraints, the electrical design engineer (consulting office) shall take the prior
approval of the MEW before tendering the project. For this purpose the engineer
(consulting office) shall make a detailed design submittal justifying the reasons for
non-adherence to the code. Furthermore, consulting office shall obtain an official
written confirmation of power availability from MEW before tendering the
project.
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As mentioned above, no submittals are required by MEW at the design stage if
the designers fully comply with the relevant regulations of the Ministry. However,
the HVAC contractor shall submit the documents mentioned below to confirm that the
Ministry’s regulations are fully complied with, before commencement of any
project and before ordering any HVAC equipment.
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(i) Drop of beams from bottom of roof slab.
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necessary corrective measures as recommended by MEW are taken and the building
re-inspected, and all HVAC equipment & material.
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XII. APPENDIX –A
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12.1.2 Package units and ducted splits:
All units have air-cooled condensers.
ESP does not include the pressure drop in air filters. The expected ESPs for
different package-unit and ducted-split capacities are specified in the Table 13.
It is advised not to round these figures to exact values, as it may not be
practically possible.
Table 13. Expected ESP for Package Units and Ducted Splits.
Cooling
Package Unit Ducted-Split Unit
Capacity
(RTs) Pa Water (in) Pa Water (in)
0-5 150 0.6 75 0.3
5-10 200 0.8 150 0.6
10-15 250 1.0 200 0.8
≥15 350 1.4 350 1.4
ESP = external static pressure; RT = refrigeration tons; Pa = Pascal; in = inches
Airflow through the evaporator is close to 236 l/(s.RT) (500 cfm/RT) for the
actual cooling capacity of system under Kuwait’s conditions.
The cooling capacity of equipment, based on catalogue information is gross
cooling not sensible cooling.
Fan motor efficiency for different motor powers as in Table 14.
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The ESP can be as low as 50 Pa (i.e., 0.2 in of water).
Airflow through the evaporator is close to 236 l/(s.RT) (500 cfm/RT) for the
actual cooling capacity of a system under Kuwait’s conditions.
The cooling capacity of the equipment based on the catalogue information is
gross cooling, not sensible cooling.
Fan motor efficiency for different motor powers is as in Table 14.
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12.1.5 Central chilled-water systems with water-cooled condensers:
Design ambient temperature for the selection of this equipment is 32°C
(89.6°F) WBT.
Cooling water at 34.4°C (94°F) from a cooling tower.
Water temperature rise across the condenser is 5.56°C (10°F).
Water temperature at the chiller outlet is 6.67°C (44°F).
Temperature drop of chilled water across the cooler is 5.56°C (10°F).
Water flow rate through the condenser is 0.186 l/(s.RT) (3 USGPM/RT).
Allowable pressure drop across condenser is 5-6 m (16.4-19.7 ft) of water for
a water flow rate corresponding to a temperature rise of 5.56°C (10°F).
Allowable pressure drop across the cooler or evaporator is 5-6 m (16.4-19.7 ft)
of water for a water flow rate 0.15 l/s.RT (2.4 USGPM/RT).
Fouling factors for the evaporator and condenser are 0.00025 (ft2.h.°F) /Btu
(0.000044 (m2.°C)/W) and 0.00075 (ft2.h.°F)/Btu (0.000132 (m2.°C)/W),
respectively.
Maximum power rating for the condenser water pump, based on a maximum
pump head of 21.3 m (70 ft) of water (Table 16), pump efficiency of 70% and
motor efficiency 90% is 0.062 k W/RT.
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Maximum power rating for the chilled water pump, based on a maximum
pump head of 25.9 m (85 ft) of water (Table 15), pump efficiency of 70% and
motor efficiency 90%, is 0.061 kW/RT.
Maximum power rating for the air distribution system, based on a minimum
airflow rate of 188 l/(s.RT) (400 cfm/RT), maximum total static pressure of
1,145 Pa (4.5 in of water), fan efficiency of 70% and motor efficiency of 90%,
is 0.345 kW/RT.
Maximum power rating for the cooling tower fan motor is 0.04 kW/RT. This
is the average of 0.02 - 0.06 kW/RT in the range of 120 – 1,120 RT obtained
from the manufacturer’s catalogue for an approach of 2.77C (Marley, 1995).