Data Resources Management

資訊管理
Management Information Systems

[4] Data Resources Management
呂俊德
德國柏林工業大學經濟與管理博士
國立中央大學企業管理學系副教授
德國慕尼黑應用科技大學 Honorary Fellow
本教材著作權為授課教師所有,
如有引用全部或部分內容, 務必註明出處呂俊德博士
1) Introductory cases
2) Concept of management information
Systems
3) IT Infrastructure in the Business
4) Data resources management
5) Information systems in the business
6) Enterprise information systems
7) SCM and CRM systems
8) E-Commerce systems
9) Information systems for decision supports and
knowledge management
10) Artificial Intelligence and its application
11) Building information systems in business
課程進行方式
 理論的完整講授。
 用案例來進行理解。
 分組: 每組至多5人。
成績評定方式
 期中考筆試(20%) 日期: 4月21日. 09:00
 期末考筆試(30%) 日期: 6月2日. 09:00
 平時成績(50%) : 隨堂考試，作業，課堂報告，課程參與
References Books
Text book:
Management Information Systems. K. E. Lauden and J. P. Lauden, 17
ed. Pearson Education Inc., 2022
References books
1. Introduction to Information Systems. J. O’Brien and G. M. Marakas, 16 ed. McGraw-
Hill Inc., 2012.
2. Informationsmanagement. H. Krcmar, Springer-Verlag, 2015.
3. Grundzüge der Wirtschaftsinformatik. P. Mertens and Springer-Verlag, 12ed. 2017.
4. Experiencing MIS, D. M. Kroenke and R. J. Boyle, 7th. Ed., Pearson education limited,
2017.
5. Managing & Using Information Systems: A Strategic Approach. K. E. Pearlson and C.
S. Saunders, 6ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016.
6. Informationsmanagement. S. Voss and K. Gutenschwager, Springer-Verlag, 2007.
7. Corporate Information Strategy and Management: Text and Cases. L.M. Applegate,
R.D. Austin and D.L. Soule, 8ed. McGraw-Hill, 2009
8. Accounting Information Systems. U. J. Gelinas and S. G. Sutton, 10ed. Thomas
Learning, 2015.
9. Database Systems. R. Elmasri and S. B. Navathe, 6ed. Pearson, 2011
10. Enterprise Resource Planning: Architectur, Funktionen and Management von ERP-
Systemen. N. Gronau, 2ed. Springer-Verlag, 2010.
11. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. S. Russell and P. Norvig, 3rd. ed. Pearson
Education Inc., 2016
如有引用全部或部分內容, 務必註明出處 P. 4 呂俊德博士
授課師資介紹
呂俊德博士，現任國立中央大學企業管理學系副教授(2017-2020 為系主任)，德國柏
林工業大學經濟與工程博士，主修工業與運籌管理、工業資訊系統。返國前任職于德國英飛淩
半導體的營運管理總部，期間幷受聘於德國國家 Fraunhofer 工業研究院，參與 AMD、ZEISS
等多家國際知名企業之工業運籌體系規劃專案。
2016年起，呂博士獲聘為德國慕尼黑應用科技大學之 Honorary Fellow，定期於德國開授工業

與資訊管理相關課程，幷且以「工業4.0」及「大中華地區的製造與運籌模式」爲題，進行台德
雙方⾧期的産學合作研究。同年，呂博士獲聘加入德國英飛淩半導體的研究專家團隊，以專案
研究方式與德國的産業界持續進行實質的合作。2018年起，呂博士獲聘爲香港大學中國商業學
院的客席教授，講授「數字化轉型與企業戰略」課程。
「應用導向的學術研究」爲呂博士承習自德國的風格。歷年來曾接受經建會、海巡署等機構委
託，分別完成桃園航空自由貿易港區、海巡後勤整合等多項前瞻性規劃專案，幷且接受多家台
灣自有國際品牌製造業、連鎖型服務業、金融事業委託，對管理模式改進與流程再造進行輔導
。亦曾與數家醫院進行産學合作，將創新管理模式結合 SAP資訊方案應用於醫療產業。
呂博士現爲國家文官培訓院授課師資，亦定期受邀於資訊工業策進會等法人組織、公民營企業
、專業團體、大陸企業與醫院等，講授「工業4.0」、「工業與運籌管理」及「企業流程與組織
再造」等相關專業課程。其産學合作研究成果發表於國內外諸多專業期刊。
Data-Information-Knowledge
Knowledge
Information
Data
P. 6 Prof. Dr. Jun-Der Leu
The discipline:
Management
Information
Systems
Business
Information
Management
Technology
Social Science
Teubner (1999), Mertens et al. (1998), Schwarze (1997)

Applying IT in the business
(Lauden and Lauden, 2004)

資料庫的觀念
本教材未經作者書面授權，不得將全部或部份內容，
以任何形式轉載
如有引用全部或部分內容 , 務必註明出處
, 或使用於其它用途
P.9 呂俊德博士
[Def.] Data Resource Management
A managerial activity that applies

information systems technologies to
the task of managing an
organization’s data resources to meet
the information needs of their business
stakeholders

ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

Prof. Dr. Jun-Der Leu
Foundation Data Concepts
• Character – single alphabetic, numeric or other
symbol
• Field – group of related characters
• Record – person, place, object or event
• Attribute – characteristic of an entity
• Record – collection of attributes that describe an
entity
• File – group of related records
• Database – integrated collection of logically
related data elements

DATA in a Traditional File Environment

Problems with the Traditional File
Environment
Data redundancy
Program-Data dependence
Lack of flexibility
Poor security
Lack of data-sharing and availability
Lack of data integration
(data stored in separate files require special
programs for output making ad hoc reporting
difficult)

The concept of Database Management
System (DBMS)
Creates and maintains databases
Eliminates requirement for data definition

statements
Acts as interface between application programs

and physical data files
Separates logical and physical views of data

The Database Approach to Data Management

Key elements in a database environment:
Data Administration
Data Planning and Modeling Methodology
Database Technology and Management

Users

Components of DBMS
Data definition language:
Specifies content and structure of
database and defines each data element
Data manipulation language:

Manipulates data in a database
Data dictionary:
Stores definitions of data elements, and
data characteristics

資料庫中的資料模型
P.20 呂俊德博士
Database Structures
• Common database structures…
Relational
Hierarchical
Network
Object-oriented
Multi-dimensional
5-21
Relational Structure
• Most widely used structure

– Data elements are stored in tables
– Row represents a record; column is a field
– Can relate data in one file with data in another,
if both files share a common data element
5-22
Relational DBMS (Database Management Systems)
• Represents data as two-dimensional tables

called relations
• Relates data across tables based on
common data element
• Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server

Relational Operations
• Select
– Create a subset of records that meet a stated
criterion
• Example: employees earning more than $30,000
• Join
– Combine two or more tables temporarily
– Looks like one big table
• Project
– Create a subset of columns in a table
5-24
Relation

Insert operation

Delete operation

Update operation

Select operation

Project operation

Join operation

Union operation

Intersection operation

Difference operation

THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT

Hierarchical DBMS
• Organizes data in a tree-like structure
• Supports one-to-many parent-child
relationships
• Prevalent in large legacy systems

Hierarchical Structure
– Early DBMS structure
– Records arranged in tree-like structure
– Relationships are one-to-many
5-38
Network DBMS
• Depicts data logically as many-to-many

relationships

Network Structure
– Used in some mainframe DBMS
packages
– Many-to-many relationships
5-40
Disadvantages
• Outdated
• Less flexible compared to RDBMS
• Lack support for ad-hoc and English

language-like queries

Multidimensional Structure
• Variation of relational model
– Uses multidimensional structures to
organize data
– Data elements are viewed as being in cubes
– Popular for analytical databases that support Online
Analytical Processing (OLAP)
5-42
Multidimensional Structure
5-43
Object-Oriented Structure
• An object consists of
– Data values describing the attributes of an
entity
– Operations that can be performed on the
data
• Encapsulation
– Combine data and operations
• Inheritance
– New objects can be created by
replicating some or all of the
characteristics of parent objects
5-44
Source: Adapted from Ivar Jacobsen, Maria Ericsson, and Ageneta Jacobsen, The Object Advantage: Business Process
Reengineering with Object Technology (New York: ACM Press, 1995), p. 65.
Copyright @ 1995, Association for Computing Machinery. By permission.
5-45
• Used in object-oriented database
management systems (OODBMS)
• Supports complex data types more
efficiently than relational databases
– Examples: graphic images, video clips,
web pages
5-46
Evaluation of Database Structures
• Hierarchical
– Works for structured, routine transactions
– Can’t handle many-to-many relationship
• Network
– More flexible than hierarchical
– Unable to handle ad hoc requests
• Relational
– Easily responds to ad hoc requests
– Easier to work with and maintain
– Not as efficient/quick as hierarchical or network
5-47
Types of Databases
1. Centralized database
• Used by single central processor or multiple
processors in client/server network
2. Distributed database
Stored in more than one physical location
• 2.1 Partitioned database

• 2.2 Duplicated database

Distributed Databases

• Distributed databases are copies or parts of
databases stored on servers at multiple locations
– Improves database performance at worksites
• Advantages
– Protection of valuable data
– Data can be distributed into smaller databases
– Each location has control of its local data
– All locations can access any data, any where
• Disadvantages
– Maintaining data accuracy
5-50
• Partitioned DB
– Look at each distributed database and
find changes
– Apply changes to each distributed
database
– Very complex
• Duplicate DB
– One database is master
– Duplicate the master after hours, in all
locations
– Easier to accomplish
5-51
External Databases
• Databases available for a fee from
commercial online services, or free
from the Web
– Examples: hypermedia databases,
statistical databases, bibliographic and
full text databases
– Search engines like Google or Yahoo are
external databases
5-52
Components of Web-Based System
5-53
資料倉儲
Data Warehouse
Definition:
• Large database that stores data that
have been extracted from the various
operational, external, and other
databases of an organization

Using Databases to Improve Business Performance and Decision Making
Data Warehouses
Data warehouse
• Database that stores current and historical data
that may be of interest to decision makers
• Consolidates and standardizes data from many
systems, operational and transactional databases
• Data can be accessed but not altered
Data mart
• Subset of data warehouses that is highly focused
and isolated for a specific population of users

Components of a Data Warehouse
The data warehouse extracts current and

historical data from multiple operational
systems inside the organization. These data are
combined with data from external sources and
reorganized into a central database designed for
management reporting and analysis. The
information directory provides users with
information about the data available in the
warehouse.

Business Intelligence, Multidimensional Data

Analysis, and Data Mining
Business intelligence: Tools for consolidating,

analyzing, and providing access to large amounts
of data to improve decision making
• Software for database reporting and querying
• Tools for multidimensional data analysis (online
analytical processing)
• Data mining

Business Intelligence
A series of analytical tools works with data

stored in databases to find patterns and
insights for helping managers and employees
make better decisions to improve organizational
performance.
Figure 5-13

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
• Supports multidimensional data analysis, enabling

users to view the same data in different ways
using multiple dimensions
• Each aspect of information—product, pricing, cost,
region, or time period—represents a different dimension
• E.g. Comparing sales in East in June vs. May and July
• Enables users to obtain online answers to ad hoc

questions such as these in a fairly rapid amount of
time

Multidimensional Data Model
Figure 5-14
The view that is showing is product versus
region. If you rotate the cube 90 degrees, the
face that will show is product versus actual and
projected sales. If you rotate the cube 90
degrees again, you will see region versus actual
and projected sales. Other views are possible.

資料探勘
Data Mining
• Finds hidden patterns and relationships in large
databases and infers rules from them to predict future
behavior
• Types of information obtainable from data mining
Associations: Occurrences linked to single event
Sequences: Events linked over time
Classifications: Patterns describing a group an
item belongs to
Clusters: Discovering as yet unclassified groupings
Forecasting: Uses series of values to forecast future
values

Data Mining
• One popular use of data mining: Analyzing patterns in
customer data for one-to-one marketing campaigns or
for identifying profitable customers
• Predictive analysis:
• Uses data mining techniques, historical data, and
assumptions about future conditions to predict
outcomes of events, such as the probability a
customer will respond to an offer or purchase a
specific product
• Data mining vs. privacy concerns
• Used to create detailed data image about each

individual

Databases and the Web

• Firms use the Web to make information from their
internal databases available to customers and
partners
• Middleware and other software make this possible
• Web server
• Application servers or CGI
• Database server
• Web interfaces provide familiarity to users and
savings over redesigning and rebuilding legacy
systems

[作業題]
請問 FamilyMart 的資料庫系統, 宜採用下列哪
㇐種架構? (A) Centralized, (B) Partitioned
database, (C) Duplicate database。請說明你
的答案與理由。

大數據 BIG-DATA
Is Big-Data a Joke?
Dan Ariely, Duke University
Big data is like teenage sex: everyone
talks about it, nobody really knows how to
do it, everyone thinks everyone else is
doing it, so everyone claims they are
doing it...

Concept of Big-Data
Velocity
Volume
Variety
(Chen and Zhang, 2014)
The increase of data size has surpassed the capabilities of computation
Big Data is a collection of very huge data sets with a great diversity of types
so that it becomes difficult to process by using state-of-the-art data
processing approached or traditional data processing platform.
P.
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70 Prof. Dr. Jun-Der Leu
Theory and Techniques for
the Big-Data Processing
Big-Data must be
processed efficiently with
limit run times.
Data-Center
Parallel Computing (Multiple core CPUs)

Distributed storage
In-Memory Computing
Column-oriented Data Processing

vs. Row-oriented data processing
P.
P. 71
In-Memory Computation

Row-oriented Column-oriented
Data Processing Data Processing
Column-oriented Data Processing
P.
P. 73
Techniques for Big-Data Analysis
Chen and Zhang (2014), Information Science 275, pp.314-347
P.
P. 74
: Business Intelligence
• Tools for consolidating, analyzing, and providing access to
vast amounts of data to help users make better business
decisions
• Principle tools include:
• Software for database query and reporting
• Online analytical processing (OLAP)
• Data mining
P.
P. 75
: Business Intelligence
• Online analytical processing (OLAP)
• Supports multidimensional data analysis
• Viewing data using multiple dimensions
• Each aspect of information (product, pricing, cost, region, time
period) is different dimension
E.g., how many washers sold in East in June compared with
other regions?
• OLAP enables rapid, online answers to ad hoc queries
Multidimensional Data Model
P.
P. 76
Data-Mining
Text-Mining
Graph-Mining
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P. 77
Text Mining

• More discovery driven than OLAP
• Finds hidden patterns, relationships in large databases and infers
rules to predict future behavior
E.g., Finding patterns in customer data for one-to-one marketing
campaigns or to identify profitable customers.
• Types of information obtainable from data mining
Associations
Sequences
Classification
Clustering
Forecasting
P.
P. 79
P.
P. 80
: Forecasting
P.
P. 81
: Classification
P.
P. 82
Associations
Sequences
Classification
Clustering
Forecasting
P.
P. 83
Software Tools for Big-Data Analysis
IBM-SPSS Modeler
Apache Hadoop (batch processing)

Batch processing. It is not a real-time approach
Use the Map/Reduce (A technique based on the divide-and-conquer
method)
Hadoop does well in processing large amount of data in parallel.
For the industry with sensors, M2M, real-time response for processing large
amount of stream data is required  stream processing
SAP-HANA (stream processing)
IBM-Bluemix
P.
P. 84
Software Tools for Big-Data Analysis
Apache Spark
Python
Youtube, Google, NASA 。
R
Google, Facebook, Pfizer, Merck & Co., Inc., Shell, etc.
Apache mahout (batch processing)

Apache drill (interactive analysis)
Dryad (batch processing; based on data-flow graph
processing)
Pentaho (batch processing)
P.
P. 85
Business Chance from the Big-Data
Chen and Zhang (2014), Information Science 275, pp.314-347
P.
P. 86
資料的有效管理
Managing Data Resources
 Establishing an information policy
• Firm’s rules, procedures, roles for sharing, managing,
standardizing data
• E.g., What employees are responsible for updating
sensitive employee information
• Data administration: Firm function responsible for specific
policies and procedures to manage data
• Data governance: Policies and processes for managing
availability, usability, integrity, and security of enterprise data,
especially as it relates to government regulations
• Database administration : Defining, organizing, implementing,
maintaining database; performed by database design and
management group

Ensuring data quality

• More than 25% of critical data in Fortune 1000
company databases are inaccurate or incomplete
• Most data quality problems stem from faulty input
• Before new database in place, need to:
• Identify and correct faulty data
• Establish better routines for editing data once
database in operation

Data quality audit:

• Structured survey of the accuracy and level of
completeness of the data in an information system
• Survey samples from data files, or
• Survey end users for perceptions of quality
Data cleansing
• Software to detect and correct data that are incorrect,
incomplete, improperly formatted, or redundant
• Enforces consistency among different sets of data from
separate information systems

[作業題]
[第㇐題]
請分別各舉㇐個例子, 對下列資料探勘 (Data-
Mining) 的方法進行說明
(A) Classification
(B) Clustering
(C) Associations
(D) Sequences
[第二題]
如何將 Text-Mining 的方法應用在工商業?試舉
㇐例說明你的見解。

Prof. Dr. Jun-Der Leu (呂俊德)

National Central University
Dept. of Business Administration
e-mail: leujunder@g.ncu.edu.tw
Tel & Fax. 886-3-4227151 ext. 66123
如有引用全部或部分內容, 務必註明出處 P. 92 呂俊德博士

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資訊管理

Management Information Systems

2016年起，呂博士獲聘為德國慕尼黑應用科技大學之 Honorary Fellow，定期於德國開授工業

Teubner (1999), Mertens et al. (1998), Schwarze (1997)

P. 7 Prof. Dr. Jun-Der Leu

(Lauden and Lauden, 2004)

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A managerial activity that applies

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Creates and maintains databases

Eliminates requirement for data definition

Acts as interface between application programs

Separates logical and physical views of data

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Data Planning and Modeling Methodology

Database Technology and Management

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Data manipulation language:

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• Most widely used structure

• Represents data as two-dimensional tables

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• Depicts data logically as many-to-many

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• Less flexible compared to RDBMS

• Lack support for ad-hoc and English

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• 2.1 Partitioned database

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Components of a Data Warehouse

The data warehouse extracts current and

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Business Intelligence, Multidimensional Data

Business intelligence: Tools for consolidating,

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A series of analytical tools works with data

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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

• Supports multidimensional data analysis, enabling

• Enables users to obtain online answers to ad hoc

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Multidimensional Data Model

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