Golden Class 10 Science

COLOURED
SCIENCE
(With Objective Type Question Bank)
A Book With a Difference
Based on New NCERT Textbook and CBSE Guidelines
CLASS X
• Basic Concepts with their Descriptions

• Topicwise Questions with Answers
• Solved NCERT Exercises/Intext Questions and Activities
• Includes Previous Years CBSE Questions with Answers
• Practice Exercises for Self Evaluation
R.C. GUPTA
NEELAM DHAND
KANTA ARORA
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS

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PREFACE
Science X has been written strictly as per the latest NCERT textbook and
Examination specifications provided by CBSE for the students of Class X. The text material
has been prepared in line with the latest NCERT textbook and CBSE guidelines.
Special features of the book are:

® It serves both as a help book as well as a textbook.
® It has been written in a lucid style, simple and understandable language.
® The subject matter has been developed according to the syllabus in the form of
questions and answers along with solved numerical problems wherever necessary.
The unsolved problems and exercises have also been classified in a parallel manner.
® Each section deals with problems related to particular physical principle.
® Intext questions and activities are solved at appropriate places.
® The exercises of the NCERT textbook have been solved at the end of each chapter.
® In each chapter short and long questions are arranged to facilitate understanding
of the subject easily.
® Chapterwise Objective type Question Bank with Answers are given for the benefit
of the students.
® Modern Periodic Table in multicolour is given to aid students learning.
We are confident that Science X will be well received by all. Constructive

criticisms and suggestions for further improvement of the book shall be gracefully accepted.
Authors
(iii)
CONTENTS
Preface (iii)
Syllabus (Issued by CBSE) (viiix)
1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS ...................................... 155

Basic Concepts 1
Questions Answers (Topicwise) 2
Multiple Choice Questions (with Answers) 37
Case Based Questions (with Answers) 47
NCERT Textbook Exercises (Solved) 48
Practice Exercises 53
2. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS ................................................................ 56105
Basic Concepts 56
3. METALS AND NON-METALS............................................................106164
Basic Concepts 106
4. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS ....................................................165225
Basic Concepts 165
(v)

VI GOLDEN SCIENCE—X

5. LIFE PROCESSES ...............................................................................226306
Basic Concepts 226
6. CONTROL AND COORDINATION ................................................... 307346
Basic Concepts 307
7. HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE ? .......................................... 347400
Basic Concepts 347
V 8. HEREDITY ............................................................................................401434
Basic Concepts 401
CONTENTS VII
9. LIGHTREFLECTION AND REFRACTION ................................435521

Basic Concepts 435
10. THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD .................. 522562
Basic Concepts 522
11. ELECTRICITY ......................................................................................563628
Basic Concepts 563
12. MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ......................629674
Basic Concepts 629
13. OUR ENVIRONMENT .........................................................................675710
Basic Concepts 675
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SYLLABUS
(Issued by CBSE)
SCIENCE (ClassX)
Marks: 80
Unit No. Unit Marks
I. Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour 25

II. World of Living 25
III. Natural Phenomena 12
IV. Effects of Current 13
V. Natural Resources 07
Total 80
Internal Assessment 20
Grand Total 100
THEME: MATERIALS
Unit I : Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour

Chemical Reactions: Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation, implications of
a balanced chemical equation, types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition,
displacement, double displacement, precipitation, endothermic exothermic reactions, oxidation
and reduction.
Acids, Bases and Salts: Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and OH ions,
General properties, examples and uses, neutralization, concept of pH scale (Definition relating
to logarithm not required), importance of pH in everyday life; preparation and uses of Sodium
Hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, Washing soda and Plaster of Paris.
Metals and Nonmetals: Properties of metals and non-metals; Reactivity series;
Formation and properties of ionic compounds; Basic metallurgical processes; Corrosion and its
prevention.
Carbon Compounds: Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon.
Homologous series. Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups (halogens,
alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes and alkynes), difference between saturated hydrocarbons
and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chemical properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation,
addition and substitution reaction). Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps
and detergents.
(viii)

SYLLABUS IX
THEME: THE WORLD OF THE LIVING
Unit II : World of Living

Life Processes: Living Being. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and
excretion in plants and animals.
Control and Co-ordination in Animals and Plants: Tropic movements in plants;
Introduction of plant hormones; Control and co-ordination in animals; Nervous system;
Voluntary, involuntary and reflex actions; Chemical co-ordination: animal hormones.
Reproduction: Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive
health-need and methods of family planning. Safe sex vs HIV / AIDS. Child bearing and women's
health.
Heredity and Evolution: Heredity; Mendels contribution - Laws for inheritance of
traits: Sex determination: brief introduction: (topics excluded evolution; evolution and
classification and evolution should not be equated with progress).
THEME: NATURAL PHENOMENA

Unit III : Natural Phenomena
Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre of
curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not required),
magnification.
Refraction; Laws of refraction, refractive index.
Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens formula
(Derivation not required); Magnification. Power of a lens.
Functioning of a lens in human eye, Defects of vision and their corrections, Applications
of spherical mirrors and lenses.
Refraction of light through a prism, Dispersion of light, Scattering of light, Applications
in daily life (excluding colour of the sun at sunrise and sunset).
THEME: HOW THINGS WORK

Unit IV: Effects of Current
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohms law; Resistance,
resistivity, Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of
resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of
electric current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I
and R.
Magnetic Effects of Current: Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying
conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor,
Flemings Left-Hand Rule, Direct Current. Alternating current : frequency of AC. Advantage of
AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.
X GOLDEN SCIENCE—X
THEME: NATURAL RESOURCES

Unit V: Natural Resources
Our Environment: Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste
production and their solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.
NOTE FOR THE TEACHERS

1. The chapter Management of Natural Resources (NCERT Chapter 16) will not be
assessed in the year-end examination. However, learners may be assigned to read
this chapter and encouraged to prepare a brief write up to any concept of this chapter
in their Portfolio. This may be for Internal Assessment and credit may be given
Periodic Assessment/Portfolio).
2. The NCERT text books present information in boxes across the book. These help
students to get conceptual clarity. Howeveer, the information in these boxes would
not be assessed in the year-end examination.
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

SCIENCE (ClassX)
Competencies Total
Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding 46 %
Application of Knowledge/Concepts 22 %
Formulate, Analyze, Evaluate and Create 32 %
100 %
Note:
Typology of Questions: VSA including objective type questions, Assertion
Reasoning type questions; SA; LA; Source-based/Case-based/Passage-based/Integrated
assessment questions.
An internal choice of approximately 33% would be provided.
Internal Assessment (20 marks)
Periodic Assessment 05 marks + 05 makrs
Subject Enrichment (Practical Work) 05 marks
Portfilio 05 marks
1
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Syllabus
Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation, Implications of a balanced chemical
equation; Types of chemical reactions : combination, decomposition, displacement,
double displacement, precipitation, endothermic, exothermic reactions, oxidation and
reduction.
BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Chemical reactions taking place are represented by fully balanced chemical equations,
i.e., the number of atoms of each type involved in a reaction are the same on the
reactant and product sides of the chemical equation.
2. A simple equation is balanced by hit and trial method so that same total number of
charges and atoms appear on both sides of the equation. For example, when iron
combines with steam to form Fe3O4 and H2, it is balanced in the following steps :
(i) Fe + H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + H2 (Skeletal equation*)
(ii) Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + H2 (O is made equal on both sides)
(iii) Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + 4H2 (H is made equal on both sides)
(iv) 3Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + 4H2 (Fe is made equal on both sides)
This is balanced equation
Right Left
Fe 3 3
O 4 4
H 8 8
If the reaction is complicated, i.e., it involves a large number of reactants and
products, it is written in steps which are balanced as above and then added up to
get the final reactants and products. This is called partial equation method.
* The mass is not the same on both sides of the equation.
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2 GOLDEN SCIENCE—X
3. A complete chemical equation gives the formulae of the reactants and products, their
physical states and brief conditions under which a reaction occurs.
4. There are several types of reactions. These involve breaking of bonds and formation
of new ones by the effect of heat, light or mechanical shaking.
(i) A decomposition reaction occurs when a compound is broken into smaller
parts. It may be either thermal decomposition or electrolytic decomposition or
light decomposition.
(ii) In combination reaction, two or more substances combine to form a new
substance.
(iii) The reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by
another atom or group of atoms is called displacement reaction. When two
reacting molecules exchange their partner ions in solution, it will be double
displacement reaction.
(iv) When a substance breaks up into its ions it is said to be a dissociation reaction.
(v) In precipitation reactions, insoluble salts are formed.
(vi) In redox reactions, a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, i.e., gets
oxidised and simultaneously, another substance loses oxygen or gains hydrogen,
i.e., gets reduced.
5. If the surface of a metal is attacked by air, water, it is said to corrode and the
process is called corrosion. Rancidity is the process in which fats and oils (in food)
get oxidised and the food gets spoiled.
QUESTIONS–ANSWERS
1.1. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Q. 1. What is a chemical equation ? Illustrate with an example.
Ans. The mode of communicating facts in chemical language about a chemical reaction
is called chemical equation. Thus a chemical equation is an expression for given chemical
change in terms of symbols or formulae of the reactants and products. For example, the
reaction of zinc with dilute sulphuric acid to produce zinc sulphate and hydrogen is given by
the following chemical equation:
Zn + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2.
Q. 2. Define a chemical reaction. Which observations help you to determine
whether a chemical reaction has taken place ? (CBSE 2012, 2014)
Ans. Chemical reaction : see Q.1 above.
When a chemical reaction occurs, one or more of the following changes take place :
(i) Change in state
(ii) Change in colour
(iii) Evolution of a gas
(iv) Evolution or absorption of heat (change in temperature).

CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS 3
Q. 3. How would you justify that a chemical reaction has taken place in the
following cases ?
(i) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.

(ii) Addition of lead nitrate solution to potassium iodide solution.
(iii) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to zinc granules.
Ans. (i) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air gives a powder of MgO. So there is a
change of state with formation of new substance and heat is produced.
(ii) Addition of colourless lead nitrate solution to potassium iodide solution gives yellow
coloured precipitate (lead iodide). So there is a change of colour.
(iii) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to zinc granules gives a gas (H2) with effervescence
and heat is evolved. There is change in temperature.
Try Yourself
l State one example each characterized by the following along with the chemical equation :
(CBSE 2017)
(i) Change in state
(ii) Evolution of gas
(iii) Change in temperature.
Q. 4. Why is it necessary to obtain a balanced chemical equation ?

Or
Name and state the law which is kept in mind while we balance a chemical
equation. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. Law of conservation of mass is applied here. Accordingly, matter can neither be
created nor destroyed. Thus during a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants and
products remains the same. Therefore, for a complete chemical equation, the number of
atoms of various elements on both sides are made equal, i.e., the equation is balanced.
ACTIVITY 1.1
n CAUTION : This Activity needs the teachers assistance. It would be better if

students wear suitable eyeglasses.
n Clean a magnesium ribbon about 3 4 cm long by rubbing it with sandpaper.
n Hold it with a pair of tongs. Burn it using a spirit lamp or burner and collect the
ash so formed in a watch-glass as shown in Fig. 1.1. Burn the magnesium ribbon
keeping it away as far as possible from your eyes.
Tong
Magnesium ribbon
Burner Watch glass

Magnesium oxide
Fig. 1.1. Burning of a magnesium ribbon in air and collection of

magnesium oxide in a watch-glass
nWhat do you observe ?
Magnesium ribbon burns with dazzling white light. White powder of magnesium
oxide collects in the watch glass.
Q. 5. A shining metal M on burning gives a dazzling white flame and changes to white
powder N.
(a) Identify M and N.
(b) Represent the above reaction in the form of a balanced chemical
equation.
(c) Does M undergo oxidation or reduction in this reaction ? Justify.
(CBSE 2020)
Ans. (a) M is magnesium and N is magnesium oxide.
(b) 2 Mg + O2 ⎯→ 2 MgO
(c) Magnesium (M) undergoes oxidation as O2 is added to magnesium in this
reaction.
Q. 6. While doing an activity of burning of magnesium ribbon in air, list two
precautions that should be followed by a student stating the reasons for each.
(CBSE 2014)
Ans. (i) Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned with a sandpaper so that impurities
deposited are removed.
(ii) Magnesium ribbon should be kept away from eyes so that dazzling white light
emitted does not affect our eyes.
ACTIVITY 1.2
nTake lead nitrate solution in a test tube.
nAdd potassium iodide solution to this.
n What do you observe ?
The colour becomes yellow because yellow precipitate of lead iodide deposits on the
bottom of the tube.
ACTIVITY 1.3
n Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask or a test tube.

n Add dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid to this (Fig. 1.2).
CAUTION : Handle the acid with care.
n Do you observe anything happening around the zinc granules ?
Bubbles are seen around zinc granules (due to liberation of H2 gas).
n Touch the conical flask or test tube. Is there any change in its temperature ?
The temperature of the conical flask increases. The reaction between zinc and
dilute sulphuric acid is exothermic.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⎯→ ZnSO4(aq) + H2
Cork
Glass tube
H2 gas
Conical flask
Dilute sulphuric acid
Zinc granules
Fig. 1.2. Formation of hydrogen gas by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc
Q. 7. Write the skeletal equation for the following reactions :

(i) Hydrogen sulphide reacts with sulphur dioxide to form sulphur and water.
(ii) Methane on burning combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
water. (CBSE 2012)
Ans. (i) H2S + SO2 ⎯⎯→ S + H2O
(ii) CH4 + O2 ⎯⎯→ CO2 + H2O
Try Yourself
l Define a chemical equation. What is an unbalanced chemical equation called ? Which
law governs the balancing of chemical equation ? State it. (CBSE 2014)
Q. 8. Describe the method of balancing a chemical equation taking an example.

Ans.
Example I : Let us consider the formation of water from the combination of oxygen
and hydrogen.
The following sequential steps be taken to obtain a balanced chemical equation :
(i) First write the skeletal equation. For example,
H2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ H2O
Caution : Do not change formula of any constituent while balancing the equation.
(ii) The same total of charges should appear on the left and right sides of the equation.
(iii) Make one of the atoms equal on both sides by multiplying a molecule or compound
with an integral number so that the desired element is balanced. It is convenient to start
with the molecule or compound that contains the maximum number of atoms. Here, H2O
contains maximum number of atoms. It contains one short of oxygen atom and so it is
multiplied by 2 as shown.
H2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2H2O
(iv) Next examine the effect of this multiplication of the molecule on the balance of
other atoms. As is seen, the oxygen balances but now hydrogen on left is 2 less. So,
multiply H2 on the left by 2
2H2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2H2O
(v) Further count the number of atoms of each type on both sides. In the above
equation
Right Left
H 4 4
O 2 2
So, the equation is balanced. If the number of atoms on both sides do not agree,
continue with the above steps till Balanced Chemical Equation is obtained. This is called hit
and trial method.
Example II : Let us take a little more difficult equation when iron is combined with
steam (H2O).
(i) The skeletal equation for the above reaction is
Fe + H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + H2
(ii) Then, Fe3O4 is selected which contains the maximum of atoms. It contains
4 oxygen atoms whereas there is only one oxygen atom on the other side, i.e., L.H.S, in
H2O. So H2O is multiplied by 4.
Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + H2
(iii) Again examine the effect of step (ii). Oxygen is balanced but Fe and H are not yet
balanced. So to balance H, multiply H2 by 4.
Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + 4H2
(iv) When counting the number of atoms on both sides, it is seen that there is one
Fe atom on L.H.S. and 3 Fe atoms on R.H.S. To equalise Fe atoms on both sides, multiply
Fe on L.H.S. by 3.
3Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + 4H2
Now this is a balanced chemical equation.
Example III : If the reaction is complicated i.e., it involves large number of reactants
and products, it is preferred to write the equation in steps (the actual reaction may or may
not be taking in these steps). Each step should be a balanced chemical equation. (For
example, when copper reacts with conc. nitric acid, products are cupric nitrate, nitrogen
dioxide and water).
Cu + HNO3 ⎯⎯→ Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
We can write this reaction in three steps and balance each step separately.
(i) First, HNO3 is decomposed to give nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and water (H2O) and
atomic oxygen.
2HNO3 ⎯⎯→ 2NO2 + H2O + O ...(i)

(ii) In the next step, copper is oxidised to copper (II) oxide (CuO)
Cu + O ⎯⎯→ CuO ...(ii)
(iii) Copper oxide so formed then reacts with nitric acid to form copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)2]
and water.
CuO + 2HNO3 ⎯⎯→ Cu(NO3)2 + H2O ...(iii)
Next multiply Eqns. (i), (ii), (iii) by an integer so that on adding (i), (ii) and (iii),
intermediate products (which do not appear in the final reaction which is CuO in this case)
cancel out. Now in this case, we find that the integer is one. So add (i), (ii) and (iii) and
write the final balanced equation as shown
Cu + 4HNO3 ⎯⎯→ Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
This method is known as Partial Equation Method.
Q. 9. (a) Why do we need to balance a chemical equation ?
(b) Using the chemical formulae write balanced chemical equations for
the following reactions :
(i) Carbon disulphide burns in air to give carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
(CBSE 2014)
(ii) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and
hydrogen gas. (CBSE 2012)
Ans. (a) The number and kind of atoms on both sides of the chemical equation are made
equal, i.e., equation is to be balanced because atoms cannot be created or
destroyed.
(b) (i) CS2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ CO2 + SO2 (Skeletal equation)
CS2 + 3O2 ⎯⎯→ CO2 + 2SO2 (Balanced equation)
(ii) K + H2O ⎯⎯→ KOH + H2 (Skeletal equation)
2K + 2H2O ⎯⎯→ 2KOH + H2 (Balanced equation)
Q. 10. Balance the following skeletal equations :
(i) KClO3 ⎯⎯→ KCl + O2
(ii) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ BaSO4 + HCl (CBSE 2016)
(iii) FeCl2 + H2S ⎯⎯→ HCl + FeS (CBSE 2008)
(iv) NaCl + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + HCl
(v) Fe + H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + H2 (CBSE 2011)
(vi) H2S + O2 ⎯⎯→ H2O + S
(vii) H2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ HCl (CBSE 2016)
(viii) Mg + N2 ⎯⎯→ Mg3N2 (CBSE 2014)
(ix) Al + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ AlCl3 (CBSE 2014)
(x) NH3 + CuO ⎯⎯→ Cu + N2 + H2O (CBSE 2014)
(xi) Al + Fe2O3 ⎯⎯→ Al2O3 + Fe (CBSE 2016, 2017)
(xii) P4 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ PCl5 (CBSE 2014)

Ans. (i) (a) 2KClO3 ⎯⎯→ KCl + 3O2

(b) 2KClO3 ⎯⎯→ 2KCl + 3O2
(ii) (a) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ BaSO4 + 2HCl
(iii) (a) FeCl2 + H2S ⎯⎯→ 2HCl + FeS
(iv) (a) 2NaCl + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + HCl
(b) 2NaCl + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + 2HCl
(v) (a) 3Fe + H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + H2
(b) 3Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + H2
(c) 3Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + 4H2
(vi) (a) H2S + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2H2O + S
(b) 2H2S + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2H2O + 2S
(vii) (a) H2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ 2HCl
(viii) (a) 3Mg + N2 ⎯⎯→ Mg3N2
(ix) (a) Al + 3Cl2 ⎯⎯→ 2AlCl3
(b) 2Al + 3Cl2 ⎯⎯→ 2AlCl3
(x) (a) 2NH3 + CuO ⎯⎯→ Cu + N2 + 3H2O
(b) 2NH3 + 3CuO ⎯⎯→ 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
(xi) (a) 2Al + Fe2O3 ⎯⎯→ Al2O3 + 2Fe
(xii) (a) P4 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ 4PCl5
(b) P4 + 10Cl2 ¾¾® 4PCl5
Q. 11. What is a thermochemical equation ? Give two examples. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. Most chemical reactions are accompanied by either evolution or absorption of heat.
These reactions are known as exothermic and endothermic reactions respectively. Such an
equation in which information about heat change is included is called a thermochemical
equation. It is very important in such a case to indicate the physical state of the various
species involved.
Examples :
(i) C(s) + O2( g) ⎯⎯→ CO2( g) Δ H = − 393.5 kJ
(Exothermic reaction)
(ii) C(graphite) + 2H2( g) ⎯⎯→ CH4( g) Δ H = + 74.25 kJ

(Endothermic reaction)
Q. 12. Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :

(a) Sodium + Sulphuric acid ⎯→ Sodium Sulphate + Hydrogen
(CBSE 2015)
(b) Calcium carbonate on reaction with hydrochloric acid gives calcium chloride,
water and carbon dioxide. (CBSE 2014)
(c) When lead nitrate is heated, it forms lead oxide, oxygen and brown fumes
of nitrogen dioxide.
(d) When copper is heated in air.
(e) When aluminium is heated in air.
(f) Aluminium oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide. (CBSE 2012)
Ans. (a) 2Na + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + H2

(b) CaCO3 + HCl ⎯⎯→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(c) 2Pb(NO3)2 ⎯⎯→ 2PbO + O2 + 4NO2
heat
(d) 2Cu + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CuO
heat
(e) 4Al + 3O2 ⎯⎯→ 2Al2O3
(f) Al2O3 + 2NaOH ⎯⎯→ 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Q. 13. Complete and balance the following equations :
(i) Zn + HCl ⎯⎯→ ........................ (CBSE 2015)
(ii) 3Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ ........................ (CBSE 2015)
(iii) ................ + HCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ MgCl2(aq) + .................
(iv) ................ + Na2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ BaSO4(s) + NaCl(aq)
(v) Zn + NaOH ⎯⎯→ ........................ (CBSE 2015)
Ans. (i) Zn + 2HCl ⎯⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2
(ii) 3Fe + 4H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4 + 4H2
(iii) Mg + 2HCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(iv) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(v) Zn + 2NaOH ⎯⎯→ Na2ZnO2 + H2
Try Yourself
l Write chemical equations for the following reactions :
(i) A piece of calcium metal is dropped in water.
(ii) Steam is passed over red hot iron.
(iii) Zinc sulphide is heated in air.
(iv) Magnesium ribbon is burnt in presence of air.
(v) Sodium metal catches fire in contact with water.
(vi) Steam is passed over hot aluminium. (CBSE 2015)
Q. 14. Translate the following statements into a skeletal equation and then
balance it explaining each step used in balancing : (CBSE 2015)
Iron reacts with water (steam) to give iron (III) oxide (ferric oxide) and hydrogen.
Ans. Fe(s) + H2O(g) ⎯⎯→ Fe2O3 + H2
Step 1 : First make O equal on both sides.
Fe + 3H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe2O3 + H2
Step 2 : Now make hydrogen equal on both sides.
Fe + 3H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe2O3 + 3H2
Step 3 : Make iron equal on both sides.
2Fe + 3H2O ⎯⎯→ Fe2O3 + 3H2
This is a balanced chemical equation as all atoms are equal on both sides.
Q. 15. Write a balanced equation with state symbols for the following reactions :
(i) Barium chloride solution is added to sodium sulphate. (CBSE 2017)
(ii) When solid mercury oxide is heated, liquid mercury and oxygen gas are
produced.
(iii) When aluminium metal is dipped in a solution of hydrochloric acid in water,
hydrogen gas is evolved with the formation of aluminium chloride solution.
(iv) Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chloride react to give insoluble silver
chloride and the solution of sodium nitrate.
(v) Zinc + Silver nitrate = Zinc nitrate + Silver (CBSE 2017)
Ans. (i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl(aq)
(ii) 2HgO(s) ⎯⎯→ 2Hg(l) + O2( g)
(iii) 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2( g)
(iv) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
(v) Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) ⎯⎯→ Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Q. 16. (i) Differentiate between an exothermic and endothermic reactions. Write
one example for each of these reactions in the form of balanced
chemical equation. (CBSE 2013)
(ii) Classify the following reactions into exothermic and endothermic
reactions.
(a) 2C + H2 ⎯⎯→ C2H2 − 222.2 kJ(b) H2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ 2HCl + 184.7 kJ.
Ans. (i) We know that constituent elements in a compound are bound by chemical
bonds. During a chemical change, when bonds between the constituents of the reactants are
broken, energy is consumed whereas energy is given out when the bonds are formed as in
the case of products. Thus, depending on whether overall energy is given out or consumed,
the reaction is either exothermic or endothermic.
Exothermic reactions : Chemical reactions in which energy is evolved (or given out)
are known as exothermic reactions. For example,
C(s) + O2( g) ⎯⎯→ CO2( g) + 393.7 kJ (Δ H = − 393.7 kJ)
This shows 1 mole of carbon reacts with 1 mole of oxygen and liberates 393.7 kJ of heat.
Formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen is also an exothermic reaction
N2( g) + 3H2( g) ⎯⎯→ 2NH3( g) + 92 kJ (Δ H = − 92 kJ)
Endothermic reactions : Reactions in which energy is absorbed are called endothermic
reactions. For example,
When carbon reacts with sulphur, 92 kJ of heat is absorbed during the process.
C(s) + 2S(s) ⎯⎯→ CS2(l) − 92 kJ (Δ H = + 92 kJ)
Formation of nitric oxide (NO) is an endothermic reaction
N2( g) + O2( g) ⎯⎯→ 2NO( g) − 180.5 kJ (Δ H = + 180.5 kJ)
(ii) (a) Endothermic reaction. (b) Exothermic reaction.
Q. 17. Classify the following as exothermic and endothermic reactions :
(CBSE 2014)
(i) Photosynthesis (ii) Respiration
(iii) Burning of natural gas (iv) Electrolysis of water
Ans. (i) Endothermic (ii) Exothermic
(iii) Exothermic (iv) Endothermic
Q. 18. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis
and the conditions of the reaction giving physical states of all the substances.
(b) Classify the following chemical reactions as exothermic or endothermic :
(i) Electrolysis of water. (CBSE 2014, 2015)
(ii) Burning of natural gas.
(iii) Decomposition of calcium carbonate.
(iv) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.
Ans. (a) hν
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ⎯⎯⎯→ C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
Glucose
(b) (i) Endothermic reaction
(ii) Exothermic reaction
(iii) Endothermic reaction
(iv) Exothermic reaction
Q. 19. The internal energy of the system increases when the following reaction is carried
out :
A + B ⎯⎯→ C
State whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic ?
Or
Name the type of reaction in which energy is absorbed. (CBSE 2015)
Ans. Endothermic.
Q. 20. What are ionic equations ? Explain giving an example.
Ans. An equation which shows only the atoms and ions that actually take part in the
reaction is called an ionic equation. Such ions which remain as such and do not take part
in the reaction are not indicated.
When zinc metal and dilute sulphuric acid are reacted, then zinc sulphate and hydrogen
gas are formed. Now sulphuric acid exists as 2H+ ions and SO42− ions. Similarly, zinc
sulphate exists as Zn2+ ions and SO42− ions. So, the above reaction can be written as :
Zn + 2H+ SO42− ⎯⎯→ Zn2+ SO42− + H2
zinc hydrogen sulphate zinc sulphate hydrogen
ion ion ion ion gas
In this equation, we have one sulphate ion, SO42−, on both the sides, which remains
as such and does not take part in the reaction. So, cancelling the sulphate ion from both
sides, we get the following ionic equation for the above reaction :
Zn + 2H+ ⎯⎯→ Zn2+ + H2
Q. 21. Here is an ionic equation :
Al + 2H+ ⎯⎯→ Al3+ + H2
Is this a balanced equation ? Explain. (V. Imp.)
Ans. Al + 2H+
⎯⎯→ Al3+
+ H2 is not a balanced equation. An ionic equation should
be balanced with respect to atoms (or ions) as well as charges. An ionic equation must be
balanced in three steps.
(i) First balance the equation with respect to atoms. This equation is balanced in
respect to the number of atoms.
(ii) Then balance the equation in respect to charges. There are 2 positive charges
(in 2H+) on the left side but we have 3 positive charges (in Al3+) on the right side. In order
to make charges equal on both sides, multiply 2H+ by 3 and Al3+ by 2, so that we get
6 positive charges on both sides.
Al + 6H+ ⎯⎯→ 2Al3+ + H2
(iii) Then again balance the equation in terms of atoms if it is disturbed. There is one
Al atom on the left but 2Al3+ on the right. Thus, we should multiply Al by 2 or write 2Al on
the left. Again, there are 6H+ ions on left but only 2H atoms in H2 on the right side. So,
to have 6H on right side, we should multiply H2 by 3 or write 3H2. Now, the above equation
becomes
2Al + 6H+ ⎯⎯→ 2Al3+ + 3H2
Left side Right side
Number of Al or Al3+ 2 2
Number of H or H+ 6 6
Number of charges 6+ 2 × 3 = 6+
NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS (Page 6)
1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air ? (CBSE 2011)
Ans. Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned before burning in air so that unwanted
impurities are removed; and we burn only pure magnesium metal.
2. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions :
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine ⎯→ Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate ⎯→ Barium sulphate
+ Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water ⎯→ Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Ans. (i) H2 + Cl2 ⎯→ HCl
H2 + Cl2 ¾® 2HCl
(ii) BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 ⎯→ BaSO4 + AlCl3
3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 ¾® 3BaSO4 + 2AlCl3
(iii) Na + H2O ⎯→ NaOH + H2
2Na + 2H2O ¾® 2NaOH + H2
3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions :
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium
sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to
produce sodium chloride solution and water.
Ans. (i) BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ⎯→ BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ⎯→ NaCl(aq) + H2O

1.2. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Q. 1. Explain the following chemical changes, giving one example in each

case :
(i) Combination (ii) Decomposition (iii) Displacement or substitution
(iv) Dissociation and (v) Double displacement.
Ans.
(i) COMBINATION REACTION
The reaction of two or more substances (either elements or compounds) to produce a
new substance is called a combination reaction. For example,
Magnesium (Mg) on burning in air, combines with oxygen to give magnesium oxide.
2Mg(s) + O2( g) ⎯⎯⎯→ 2MgO(s)
ACTIVITY 1.4
n Take a small amount of calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker.

n Slowly add water to this.
n Touch the beaker as shown in Fig. 1.3.
Fig. 1.3. Formation of slaked lime by the reaction of calcium oxide with water
n Do you feel any change in temperature ?

The temperature of the mixture increases. The beaker becomes hot. Quick lime
dissolves in water with evolution of heat.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ⎯→ Ca(OH)2 + Heat
Similar Questions*
l Define a combination reaction. Give one example of a combination reaction which
is also exothermic. (CBSE 2014, 2015)
l A small amount of quick lime is added to water in a beaker.
(i) Name and define the type of reaction that has taken place.
(Hint : Combination reaction)
* This indicates that questions already given in our book are asked in CBSE Board examinations with
differently framed language.
(ii) Write balanced chemical equation for the above reaction and chemical name of
the product. (Hint : Calcium hydroxide)
(iii) List two main observations of this reaction.
(Hint : (a) Two reactants give one product. (b) The reaction is exothermic.)
(CBSE 2019)
Try Yourself
l What happens when magnesium burns in the presence of oxygen ? Write the balanced
chemical equation. (CBSE 2015)
(ii) DECOMPOSITION REACTION

The reaction in which a compound splits up into two or more simpler substances is
called decomposition reaction. In most of the decomposition reactions heat is used. This is
called thermal decomposition. Sometimes light, electricity or catalyst is also used.
Electrolytic decomposition : Water decomposes when electricity is passed through it.
electricity
2H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2H2 + O2
Thermal decomposition : Limestone (CaCO3) decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide on heating.
heat
CaCO3 ⎯⎯⎯→ CaO + CO2( g)
ACTIVITY 1.5
n Take about 2 g ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry boiling tube.
n Note the colour of the ferrous sulphate crystals.
n Heat the boiling tube over the flame of a burner or spirit lamp as shown in
Fig. 1.4.
n Observe the colour of the crystals after heating.
Fig. 1.4. Correct way of heating the boiling tube containing crystals of ferrous
sulphate and of smelling the odour
Ferrous sulphate crystals are light greenish. After heating ferrous sulphate becomes
brownish (due to formation of ferric oxide). Pungent smelling gases, sulphur
dioxide and sulphur trioxide are given out. Ferrous sulphate on heating breaks up.
Heat
2FeSO4(s) ⎯⎯⎯→ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
Similar Questions*
l (a) A student wants to study a decomposition reaction by taking ferrous sulphate crystal.
Write two precautions he must observe while performing the experiment.
[Hint : Precautions :
1. Hold the boiling tube with the help of pair of tongs.
2. Smell the gases evolved from a distance.]
(b) (i) Name the type of reaction taking place.
(ii) Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction and name the products
formed. (CBSE 2019)
l Define a decomposition reaction. Why is this reaction always endothermic ? Write
a chemical equation to represent a decomposition reaction. (CBSE 2012)
l Look at the figure given below and answer the following questions :
(i) What is the colour of ferrous sulphate crystals before and after heating ?
(ii) How do you identify the gases evolved on heating ?
(iii) Write the balanced chemical equation. What kind of reaction does it represent ?
(CBSE 2017)
ACTIVITY 1.6
n Take about 2 g lead nitrate powder in a boiling tube.
n Hold the boiling tube with a pair of tongs and heat it over a flame, as shown
in Fig. 1.5.
Fig. 1.5. Heating of lead nitrate and emission of nitrogen dioxide

n What do you observe ? Note down the change, if any.

Brown residue (lead oxide) is formed. Pungent smelling fumes of nitrogen dioxide
are evolved. It is due to breaking of lead nitrate on heating.
Heat
2Pb(NO3)2(s) ⎯⎯⎯→ 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Lead nitrate Lead oxide
Try Yourself
l 2 gms of lead nitrate powder is taken in a boiling tube and heated.
(a) State the colour of the fumes evolved.
(b) Give the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(c) What type of a reaction is it ? (CBSE 2017)
l (a) Design an activity to demonstrate the decomposition reaction of lead nitrate.
(b) Draw labelled diagram of the set-up. List two main observations.
(c) Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction stating the physical state of
the reactants and products. (CBSE 2019)
ACTIVITY 1.7 (CBSE 2014)
n Take a plastic mug. Drill two holes at its base and fit rubber stoppers in these
holes. Insert carbon electrodes in these rubber stoppers as shown in Fig. 1.6.
n Connect these electrodes to a 6 volt battery.
n Fill the mug with water such that the electrodes are immersed. Add a few drops
of dilute sulphuric acid to the water.
n Take two test tubes filled with water and invert them over the two carbon electrodes.
n Switch on the current and leave the apparatus undisturbed for some time.
n You will observe the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes. These bubbles
displace water in the test tubes.
n Is the volume of the gas collected the same in both the test tubes ?
The volume of gas collected in the two test tubes is not the same.
n Once the test tubes are filled with the respective gases, remove them carefully.
n Test these gases one by one by bringing a burning candle close to the mouth of the
test tubes.
CAUTION : This step must be performed carefully by the teacher.
n What happens in each case ?
In one test tube the gas burns with a pop sound (hydrogen). Whereas in the other
(oxygen) match stick burns brightly.
n Which gas is present in each test tube ?
Plastic mug
Oxygen Hydrogen
Test tube
Water
Graphite rod Water
Rubber stopper
Anode Cathode
6V
Switch Battery
Fig. 1.6. Electrolysis of water

H2 is present in one test tube (double volume than O2) and O2 is present in the
other test tube.
Electrolysis
2H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2H2 + O2
Try Yourself
Study the figure given below and answer the following questions :
Oxygen Hydrogen
Test tube
Water
Water
Anode Cathode
+ –
6V
Battery
(a) Name the process depicted in the diagram.

(b) Write the composition of the anode and the cathode.
(c) Write the balanced chemical equation of the reaction taking place in this case.
(d) The reaction does not take place if a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid are not added to
water. Why ? (CBSE 2020)
l In electrolysis of water, why is the volume of gas collected over one electrode double
that of gas collected over the other electrode ? (CBSE 2015)

ACTIVITY 1.8
n Take about 2 g silver chloride in a china dish.

n What is its colour ?
Silver chloride is white in colour.
n Place this china dish in sunlight for some time (Fig. 1.7).
Sunlight
China dish
Silver chloride
Fig. 1.7. Silver chloride turns greyish in sunlight to form silver metal
n Observe the colour of the silver chloride after some time.

It becomes greyish (due to formation of silver metal) after some time on exposure
to sunlight.
Light Decomposition : Silver chloride, when exposed to sunlight, turns grey. This
is due to decomposition of silver chloride into grey silver and chlorine in the presence of light.
This happens due to absorption of light energy. Such reactions are used in photography.
Sunlight
2AgCl(s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2( g)
White Grey
Silver bromide also behaves in the same way.
Sunlight
2AgBr(s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2Ag(s) + Br2( g)
Brown Grey
Similar Questions*
l 2 g of silver chloride is taken in a china dish and the china dish is placed in sunlight for some
time. What will be your observation in this case ? Write the chemical equation
involved in the form of balanced chemical equation. Identify the type of chemical
reaction. (CBSE 2019)
l On placing a brown coloured substance in sunlight, it turns grey. This substance is also used
in black and white photography. Identify
(a) the brown and grey substances.
(b) the type of reaction and state the form of energy in the presence of which this reaction takes
place.
l Decomposition reactions require energy either in the form of heat or light or electricity for breaking
down the reactants. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy
is supplied in the form of heat, light and electricity. (CBSE 2018)
(iii) DISPLACEMENT OR SUBSTITUTION REACTION

The reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms in the molecule is displaced by
another atom or a group of atoms is called displacement or substitution reaction. For
example, zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) ⎯⎯⎯→ ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zinc sulphate Copper
Similarly, magnesium displaces hydrogen from aqueous hydrochloric acid.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⎯⎯⎯→ MgCl2(aq) + H2( g)
ACTIVITY 1.9
n Take three iron nails and clean them by rubbing with sand paper.
n Take two test tubes marked as (A) and (B). In each test tube, take about 10 mL
copper sulphate solution.
n Tie two iron nails with a thread and immerse them carefully in the copper sulphate
solution in test tube B for about 20 minutes [Fig. 1.8 (a)]. Keep one iron nail aside
for comparison.
n After 20 minutes, take out the iron nails from the copper sulphate solution.
n Compare the intensity of the blue colour of copper sulphate solutions in test tubes
(A) and (B), [Fig. 1.8 (b)].
The colour in test tube A is dark blue due to copper sulphate; and its colour in
test tube B becomes light blue or greenish due to formation of greenish ferrous
sulphate.
n Also, compare the colour of the iron nails dipped in the copper sulphate
solution with the one kept aside [Fig. 1.8 (b)].
Fig. 1.8. (a) Iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution

Fig. 1.8. (b) Iron nails and copper sulphate solutions compared before and after the experiment
A shiny brown coating (of copper metal) is seen on iron nails dipped in copper
sulphate solution.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(Blue) (Green)
(iv) DISSOCIATION
When a substance breaks up into + ve and − ve ions in water, it is called dissociation.
For example, acetic acid in water dissociates into CH3COO− and H+ ions.
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO− + H3O+

Hydrochloric acid gas in water dissociates to H+ and Cl ions.

HCl( g) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯⎯→ H+(aq) (H3+O) + Cl (aq)
(v) DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION OR DISPLACEMENT

The reaction in which two reacting molecules exchange their partner ions in aqueous
solution is double decomposition. Example is the precipitation of AgCl by adding AgNO3 to
NaCl solution.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
ACTIVITY 1.10
n Take about 3 mL of sodium sulphate solution in a test tube.
n In another test tube, take about 3 mL of barium chloride solution.
n Mix the two solutions (Fig. 1.9).
Fig. 1.9. Formation of barium sulphate and sodium chloride

nWhat do you observe ?

White precipitate deposits (due to formation of barium sulphate). Therefore it is
also called precipitation reaction.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ BaSO4(s) ↓ + 2NaCl
Try Yourself
l Write the type of chemical reaction with chemical equations for the following cases :
(CBSE 2015)
(i) When silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(ii) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride are mixed.
(iii) Electric current is passed through water. (CBSE 2016)
l On mixing the aqueous solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide, an insoluble precipitate
is obtained.
(a) Name the precipitate and indicate the colour of the precipitate formed.
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(c) What type of reaction is this ? (CBSE 2017)
l (i) Explain the following reactions and give one example of each.
(a) Displacement (b) Double displacement (c) Oxidation reaction
(ii) During electrolysis of water a few drops of sulphuric acid is added into water. Why ?
(CBSE 2017)
[Hint : Pure water does not conduct electricity.]
Q. 2. When a copper wire is left in silver nitrate solution, it is observed that the solution
turns bluish green.
(a) Explain the observation.
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation to represent the change taking
place. (CBSE 2014)
Ans. (a) Copper is more active than silver so when copper wire is dipped in silver
nitrate, it displaces silver and copper nitrate is formed. The colour of copper
nitrate is bluish green.
(b) Cu + 2AgNO3 ⎯⎯→ Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

Bluish green
Try Yourself
l A copper plate was dipped into a solution of silver nitrate. After some time, a black layer was
formed on the surface of copper plate. State reason for it and write chemical equation of
the reaction involved. (CBSE 2015)
[Hint : Silver deposits on copper plate]
l The blue colour of copper sulphate starts fading when zinc rod is dipped in it. State reason
for this change and also write chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(CBSE 2016)

1. A solution of a substance X is used for whitewashing.
(i) Name the substance X and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance X named in (i) above with water.
(CBSE 2011)
Ans. (i) X is quick lime, CaO.
(ii) CaO(s) + H2O ⎯⎯→ Ca(OH)2(aq)
Quick lime Slaked lime
or
Calcium hydroxide
Try Yourself
l Which two observations will be made when quick lime is added to water ? Mention
two uses of the product obtained. (CBSE 2014)
2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7 double
of the amount collected in the other ? Name this gas. (CBSE 2011, 2014)
Ans. In Activity 1.7 water is electrolysed to give H2 gas at one electrode and O2 gas
at the other electrode according to the given chemical reaction :
2H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ 2H2( g) + O2( g)
Thus, two molecules of water on electrolysis give 2 molecules of hydrogen gas and
one molecule of oxygen gas or the amount of hydrogen gas collected would be double than
that of oxygen gas.
ACTIVITY 1.11 (CBSE 2014)

n Heat a china dish containing about 1 g copper powder (Fig. 1.10).
China dish
containing Wire gauze
copper powder
Tripod stand
Burner
Fig. 1.10. Oxidation of copper to copper oxide

n What do you observe ?
The surface of copper powder becomes black. (It gets coated with black copper
oxide, CuO).
Heat
2Cu(s) + O2 ⎯⎯⎯→ 2CuO
(Brown) (Black)

Q. 3. In the electrolysis of water

(a) Name the gases liberated at anode and cathode.
(b) Why is that volume of the gas collected on one electrode is two times
that on the other electrode ?
(c) What would happen if dil. H2SO4 is not added to water ?
(CBSE 2020)
Ans. (a) H2 and O2 are liberated at cathode and anode respectively.
(b) 2 molecules of water on electrolysis give 2 mole volume of hydrogen and one
mole volume of oxygen as can be seen from the balanced chemical equation.
2H2O(l) ⎯⎯⎯→ 2H2(s) + O2(g)
(c) In the absence of dil. H2SO4, no current will be passed and electrolysis will
not take place.
Q. 4. (a) What is a decomposition reaction ?
(b) What type of reaction will occur when silver chloride is exposed to
sunlight ? (CBSE 2016)
(c) Identify the type of the reaction, when lead (II) nitrate solution is
mixed with potassium iodide solution. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. (a) The reaction in which a compound splits into two or simpler substances is
called decomposition reaction.
(b) Photochemical decomposition reaction.
(c) Double displacement reaction.
Q. 5. Discuss the importance of decomposition reaction in metal industries
with three points. (CBSE 2014)
Ans. (i) Calcium carbonate decomposes to give quick lime which is used for white
washing.
(ii) Metal sulphates and other compounds are heated to give metal oxides which can be
reduced to metals.
(iii) Silver chloride is decomposed to be used in photography.
Q. 6. A light sensitive compound X of silver is used in black and white photography. On
exposure to sunlight its colour changes to grey :
(a) Identify X.
(b) Write a chemical equation to express the above change.
(c) Identify the type of chemical reaction. (CBSE 2011, 2014)
Ans. (a) Silver chloride
light
(b) 2AgCl ⎯⎯⎯→ Ag(s) + Cl2
(c) Decomposition reaction.

Q. 7. (a) Give an example of a combination reaction which is also an exothermic
reaction. (CBSE 2015, 2016)
(b) Complete the following chemical equation and balance it :
C6H12O6 + O2 →
(c) Which two gases are evolved on heating ferrous sulphate ?

(CBSE 2011)
Ans. (a) Magnesium ribbon burnt in air or slaked lime (CaO) added to water.
(b) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
(c) SO2 and SO3
Q. 8. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions and
name the type of reaction in each case : (V. Imp.)
Heat
(i) Calcium carbonate(s) ⎯⎯⎯→ Calcium oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
(ii) Zn(s) + Copper sulphate(aq) ⎯⎯⎯→ Zinc sulphate(aq) + Cu(s)
Heat
Ans. (i) CaCO3(s) ⎯⎯⎯→ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Type : Decomposition reaction.
(ii) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯⎯→ ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Type : Displacement reaction.
Q. 9. Which one of the following is not a combination reaction ? (V. Imp.)
(i) 2Na + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ 2NaCl
Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride
(ii) CaO + H2O ⎯⎯→ Ca(OH)2
Calcium oxide Water Calcium hydroxide
(iii) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯⎯→ CaCO3 + H2O
Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate
(iv) NH3 + HCl ⎯⎯→ NH4Cl
Ammonia Hydrogen chloride Ammonium chloride
Ans. All are combination reactions.
Q. 10. When electric current is passed through molten aluminium oxide, the following
reaction takes place :
Electricity
2 Al2O3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 4 Al + 3 O2
Name the type of reaction. To what use such reactions are made in Industry ?
(Imp.)
Ans. This is a decomposition reaction. Such reactions are used to extract metals (from
aluminium) from their naturally occurring compounds like oxides or chlorides.
Q. 11. When we white-wash the walls, then first calcium oxide (oxide) is made to react
with water to form calcium hydroxide. The calcium hydroxide is then applied to the walls,
which slowly reacts with the carbon dioxide gas present in air to form a thin shining layer
on the walls. Explain the reactions giving type of reaction in each case. (V. Imp.)
Ans. (i) Lime water or calcium hydroxide forms when calcium oxide combines with
water. This is a combination reaction.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ Ca(OH)2(aq)
Calcium Water Calcium
oxide hydroxide
(ii) Calcium hydroxide combines slowly with carbon dioxide present in air to form a
white layer of calcium carbonate on the wall. This is again a combination reaction.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2( g) ⎯⎯→ CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
Calcium Carbon Calcium Water
hydroxide dioxide carbonate
Similar Questions*
l On passing excess carbon dioxide through lime water, it first turns milky and then becomes
colourless. Explain why. Write all chemical equations of the reaction involved.
(CBSE 2015, 2016, 2017)
[Hint : CaCO3 ¯ + CO2 + H2O ¾¾® Ca(HCO3)2 (aq.)]
l Consider the following chemical reaction :
x + water ¾¾® Slaked lime
(a) Write the chemical name of x and the type of the reaction that occurs.
(b) Write chemical equation of the reaction. (CBSE 2015)
Q. 12. Write the type of chemical reaction in the following :

(i) Reaction between an acid and a base.
(ii) Rusting of iron. (CBSE 2015)
Ans. (i) Neutralization reaction.
(ii) Combination reaction.
Try Yourself
l A student dropped a few pieces of marble in dilute hydrochloric acid contained in a test tube. The
evolved gas was then passed through lime water. What change would be observed in lime
water ? Write chemical equations for both the changes observed. (CBSE 2015)
Q. 13. Write two observations each for the following chemical reactions :
(CBSE 2014)
(i) Dilute sulphuric acid is poured over zinc granules
(ii) Potassium iodide solution is added to lead nitrate solution
(iii) Lead nitrate is strongly heated in a hard glass test tube
Ans. (i) A gas called hydrogen is evolved.
Zinc granules appear corroded.
(ii) A precipitate of potassium iodide settles down.
The colour of the precipitate is yellowish brown.
(iii) Pungent smelling gases are evolved.
The colour of the gases is brown.
Q. 14. State the type of reactions, represented by the following equations :
(a) A + BC ⎯→ AC + B (b) A + B ⎯→ C
(c) PQ + RS ⎯→ PS + RQ (d) Al2O3 + 2B ⎯→ B2O3 + 2Al
(CBSE 2014)
Ans. (a) Displacement reaction (b) Combination reaction
(c) Double displacement reaction (d) Displacement reaction
Q. 15. Identify the type of each of the following reactions stating reason for
your answers.
(a) Fe2O3 + 2Al ⎯→ Al2O3 + 2Fe + heat
(b) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI ⎯→ PbI2 + 2KNO3
heat
(c) ZnCO3 ⎯⎯⎯→ ZnO + CO2 (CBSE 2020)
Ans. (a) Displacement reaction : More reactive aluminium displaces iron oxide to
iron metal.
(b) Double displacement reaction : Exchange of ions takes place between
lead nitrate and potassium iodide.
(c) Decomposition reaction : Zinc carbonate breaks up into zinc oxide and
calcium dioxide.
Q. 16. Name the type of reaction represented by the following equations :
(i) Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ Cu(s) + MgSO4(aq) (CBSE 2014)
heat
(ii) 2FeSO4 ⎯⎯→ Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 (CBSE 2015, 2016)
(iii) NH4Cl(s) ⎯⎯→ NH3( g) + HCl(g) (CBSE 2014)
(iv) CaO + H2O ⎯⎯→ Ca(OH)2 (CBSE 2015, 2016)
(v) 2Na + 2H2O ⎯⎯→ 2NaOH + H2
(vi) NH4 NO2(s) ⎯⎯→ 2H2O(g) + N2(g) (CBSE 2014)
(vii) Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(viii) 2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ (NH4 )2SO4(aq)
(ix) 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 ⎯⎯→ 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4 (CBSE 2015, 2016)
(x) CH4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O (CBSE 2012)
heat
(xi) CaCO3 ⎯⎯→ CaO(s) + CO2(g) (CBSE 2016)
Ans. (i) Displacement reaction (ii) Decomposition reaction
(iii) Decomposition reaction (iv) Combination reaction
(v) Displacement reaction (vi) Decomposition reaction
(vii) Displacement reaction (viii) Combination reaction
(ix) Double displacement (x) Oxidation reaction
(xi) Decomposition reaction.
Q. 17. In what way are the two reactions in each of the following pairs different
from each other ? (Imp.)
(i) (a) NH3(g) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ NH4OH(aq)
(b) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2MgO(s)
(ii) (a) Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(b) H2S(aq) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ CuS(s) + H2SO4(aq)
heat
(iii) (a) CaCO3 ⎯⎯⎯→ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
electric
(b) 2H2O(l) ⎯⎯⎯→ 2H2(g) + O2(g).
current
Ans. (i) (a) is a combination reaction in which compounds combine while (b) is also
combination reaction but here elements combine.
(ii) (a) is displacement reaction but (b) is double displacement reaction.
(iii) (a) is thermal decomposition reaction while (b) is electrolytic decomposition
reaction.
Q. 18. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate,
the colour of the solution fades and a black precipitate is obtained.
(a) Name the type of reaction mentioned above.
(b) Why does the colour of the solution fade away ?
(c) Write the chemical name of the black precipitate formed.
(d) Give the balanced chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(CBSE 2020)
Ans. (a) Double displacement reaction
(b) Copper sulphate is slowly removed, so its colour fades away.
(c) Black precipitate of copper sulphide is formed.
(d) H2S(aq) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯→ CuS(s) + H2SO4(aq)
Q. 19. Balance the chemical equations and identify the type of reaction :
(CBSE 2015)
(a) Fe(s) + H2O(g) ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4(s) + H2(g)
(b) Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) ⎯⎯→ BaSO4(s) + NaCl
Ans. (a) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
Type : Combination reaction.
(b) Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) ⎯⎯→ BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl
Type : Double decomposition reaction. Also called precipitation reaction.
Q. 20. What are the types of combination reactions ? Give examples of each type.
(V. Imp.)
Ans. Combination reactions are of three types. These are discussed as follows :
(i) Combination between two elements : In these reactions, two elements combine
under suitable conditions to form a compound. A few examples of this type of combination
reactions are :
(a) Carbon element burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide
combustion
C + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ CO2
Carbon Oxygen Carbon dioxide
(b) Iron and sulphur elements when heated form iron sulphide
heat
Fe + S ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ FeS
Iron Sulphur Iron sulphide
(ii) Combination between an element and a compound : In these reactions, one
of the combining substances is an element whereas the other is a compound. A few examples
of this type of combination reactions are :

(a) Carbon monoxide combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.

2CO + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2CO2
Carbon monoxide Oxygen Carbon dioxide
(b) Sulphur dioxide combines with oxygen upon heating to form sulphur trioxide.
heat
2SO2 + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2SO3
Sulphur dioxide Oxygen Sulphur trioxide
(iii) Combination between two compounds : In these combination reactions, two

compounds take part to form a new compound. For example,
(a) Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride.
NH3 + HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ NH4Cl
Ammonia Hydrogen chloride Ammonium chloride
(b) Carbon dioxide combines with calcium oxide (quick lime) to form calcium carbonate.
CaO + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ CaCO3
Calcium oxide Calcium carbonate
(Quick lime)
Q. 21. Identify the type of reaction taking place in each of the following cases
and write the balanced chemical equations for the reaction.
(a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver.
(b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and
lead iodide. (CBSE 2019)
Ans. (a) Displacement reaction
Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) ⎯⎯→ Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
(b) Double displacement reaction
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) ⎯⎯→ 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2
Q. 22. Identify the type of chemical reaction and write balanced chemical
equation for each of the following : (CBSE 2014)
(i) Barium chloride solution is mixed with copper sulphate solution and a white
precipitate is observed.
(ii) On heating copper powder in a china dish, the surface of copper powder
becomes black.
(iii) On heating green ferrous sulphate crystals a reddish brown solid is left and
gases having smell of burning sulphur are noticed.
(iv) Iron nails when left dipped in blue copper sulphate solution become brownish
in colour and blue colour of copper sulphate solution is converted to light
green.
(v) Quick lime reacts vigorously with water releasing a large amount of heat.
Ans. (i) Double displacement reaction
BaCl2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ BaSO4(s) + CuCl2(aq)
(ii) Combination reaction
heat
2Cu + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CuO
(iii) Decomposition reaction

2FeSO4(s) ⎯⎯→ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
(iv) Displacement reaction
(v) Combination reaction
CaO(s) + H2O(aq) ⎯⎯→ Ca(OH)2(aq).
Q. 23. A student has mixed the solutions of lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide.
(a) State the colour of the precipitate formed.
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(c) Suggest an alternative name for the above precipitation reaction.
Give justification for your answer. (CBSE 2012, 2015)
Ans. (a) Yellow coloured precipitate
(b) Pb (NO3)2 + 2KI ⎯⎯→ PbI2 + 2KNO3
(c) Double displacement reaction.
Here two metals exchange their partner ions, e.g., lead and potassium.
Q. 24. Explain the following terms with examples in each case :
(i) Oxidation and (ii) Reduction. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. (i) Oxidation : It is a process (a) in which oxygen or any electronegative element
is added up or (b) hydrogen or any electropositive element is removed. Examples are :
(a) Sulphur burns in air with a blue flame to form sulphur dioxide. Here oxygen is added
up to sulphur.
S(s) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→ SO2(g) (Addition of oxygen to sulphur)
Sulphur Oxygen Sulphur
dioxide
(b) Hydrogen sulphide combines with iodine to give hydrogen iodide and sulphur.
H2S + I2 ⎯⎯→ 2HI + S
Hydrogen Iodine Hydrogen Sulphur
sulphide iodide (Removal of hydrogen from H2S)
(ii) Reduction : It is a process in which (a) hydrogen or an electropositive element
is added up. (b) Oxygen or electronegative element is removed. Examples are :
(a) Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride
Cl2(g) + H2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2HCl(g)
Chlorine Hydrogen Hydrogen
chloride
(Addition of hydrogen to chlorine)
(b) Copper oxide is reduced with hydrogen.
CuO(s) + H2(g) ⎯⎯→ Cu(s) + H2O(l)
Copper oxide Hydrogen (Removal of oxygen from CuO)
Q. 25. State the electronic concept of oxidation and reduction.
Ans. (i) Oxidation : An oxidation reaction is one in which electrons are released or
lost. Magnesium atom is oxidised to magnesium ion by loss of electrons.
Mg ⎯⎯→ Mg2+ + 2e
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion Electrons
(ii) Reduction : A reaction in which electrons are accepted is called a reduction.
Oxygen atom is reduced to oxide ion by accepting two electrons.
O + 2e ⎯⎯→ O2−
Oxygen atom Electrons Oxide ion
Q. 26. When is a substance said to be reduced in a chemical reaction ? Name
the substance oxidized in the following reaction :
ZnO + C ⎯⎯→ Zn + CO (CBSE 2012, 2015)
Ans. When a substance either gains hydrogen atom or loses oxygen atom, it is said to
be reduced.
In the reaction
ZnO + C ⎯⎯→ Zn + CO
C (Carbon) is oxidised.
Q. 27. (a) Consider the following chemical equation :
Fe2O3 + 2Al ⎯⎯→ Al2O3 + 2Fe
Name two categories in which you can place this reaction.
(b) Define the term Oxidation of a substance and name the substance
oxidised and the oxidising agent in the above reaction.
(CBSE 2012, 2017)
Ans. (a) It is displacement as well as oxidation reaction.
(b) A substance is said to be oxidised when it either gains oxygen or loses
hydrogen atom. The process is called oxidation. In the given reaction
aluminium (Al) is oxidised and Fe2O3 (ferric oxide) is the oxidising agent.
Try Yourself
l Name the reducing agent in the following reaction :
3MnO2 + 4Al ¾¾® 3Mn + 2Al2O3
State which is more reactive, Mn or Al and why ? (CBSE 2015)
Q. 28. Define the terms : (i) Oxidising agent and (ii) Reducing agent.
Ans. (i) Oxidising agent : It is that substance which in a reaction (a) gives up oxygen
or any electronegative element, (b) accepts hydrogen or any electropositive element or
(c) accepts electrons.
(ii) Reducing agent : It is that substance which in a reaction (a) gives up hydrogen
or any electropositive element, (b) accepts oxygen or any electronegative element or (c) releases
electrons.
In the following reaction :
H2S + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ S + 2HCl
Chlorine accepts hydrogen from H2S, thus oxidising it and is called oxidising agent. It
also accepts electron.
Or
Hydrogen sulphide is reducing agent as it gives up hydrogen to chlorine. Here H2
releases electron.
In a chemical reaction oxidising agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidised.
In the reaction between zinc and copper sulphate solution
Zn + Cu2−SO42− ⎯⎯→ Zn2+SO42− + Cu
Zn reduces Cu2+ to Cu, itself being oxidised to Zn2+ or Zn acts as a reducing agent.
Q. 29. What is a redox reaction ? (CBSE 2012, 2015)
Or
What is oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction ? Justify your answer by writing
one such chemical equation and name the substance oxidised and the substance
reduced in it. (CBSE 2017)
Ans. A chemical reaction in which one substance is oxidised and the other is reduced
is called a redox reaction. All oxidation-reduction reactions are redox reactions. In a
chemical reaction, a substance gets oxidised only when another substance is present, which
gets reduced.
Oxidation
↓
heat
CuO + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Cu + H2O
↑
Reduction
Here CuO is losing oxygen and is being reduced. The hydrogen is gaining oxygen and
is being oxidised.
Similar Question*
l Identify the substance oxidised and the substance reduced in the following equation :
Copper oxide + hydrogen ¾¾® Copper + Water (CBSE 2017)
Q. 30. Give two examples from everyday life situations where redox reactions
are taking place.
Ans. (a) Combustion reactions. (b) Photosynthesis of carbohydrates.
Q. 31. Manganese dioxide when reacts with hydrochloric acid forms manganese chloride,
water and chlorine. (CBSE 2017)
(a) Express the above reaction in the form of a balanced chemical equation.
(b) Identify (i) reducing agent, (ii) oxidising agent.
Ans. (a) MnO2 + 4HCl ⎯→ MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(b) (i) Reducing agent HCl.
(ii) Oxidising agent MnO2
Similar Question*
l Manganese dioxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form manganese chloride and chlorine gas.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction. Name the substance oxidized and the
substance reduced. (CBSE 2015)
Q. 32. When magnesium ribbon burns in air with a dazzling white flame and
forms a white ash, is magnesium oxidised or reduced ? Justify your answer with
the help of chemical equation involved. (CBSE 2012)
Ans. A dazzling white light is produced when magnesium ribbon burns in air. Magnesium
is oxidised in the process because oxygen is being added up to magnesium.
2Mg + O2 ⎯→ 2MgO
Q. 33. Identify the components oxidised in the following chemical equations :
(i) 2Cu + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CuO (ii) H2S + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ 2HCl + S
(iii) 2H2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2H2O (iv) 2H2S + SO2 ⎯⎯→ 3S + 2H2O.
Ans. (i) Cu (ii) H2S (iii) H2 (iv) H2S. (CBSE 2014)
Q. 34. A blue colour salt becomes white on heating. Give reason for the above
observation. What happens when we add water to the salt which was obtained
after heating. Also write its formula. (CBSE 2011, 2015, 2020)
Ans. The substance is copper sulphate (CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O). On heating it loses water of
crystallization and white CuSO4 is obtained. On adding water it again becomes hydrated and
blue colour is regained.
Q. 35. Select the oxidising agent and the reducing agent from the following
reactions :
(i) H2S + I2 ⎯⎯→ 2HI + S
(ii) CuO + H2 ⎯⎯→ Cu + H2O
(iii) Zn + CuSO4 ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4 + Cu.
Ans. (i) H2S is reducing agent and I2 is oxidising agent.
(ii) CuO is oxidising agent and H2 is reducing agent.
(iii) Zn is reducing agent and CuSO4 is oxidising agent.
Q. 36. You might have noted that when copper powder is heated in a china dish, the
reddish brown surface of copper powder becomes coated with a black substance.
(a) Why has this black substance formed ?
(b) What is this black substance ?
(c) Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.
(d) How can black coating on the surface be turned reddish brown ?
(CBSE 2019)
Ans. (a) Copper is oxidised
(b) Copper oxide
(c) 2 Cu + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2 CuO
(d) Black coating can be turned to reddish brown by reduction (say with hydrogen)
CuO + H2 ⎯⎯→ Cu + H2O
Similar Question*
l 1 g of copper powder was taken in a china dish and heated. What change takes place on
heating ? When hydrogen is passed over this heated substance, a visible change is seen in it.
Give the chemical equation of the reactions, the name and colour of the products
formed in each case. (CBSE 2020)

Q. 37. State some reactions of oxidation that you observe in your everyday life.
(Imp)
Ans. Some examples of oxidation reactions are :
(a) Shiny iron articles on exposure to air get coated with a brownish layer.
(b) Copper articles on exposure to air get coated with a greenish layer.
(c) Silver articles on exposure become black.
(d) Fats and oils in food left for long time get oxidised.
Q. 38. Can a displacement reaction be a redox reaction ? Explain with the help
of an example. (CBSE 2015)
Ans. Consider the following displacement reaction :
Zn + CuSO4 ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4 + Cu
Writing this in ionic form, we get
Zn + Cu2+ ⎯⎯→ Zn+2 + Cu
Here, zinc atom donates two electrons (to copper atom) and forms a zinc ion, Zn2+. By
definition, this is an oxidation reaction.
Also copper ion, Cu2+ accepts two electrons (given by zinc atom) and forms copper atom,
Cu. By definition, this is reduction.
SO42 ions remain as such and hence above reaction involves both reduction as well as
oxidation processes and is a redox reaction.
Thus, a displacement reaction can be a redox reaction.
Q. 39. What is the relationship between oxidation and oxidising agent in a
redox reaction ? Give an example of a redox reaction showing the relationship
between oxidation and oxidising agent.
Ans. An oxidising agent is a substance which oxidises other substances but itself gets
reduced. For example,
Reduction
Zn + Cu2+ ⎯⎯→ Zn2+ + Cu

Oxidation
In the above example, Cu2+ oxidises Zn to Zn2+ and itself gets reduced to Cu.
Cu2+ is an oxidising agent. The other reaction is called oxidation reaction.
Q. 40. Mention with reason the colour changes observed when :
(i) silver chloride is exposed to sunlight.
(ii) copper powder is strongly heated in the presence of oxygen.
(iii) a piece of zinc is dropped in copper sulphate solution. (CBSE 2020)
Ans. (i) White silver chloride turns grey due to decomposition of silver chloride into
silver (grey) and chlorine gas.
(ii) Brown copper is turned black due to the formation of copper oxide.
(iii) Blue colour of copper sulphate fades as more reactive zinc displaces copper
from copper sulphate.
Q. 41. Name the substance oxidised, reduced, oxidising agent and reducing
agent in the following reactions :
(i) Ca + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ CaCl2 (ii) 3MnO2 + 4Al ⎯⎯→ 3Mn + 2Al2O3
(iii) Fe2O3 + 3CO ⎯⎯→ 2Fe + 3CO2 (iv) Fe + S ⎯⎯→ FeS
Ans.
Reaction Substance Substance Reducing agent Oxidising agent
oxidised reduced
(i) Ca Cl2 Ca Cl2

(ii) Al MnO2 Al MnO2
(iii) CO Fe2O3 CO Fe2O3
(iv) Fe S Fe S
Q. 42. Oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously in a chemical reaction. Comment.

Or
Can oxidation or reduction take place alone ? Why or why not ? What are
such reactions called ? (CBSE 2014)
Ans. It is true that oxidation cannot take place without reduction and vice versa. As
electrons do not exist free, electrons lost during oxidation must be gained during reduction.
Such reactions are called redox reactions. That is one substance gains oxygen (i.e., oxidised)
when the other substance loses oxygen (i.e., reduced).
Q. 43. In the following chemical reaction, zinc oxide reacts with carbon to produce
zinc metal and carbon monoxide.
ZnO + C ⎯⎯→ Zn + CO
(i) Identify the substance getting oxidised and the one getting reduced.
(ii) State the reason for choosing the substances in (i).
(iii) Name the type of reaction and give another example of similar type of
reaction. (CBSE 2012, 2015)
Ans. (i) C oxidised
ZnO reduced
(ii) ZnO loses oxygen and C gains oxygen.
(iii) This is redox reaction. Reaction between hydrogen sulphide and chlorine to
give sulphur and hydrochloric acid is another example of a redox reaction.
H2S + Cl2 ⎯⎯→ S + 2HCl
1.3. HAVE YOU OBSERVED THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN

EVERYDAY LIFE ?
Q. 1. What is corrosion ? What are its effects ?
Ans. Due to the effect of moisture and oxygen, metals get corroded. This effect is
called corrosion.
Corrosion causes damage to metal articles like car bodies, bridges, iron railings, ships
and other substances of daily use.
Q. 2. How is corrosion different from rusting ?
Ans. Corrosion is seen in all metals, when exposed to air. A layer of metal compound
is formed on the surface due to presence of moisture, acids or other gases present in air.
Rusting is the process in which iron metal reacts with air and moisture to form brownish
powder called rust.
Q. 3. What is rusting of iron ? How is it prevented ?
Ans. The corrosion of iron due to moisture and air is called rusting of iron. Shiny iron
articles on exposure to moisture get coated with a brownish powder which peels off easily.
In this way enormous amount of iron is damaged and lost.
Prevention of rusting :
1. The iron articles should be painted.
2. The machine parts should be oiled and greased.
3. Galvanised iron pipes are used for water supply.
4. Iron can be coated with chromium.
Try Yourself
l Give four ways to prevent rusting of iron. (CBSE 2013)
l Give reasons :
(a) Iron grills are frequently painted.
(b) Gold ornaments do not lose their lustre. (CBSE 2016)
Q. 4. When iron is exposed to air and moisture, rust is formed

4Fe + 3O2 + 3H2O ⎯⎯→ 2Fe2O3·3H2O
Iron Air Moisture Rust
Why is it called a slow reaction ? Name the reaction.
Ans. Rust is a complex compound of iron and it takes several months to form when iron
is exposed to moist air. This is a combination reaction.
Q. 5. Explain two ways by which food industries prevent rancidity.
(CBSE 2014)
Or
Define rancidity. To prevent rancidity of food containing fats or oils, some substances
are added to them. What are these substances called ? Suggest some other methods
to prevent rancidity of food items. (CBSE 2012)
Or
What is meant by rancidity ? State any two methods to prevent it. (CBSE 2016)
Ans. Fats and oils in food kept for long time get oxidised and become rancid and taste
of food changes and causes infection on eating. This is called rancidity.
To prevent rancidity antioxidants (which prevent oxidation) are added to food containing
fats and oils. Rancidity can also be prevented by flushing out oxygen with an inert gas like
nitrogen. For example, packets of food items like chips are flushed with nitrogen so that
these can be used even after long duration. Keeping food in airtight containers also help to
slow down oxidation and to preserve food for a longer time.
Similar Questions*
l The smell and taste of food containing fats and oils change after some time. Why does this
happen ? Name the process. List two ways which help to slow down the above
mentioned process. (CBSE 2012)
l What happens when food materials containing fats and oil are left for a long time ?
List two observable changes and suggest three ways by which this can be prevented.
(CBSE 2017, 2020)
Q. 6. Why potato chips manufacturers fill the packet of chips with nitrogen
gas ? (CBSE 2011)
Ans. To prevent potato chips from oxidation, manufacturers flush out oxygen with
nitrogen.
Q. 7. Give two examples from everyday life situations where corrosion reactions
are taking place.
Ans. Two common situations of corrosion reactions that we come across are :
(i) Rusting of iron : When iron objects are exposed to humid air, a red brown flaky
mixture of iron oxide, Fe2O3 and iron hydroxide, Fe(OH)3 is formed. It is soft and porous.
Here, iron is oxidised to iron oxide and oxygen is reduced to oxide.
4Fe + 3O2 ⎯⎯→ 2Fe2O3
(ii) Corrosion of metals : When copper vessel is left in humid atmosphere for a few
days, a green coating is formed on the surface due to the formation of basic copper carbonate.
2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 ⎯⎯→ CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2
Basic copper carbonate
Here, copper is oxidised to Cu2+ ions and oxygen is reduced to oxide.

Q. 8. Give two differences between rusting and burning.
Ans. (i) Rusting is a slow process while burning is a fast process.
(ii) Rusting takes place in the presence of oxygen and moisture while burning
requires only oxygen.
Q. 9. A student has been collecting silver coins and copper coins. One day she observed
a black coating on silver coins and green coating on copper coins. Which chemical
phenomenon is responsible for these changes ? Write the chemical name of black
and green coatings.
Ans. The phenomenon is called corrosion (oxidation). Black coating on silver coins is
silver sulphide. Green coating on copper coins is basic copper oxide.
Q. 10. Surface of some metals lose their brightness when kept in air for a long time.
Why ? (CBSE 2010)
Ans. Metals get corroded due to exposure to moist air and a rough oxide film is formed
on the surface.
Q. 11. Which one is a chemical changerusting of iron or melting of iron ?
Ans. Rusting of iron is a chemical change.
Q. 12. Why do silver articles become black after some time when exposed to air ?
Ans. Silver gets oxidised to Ag2S due to H2S present in air.
Q. 13. State the type of chemical reaction used for extraction of metals from
their naturally occurring chlorides, or oxides.
Ans. Reduction.
1. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped
in it ? (CBSE 2012, 2015)
Ans. When an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, it becomes brownish
in colour and colour of copper sulphate fades due to the following reaction :
Copper
sulphate
In this reaction iron has replaced copper from its solution. Thus, amount of copper
sulphate decreases and its colour fades.
2. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in
Activity 1.10.
Ans. When a solution of hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of lead nitrate, a
white precipitate of lead chloride is formed.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ PbCl2(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
Lead nitrate Lead chloride
Pb++ ions from lead nitrate combine with 2Cl ions from hydrochloric acid and a
precipitate of lead chloride is formed. Thus, there is an exchange of ions between the
two reactants i.e., lead nitrate and hydrochloric acid, and thus this reaction is a double
displacement reaction.
3. Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are reduced in
the following reactions :
(i) 4Na(s) + O2( g) ⎯→ 2Na2O(s)
(ii) CuO(s) + H2( g) ⎯→ Cu(s) + H2O(l). (CBSE 2015)
Ans. (i) Substances oxidised : Na(s), H2( g)
(ii) Substances reduced : O2( g), CuO(s).
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Choose the correct answer in each of the following questions :

1. Choose the combination reaction :
(a) Extraction of metal (b) Burning of metal
(c) Addition of more active metal to a solution of less active metal compound
(d) Electrolysis.
2. Choose double displacement reaction
(a) X + Y Z ⎯→ X Y + Z (b) X + Y ⎯→ X Y
(c) X Y Z ⎯→ Y Z X (d) X Y + AB ⎯→ XA + Y B.

3. Which of the following reactions is not a redox reaction ?

(a) Mg + Cl2 ⎯→ MgCl2 (b) CuO + H2 ⎯→ Cu + H2O
(c) AgNO3 + NaCl ⎯→ AgCl + NaNO3 (d) MnO2 + 4HCl ⎯→ MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2.
4. Identify the redox reaction from amongst the following reactions :
(a) AgNO3 + HCl ⎯→ AgCl + HNO3 (b) PbCl2 + H2SO4 ⎯→ PbSO4 + 2HCl
(c) NH3 + HCl ⎯→ NH4Cl (d) Fe2O3 + 2Al ⎯→ Al2O3 + 2Fe.
5. Which one of the following changes is not oxidation ?
(a) Combination (b) Double displacement
(c) Corrosion (d) Rancidity.
6. In the equation CuO + H2 ⎯→ Cu + H2O, the substance reduced is
(a) CuO (b) H2
(c) Cu (d) none of these.
7. When copper vessels are kept over a period of time, these get coated with a green
surface. This is due to
(i) oxidation of copper (ii) corrosion of copper
(iii) reduction of copper (iv) hydrolysis of copper
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)
8. Which of the following process does not produce decomposition reaction ?
(a) Electrolysis (b) Exposure to light
(c) Distillation (d) Thermal
9. Which of the following is not a redox reaction ?

(a) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air
(b) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to zinc granules
(c) Addition of silver nitrate to sodium chloride
(d) Release of energy during respiration
10. What is not true in a balanced chemical equation ?
(a) Number of atoms of different elements on both sides are equal
(b) Mass of both sides are equal
(c) Number of charged ions on both sides are equal
(d) Total of charges on both sides are equal
11. Given the oxidation of methane in the presence of oxygen
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ⎯→ CO2 + 2H2O(g)
When 4 g of methane is completely oxidised in the presence of oxygen, the volume
of CO2 formed at STP will be
(a) 5.6 litres (b) 11.2 litres
(c) 16.8 litres (d) 22.4 litres
12. How many moles of hydrogen will be evolved when 6.50 g of zinc (Atomic weight = 65)
is dipped in 0.1 mole of hydrochloric acid ?
Zn + 2HCl ⎯→ ZnCl2 + H2
(a) 2 moles (b) 1 mole
(c) 0.75 mole (d) 0.05 mole
13. On heating copper powder in air, the surface of copper becomes black. It is
(a) combination reaction (b) decomposition reaction
(c) dissociation reaction (d) displacement reaction
14. Which amongst the following does not hold good for a balanced chemical equation ?
(a) Obeys law of conservation of energy and mass
(b) Has equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation
(c) Mass of reactants is equal to mass of the products
(d) Has equal number of charges on both sides of the equation
15. Which of the following statements about the reaction below is correct ?
2H2S + SO2 ⎯→ 3S + 2H2O
(i) H2S is getting reduced (ii) SO2 is getting oxidised
(iii) H2S is reducing agent (iv) SO2 is oxidising agent
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
16. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate, a
black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric acid so formed
remains in the solution. The reaction is an example of a
(a) Combination reaction (b) Displacement reaction
(c) Decomposition reaction (d) Double displacement reaction
(CBSE 2020)
17. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ⎯→ Ca(OH)2(aq)
This reaction can be classified as
(A) Combination reaction (B) Exothermic reaction
(C) Endothermic reaction (D) Oxidation reaction
Which of the following is a correct option ?
(a) (A) and (C) (b) (C) and (D)
(c) (A), (C) and (D) (d) (A) and (B) (CBSE 2020)
18. In a double displacement reaction such as the reaction between sodium sulphate
solution and barium chloride solution :
(A) exchange of atoms takes place (B) exchange of ions takes place
(C) a precipitate is produced (D) an insoluble salt is produced
The correct option is :
(a) (B) and (D) (b) (A) and (C)
(c) only (B) (d) (B), (C) and (D) (CBSE 2020)
19. Strong heating of ferrous sulphate leads to the formation of a brown solid and two
gases. The reaction can be categorised as
(a) displacement and redox (b) decomposition and redox
(c) displacement and endothermic (d) decomposition and exothermic
(CBSE 2020)
20. A student while burning a magnesium ribbon in air, collected the products in a wet
watch glass. The new product obtained was :
(a) Magnesium oxide (b) Magnesium carbonate
(c) Magnesium hydroxide (d) Magnesium chloride
(CBSE 2021)
21. Consider the following chemical equation :
2NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
The informations conveyed by this equation are :
I. NaOH reacts with H2SO4 to produce Na2SO4 and water.
II. For every one molecule of H2SO4, two molecules of NaOH are required.
III. Acids and bases are non-ionic in nature.
IV. This is not a redox reaction.
The correct statements are :
(a) I and II (b) II and III
(c) III and IV (d) I and IV
(CBSE 2021)
22. Select the correct matching in the following table in connection with the given
chemical reaction :
CuSO4 + Fe ⎯⎯→ FeSO4 + Cu
Initial colour of Final colour of Final colour of Type of reaction
solution solution iron nail
(a) Pale green Blue Grey Displacement
(b) Blue Pale green Brownish Double displacement
(c) Blue Light blue Grey Double displacement
(d) Blue Pale green Brownish Displacement
(CBSE 2021)
23. Consider the following processes :
I. Dilution of sulphuric acid II. Sublimation of dry ice
III. Condensation of water vapours
IV. Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water
The endothermic process(es) is/are :
(a) I and III (b) II only
(c) III only (d) II and IV
(CBSE 2021)
24. Concentrated H2SO4 is diluted by adding drop by drop :

(a) Water to acid with constant stirring (b) Acid to water with constant stirring
(c) Water to acid followed by a base (d) Base to acid followed by cold water
(CBSE 2021)
25. Absence of tartaric acid in baking powder makes the taste of the cake bitter due to
the presence of :
(a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (b) Sodium carbonate
(c) Sodium metabisulphite (d) Sodium sulphate
(CBSE 2021)
26. Salt A commonly used in food products, is a reactant to produce salt B, used in the
kitchen for making tasty, crispy pakoras. Salt B on heating converts into another salt
C, which is used in the manufacturing of glass. Salts A, B and C respectively are :
(a) NaHCO3, NaCl, Na2CO3 (b) Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaCl
(c) Na2CO3, NaCl, NaHCO3 (d) NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2CO3
(CBSE 2021)
27. In the following diagram, what would happen if some amount of sodium hydroxide is
taken in place of sulphuric acid and the test tube is heated :
(a) Same amount of H2 gas is evolved (b) H2 gas is not evolved

(c) The amount of H2 gas evolved is much less (d) In place of H2 gas, O2 gas evolves
(CBSE 2021)
28. When lead nitrate powder is heated in a boiling tube, we observe :
(a) Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide (b) Brown fumes of lead oxide
(c) Yellow fumes of nitrogen dioxide (d) Brown fumes of nitric oxide
(CBSE 2021)
29. Given below is a reaction showing Chlor-alkali process :

2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)
(A) (B) (C)
The products A, B and C are produced respectively :
(a) At the anode, at the cathode, near the cathode
(b) Near the cathode, at the anode, at the cathode
(c) At the cathode, near the cathode, at the anode
(d) At the anode, near the cathode, at the cathode
(CBSE 2021)
30. In the activity shown in the diagram, if the climate is humid, the role of calcium chloride
taken in the guard tube is to :
(a) Absorb the evolved gas (b) Warm up the gas

(c) Dry the gas
(d) Absorb chloride ions from the evolved gas
(CBSE 2021)
31. Which one of the following chemicals is used in soda acid fire extinguishers ?
(a) Sodium chloride (b) Sodium acetate
(c) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (d) Ammonium sulphate (CBSE 2021)
32. A student took Sodium Sulphate solution in a test tube and added Barium Chloride
solution to it. He observed that an insoluble substance has formed. The colour and
molecular formula of the insoluble substance is :
(a) Grey, Ba2SO4 (b) Yellow, Ba(SO4)2
(c) White, BaSO4 (d) Pink, BaSO4
(CBSE 2021)
33. Which of the following oxide(s) is/are soluble in water to form alkalies ?
(i) Na2O (ii) SO2
(iii) K2O (iv) NO2
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) only
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) only
(CBSE 2021)

34. Study the diagram given below and identify the gas formed in the reaction.
(a) Carbon dioxide which extinguishes the burning candle.

(b) Oxygen due to which the candle burns more brightly.
(c) Sulphur dioxide which produces a suffocating smell.
(d) Hydrogen which while burning produces a popping sound.
(CBSE 2021)
35. Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The balanced
equation which represents the above reaction is :
(a) Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + 2H2(g)
(b) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
(c) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + 2H2(g)
(d) 2Na(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + 2H2(g)
(CBSE 2021)
36. C6 H12 O6(aq) + 6O2 (aq) → 6CO2 (aq) + 6H2O(l)
The above reaction is a/an
(a) displacement reaction (b) endothermic reaction
(c) exothermic reaction (d) neutralisation reaction
(CBSE 2021)
37. Which of the following statements about the reaction given below are correct ?
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
(i) HCl is oxidized to Cl2 (ii) MnO2 is reduced to MnCl2
(iii) MnCl2 acts as an oxidizing agent (iv) HCl acts as an oxidizing agent
(a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii) only (d) (iii) and (iv) only
(CBSE 2021)
38. It is important to balance the chemical equations to satisfy the law of conservation of
mass. Which of the following statements of the law is incorrect ?
(a) The total mass of the elements present in the reactants is equal to the total mass of the
elements presents in the products.
(b) The number of atoms of each element remains the same, before and after a chemical reaction.
(c) The chemical composition of the reactants is the same before and after the reaction.
(d) Mass can neither be created nor can it be destroyed in a chemical reaction.
(CBSE 2021)
39. Which one of the following reactions is categorised as thermal decomposition reaction ?
(a) 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) (b) 2AgBr(s) → 2Ag (s) + Br2(g)
(c) 2AgCl(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) (d) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(CBSE 2021)
40. Which one of the following structures correctly depicts the compound CaCl 2?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(CBSE 2021)
41. The pair(s) which will show displacement reaction is/are
(i) NaCl solution and copper metal (ii) AgNO3 solution and copper metal
(iii) Al2 (SO4)3 solution and magnesium metal
(iv) ZnSO4 solution and iron metal
(a) (ii) only (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (ii)
(CBSE 2021)
42. Which of the following salts do not have the water of crystalisation ?
(i) Bleaching Powder (ii) Plaster of Paris
(iii) Washing soda (iv) Baking soda
(a) (ii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)
(CBSE 2021)
43. Consider the following chemical equation :
2NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
The informations conveyed by this equation are:
(i) NaOH reacts with H2SO4 to produce Na2SO4 and water.
(ii) Every one molecule of H2SO4, two molecules of NaOH are required.
(iii) Acids and bases are non-ionic in nature.
(iv) This is not a redox reaction.
The correct statements are :

(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
(CBSE 2022)
44. Consider the following processes:
(i) Dilution of sulphuric acid
(ii) Sublimation of dry ice
(iii) Condensation of water vapours
(iv) Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water
The endothermic process(es) is/are:
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) only
(c) (iii) only (d) (ii) and (iv)
(CBSE 2022)
45. When lead nitrate powder is heated in a boiling tube, we observe :
(a) Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide (b) Brown fumes of lead oxide
(c) Yellow fumes of nitrogen dioxide (d) Brown fumes of nitric oxide
(CBSE 2022)
46. Select the correct matching in the following table in connection with the given
chemical reaction :
CuSO4 + Fe ⎯⎯→ FeSO4 + Cu
Initial colour of Final colour of Final colour of Type of reaction
solution solution iron nail
(a) Pale green Blue Grey Displacement
(b) Blue Pale green Brownish Double displacement
(c) Blue Light blue Grey Double displacement
(d) Blue Pale green Brownish Displacement
(CBSE 2022)
47. In which of the following, the identity of initial substance remains unchanged ?
(a) Curdling of milk
(b) Formation of crystals by process of crystallisation
(c) Fermentation of grapes
(d) Digestion of food
(CBSE 2022)
Directions : For question numbers 48 to 56, two statements are givenone labeled
Assertion (A) and the other labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions
from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below :
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
48. Assertion (A) : The burning of candle is both a physical as well as chemical change.
Reason (R) : The wax in candle changes to vapours.
49. Assertion (A) : All decomposition reactions are endothermic.
Reason (R) : Enthalpy of products is greater than the enthalpy of reactants.
50. Assertion (A) : The reaction of quick lime with water is a decomposition reaction.
Reason (R) : In the above process all of heat is absorbed.
51. Assertion (A) : The reaction
MnO2 + 4HCl ⎯→ MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
is an example of redox reaction.
Reason (R) : In this reaction, HCl is reduced to Cl2 whereas MnO2 is oxidised to
MnCl2. (CBSE 2020)
52. Assertion (A) : Following is a balanced chemical equation for the action of steam
on irons :
3Fe + 4H2O ⎯→ Fe3O4 + 4H2
Reason (R) : The law of conservation of mass holds good for a chemical equation.
(CBSE 2020)
53. Assertion (A) : Silver salts are used in black and white photography.
Reason (R) : Silver salts do not decompose in the presence of light.
(CBSE 2021)
54. Assertion (A) : The solutions of ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity.
Reason (R) : Movement of atoms of elements take place in solution.
(CBSE 2021)
55. Assertion (A) : Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an ingredient in antacids.
Reason (R) : NaHCO3 is a mild non-corrosive basic salt. (CBSE 2021)
56. Assertion (A) : Hydrochloric acid helps in the digestion of food in the stomach.
Reason (R) : Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium to activate protein digesting
enzymes. (CBSE 2021)
ANSWERS TO THE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (d)
17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (b)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (c) 32. (c)
33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (c)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c)
49. (a) 50. (a) 51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (a)
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
Answer the following questions (14) on the basis of study of the following paragraph
and related studied concept :
I. Corrosion is a natural process. Just like
water flows to the lowest level, all natural
processes tend towards the lowest possible
energy states. Thus for example, iron and
steel have a natural tendency to combine
with other elements to return to their
lowest energy states. In order to return to
lower energy states, iron and steel
frequently combine with oxygen and water,
both of which are present in natural
environments, to form hydrated oxides.
Answer the following questions :
1. What is the chemical process taking place during corrosion ?
2. What process can be used to prevent such items from corrosion ?
3. What name is given to the hydrated iron oxides ?
4. What are the essential conditions for corrosion to occur ?
II. Oxidation-reduction is essential for comfortable living, travel and your basic ability
to breathe. Oxidation-reduction is a process of a redox reaction, specifically a process
by which oxygen is removed from a compound. The result of oxidation-reduction
reaction is often heat but it can also create a number of other essential compounds
that you require for daily life.
Give an account of at least four instances where oxidation-reduction is a
part of our daily life.
III. One day Kamal saw that her mother was roasting peanuts in a pan (kadahi) in the
kitchen and she had taken ordinary salt to roast the peanuts. She was surprised to
observe that in spite of very high temperature, the salt does not melt and the peanuts
also get roasted. (CBSE 2021)
1. The chemical name of common salt is :
(a) Potassium chloride (b) Sodium carbonate
(c) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (d) Sodium chloride
2. Common salt is :
(a) A covalent compound
(b) An ionic compound formed by sharing electrons
(c) An ionic compound formed by the transfer of electrons
(d) Soluble in organic solvents
3. Common salt is not a raw material for :
(a) Bleaching powder (b) Plaster of Paris
(c) Baking soda (d) Caustic soda

4. Common salt is used as a raw material in the preparation of washing soda in which
the number of molecules of water of crystallisation is :
(a) 10 (b) 7
(c) 5 (d) 2
ANSWERS TO THE CASE BASED QUESTIONS
I. 1. Oxidation
2. Painting of such items
3. Rust
4. Presence of oxygen and moisture.
II. 1. Car fuel : Gasoline powered automobiles as an oxidation-reduction process to
convert gasoline into power.
2. Home heating device : This device used another form of oxidation-reduction
process to generate heat for your home. This process generates heat from
hydrocarbons that warms your home.
3. Photosynthesis : Plants use photosynthesis process to breakdown carbon dioxide
and sunlight into nourishment.
4. Breathing : This process uses oxygen from air and carbohydrates from own body,
in an oxidation-reduction process that supplies your body energy and carbon dioxide
to the plants.
III. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a)
NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

(Pages 14–16)
Q. 1. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect ?

2PbO(s) + C(s) ⎯→ 2Pb(s) + CO2( g)
(a) Lead is getting reduced.
(b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised.
(c) Carbon is getting oxidised.
(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
(i) (a) and (b) (ii) (a) and (c)
(iii) (a), (b) and (c) (iv) all.
Ans. (i)
(Note : (c) and (d) are correct.)
Q. 2. Fe2O3 + 2Al ⎯→ Al2O3 + 2Fe
The above reaction is an example of a (CBSE 2015)
(a) combination reaction. (b) double displacement reaction.
(c) decomposition reaction. (d) displacement reaction.
Ans. (d) displacement reaction.
Q. 3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron fillings ?

Tick the correct answer.
(a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
(b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced.
(c) No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and water are produced.
Ans. (a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.
Q. 4. What is a balanced chemical equation ? Why should chemical equations
be balanced ?
Ans. In a balanced equation, the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the
equation are equal. A balanced equation satisfies mass balance as well as charge balance.
The chemical equation must be balanced with respect to mass because matter can
neither be created nor destroyed. The equation must be balanced with respect to charge
because the electrons lost by atoms to form cations are equal to the electrons gained by other
atoms to form anions.
Q. 5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then
balance them :
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia. (CBSE 2016)
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride
and a precipitate of barium sulphate.
(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen
gas.
Ans. (a) 3H2( g) + N2( g) ⎯→ 2NH3( g)
(b) 2H2S( g) + 3O2( g) ⎯→ 2SO2( g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) 3BaCl2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) ⎯→ 2AlCl3(aq) + 3BaSO4(s)
(d) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) ⎯→ 2KOH(aq) + H2( g).
Q. 6. Balance the following chemical equations :
(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 ⎯→ Ca(NO3)2 + H2O (CBSE 2015)
(b) NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯→ Na2SO4 + H2O (CBSE 2015)
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 ⎯→ AgCl + NaNO3 (CBSE 2016)
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ⎯→ BaSO4 + HCl (CBSE 2016)
Ans. (a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 ⎯→ Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯→ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
(c) NaCl + AgNO3 ⎯→ AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ⎯→ BaSO4 + 2HCl.
Q. 7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :

(a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide ⎯→ Calcium carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc + Silver nitrate ⎯→ Zinc nitrate + Silver (CBSE 2015)
(c) Aluminium + Copper chloride ⎯→ Aluminium chloride + Copper
(CBSE 2015)
(d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate ⎯→ Barium sulphate
+ Potassium chloride
(CBSE 2015)
Ans. (a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯→ CaCO3 + H2O
(b) Zn + 2AgNO3 ⎯→ Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(c) 2Al + 3CuCl2 ⎯→ 2AlCl3 + 3Cu
(d) BaCl2 + K2SO4 ⎯→ BaSO4 + 2KCl.
Q. 8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the
type of reaction in each case. (CBSE 2011)
(a) Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) ⎯→ Potassium iodide(aq)
+ Barium bromide(s)
(b) Zinc carbonate(s) ⎯→ Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide( g)
(c) Hydrogen( g) + Chlorine( g) ⎯→ Hydrogen chloride( g)
(d) Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) ⎯→ Magnesium chloride(aq)
+ Hydrogen( g)
Ans. (a) 2KBr(aq) + BaI2(aq) ⎯→ 2KI(aq) + BaBr2(s)
Type : Double displacement reaction.
(b) ZnCO3(s) ⎯→ ZnO(s) + CO2( g)
Type : Decomposition reaction.
(c) H2( g) + Cl2( g) ⎯→ 2HCl( g)
Type : Combination reaction.
(d) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⎯→ MgCl2(aq) + H2( g)
Type : Displacement reaction.
Q. 9. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions ? Give
examples. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. (i) One knows that constituent elements in a compound are bound by chemical
bonds. During a chemical change, when bonds between the constituents of the reactants are
broken, energy is consumed whereas energy is given out when the bonds are formed as in
the case of products. Thus, depending on whether overall energy is given out or consumed,
the reaction is either exothermic or endothermic.
Exothermic reactions : (a) Chemical reactions in which energy is evolved (or given
out) are known as exothermic reactions. For example,
C(s) + O2( g) ⎯⎯→ CO2( g) + 393.7 kJ (ΔH = −393.7 kJ)
This shows 1 mole of carbon reacts with 1 mole of oxygen and liberates 393.7 kJ of heat.
(b) Formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen is an exothermic reaction
N2( g) + 3H2( g) ⎯⎯→ 2NH3( g) + 92 kJ (ΔH = −92 kJ)
Endothermic reactions : (a) Reactions in which energy is absorbed are called

endothermic reactions. For example,
When carbon reacts with sulphur, 92 kJ of heat is absorbed during the process.
C(s) + 2S(s) ⎯⎯→ CS2(l) − 92 kJ (ΔH = + 92 kJ).
(c) Formation of nitric oxide (NO) is an endothermic reaction
N2( g) + O2( g) ⎯⎯→ 2NO( g) − 180.5 kJ (ΔH = + 180.5 kJ).
Similar Question*
Differentiate between an exothermic and an endothermic reaction. Write one example
for each one of these reactions in the form of balanced chemical equation.
(CBSE 2012)
Q. 10. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction ? Explain.

(CBSE 2011)
Ans. During digestion, food is broken down into simpler substances. Food like rice,
potato and bread are made up of carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are further broken
down to glucose. Glucose during respiration (inhalation of oxygen) is oxidised with the
liberation of energy as shown below :
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) ⎯⎯→ 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy
Glucose
Thus, respiration is an exothermic process.
Q. 11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination
reactions ? Write equations for these reactions. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. The decomposition reaction is the opposite of combination reaction.
In a decomposition reaction, a single compound breaks down to produce two or more
simpler substances, e.g., mercuric oxide on heating decomposes to mercury and oxygen.
2HgO ⎯⎯→ 2Hg + O2
In a combination reaction, two or more substances simply combine to form a new
substance, e.g., magnesium combines with oxygen to give magnesium oxide.
2Mg + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2MgO
Similar Question*
Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions ?
Write equations for these reactions ? (CBSE 2017)
Q. 12. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is
supplied in the form of heat, light or electricity. (CBSE 2011, 2015, 2016)
Or
Write one example for each of the decomposition reactions carried out with
the help of :
(i) electricity (ii) heat (iii) sunlight.
heat
Ans. (i) 2MgO(s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2Mg(s) + O2( g)
light
(ii) 2AgBr(s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2Ag(s) + Br2( g)
electricity
(iii) 2H2O(l) ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2H2( g) + O2( g).
(acid)

Q. 13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement

reactions ? Write equations for these reactions. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. In displacement reactions, a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal
from its solution while in double displacement reactions, two reactants in solution exchange
their ions. For example,
(i) Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
This is a displacement reaction where iron displaces copper from its solution.
(ii) AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ AgCl(s) + NaNO3
This is a double displacement reaction where silver nitrate and sodium chloride exchange
Cl− and NO3− ions between them.
Q. 14. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved
displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.
Ans. 2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) ⎯⎯→ Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s).
Q. 15. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction ? Explain by giving
examples. (CBSE 2015)
Ans. When two reactants in solution react and one or more of the products is insoluble
or forms a precipitate, the reaction is called a precipitation reaction. For example, when
a solution of iron chloride and ammonium hydroxide are mixed, a brown precipitate of iron
hydroxide is formed.
FeCl3(aq) + 3NH4OH(aq) ⎯⎯→ Fe(OH)3(s) + 3NH4Cl(aq)
Ferric Ferric
chloride hydroxide
Q. 16. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples
each : (CBSE 2011)
(a) Oxidation (b) Reduction.
Ans. (a) Oxidation : A chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen is called
oxidation.
Example :
heat
2Cu + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CuO, Cu is oxidised to CuO.
burn
2Mg + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2MgO, Mg is oxidised to MgO.
(b) Reduction : A chemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen is called
reduction.
ZnO + C ⎯⎯→ Zn + CO, ZnO is reduced to Zn.
CuO + H2 ⎯⎯→ Cu + H2O, CuO is reduced to Cu.
Q. 17. A shiny brown coloured element X on heating in air becomes black in colour.
Name the element X and the black coloured compound formed. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. Element X = Copper (Cu)
Compound = Copper oxide (CuO)
2Cu(s) + O2 ⎯⎯→ 2CuO
Brown (from air) Black
Q. 18. Why do we apply paint on iron articles ? (CBSE 2011)

Ans. Paint acts as antioxidant and saves iron articles from damage due to corrosion. It
acts as buffer between iron article and moist air.
Q. 19. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why ? (CBSE 2011)
Ans. To keep food items fresh and save these from oxidising effect of oxygen, food
items are flushed with nitrogen.
Q. 20. Explain the following terms with one example each :
(a) Corrosion (b) Rancidity.
Ans. (a) Corrosion : Due to the effect of moisture and air, metals get corroded, i.e.,
metals particularly iron form a porous layer on the surface and thus get damaged. This effect
is called corrosion.
Corrosion causes damages to metal articles like car bodies, bridges, iron railings, ships
and other substances of daily use.
(b) Rancidity : Fats and oils in food kept for long time get oxidised and become rancid
and taste of food changes and causes infection on eating. This is called rancidity.
To prevent rancidity antioxidants (which prevent oxidation) are added to food containing
fats and oils. Rancidity can also be prevented by flushing out oxygen with an inert gas like
nitrogen. For example, packets of food items like chips are flushed with nitrogen so that
these can be used even after long duration.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)

1. Balance the following chemical equation :
heat
FeSO4(s) ⎯⎯⎯→ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
2. What is another name for a double displacement reaction ?
3. What type of chemical reaction takes place when food is digested ?
B. Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)

1. Write and balance the following equations as written statements :
(i) Calcium plus sulphur produces calcium sulphide.
(ii) Magnesium burns in CO2 to form magnesium oxide and carbon.
2. How much oxygen will be required to burn 8 g methane completely ?
3. Explain the difference between combination and decomposition reaction, giving an
example. (CBSE 2016)
4. Write the following chemical equations in balanced form :
(i) NH3 + H2SO4 ⎯→ (NH4)2SO4
(ii) NH4NO2 ⎯→ H2O + N2
5. What are the resulting species when 112 litres of oxygen at S.T.P. is passed through
1 mole of HCl solution in water ?
6. Mention the colour of FeSO4. 7H2O crystals. How does this colour change upon
heating ? Give balanced chemical equation for the change. (CBSE 2017)
C. Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)

1. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions ?
Write equations for these reactions. Which of these is a redox reaction ?
2. Write the chemical equations for the following chemical reactions : (CBSE 2015)
(i) White washing
(ii) Black and white photography
(iii) Combustion of fuel in CNG buses.
3. What is an oxidation reaction ? Identify the substance oxidized and the substance
reduced in the following chemical reactions :
(i) H2S(g) + SO2(g) ⎯→ 2S(s) + 2H2O(l)
(ii) Zn(s) + AgNO3(aq) ⎯→ Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag(s)
4. Write chemical equations for the reactions taking place when (CBSE 2015)
(i) Copper is heated in air
(ii) Magnesium reacts with dil. HCl
(iii) Iron reacts with steam.
5. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :
(i) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water.
(ii) Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium chloride + Copper.
(iii) Calcium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid → Calcium chloride + Water + Carbon
dioxide. (CBSE 2014)
6. What is redox reaction ? Identify the substance oxidised and the substance reduced
in the following reactions : (CBSE 2012)
(i) 2 PbO + C ⎯→ Pb + CO2
(ii) MnO2 + 4HCl ⎯→ MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
D. Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)

1. Balance the following chemical equations. Identify the type of reaction in each case.
(i) CH4 + O2 ⎯→ CO2 + H2O
(ii) NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯→ Na2SO4 + H2O
(iii) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 ⎯→ Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
(iv) FeCl2 + H2S ⎯→ HCl + FeS
(v) Fe + O2 ⎯→ Fe2O3
2. Write balanced equation for the following reactions and identify the type of reaction :
(i) Zinc carbonate (s) ⎯→ Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g)
(ii) Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid (aq) ⎯→ Magnesium chloride (aq)
+ Hydrogen (g)
(iii) Potassium sulphate (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) ⎯→ Potassium iodide (aq)
+ Barium sulphate (s)
(iv) Hydrogen (g) + Chlorine (g) ⎯→ Hydrogen chloride (g)
(v) Calcium carbonate (s) ⎯→ Calcium oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g)
3. Write balanced chemical equations for the following statements : (CBSE 2014)
(i) NaOH solution is heated with zinc granules.
(ii) Excess of carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water.
(iii) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with sodium carbonate.
(iv) Egg shells are dropped in hydrochloric acid.
(v) Copper (II) oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
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We are confident that Science X will be well received by all. Constructive

Syllabus (Issued by CBSE) (viiix)

1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS ...................................... 155

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 Multiple Choice Questions (with Answers) 216

9. LIGHTREFLECTION AND REFRACTION ................................435521

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LONDON • NEW DELHI

Unit No. Unit Marks

I. Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour 25

Unit I : Chemical Substances - Nature and Behaviour

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THEME: THE WORLD OF THE LIVING

Unit II : World of Living

THEME: NATURAL PHENOMENA

THEME: HOW THINGS WORK

THEME: NATURAL RESOURCES

NOTE FOR THE TEACHERS

QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

* The mass is not the same on both sides of the equation.

1.1. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

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(i) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.

(i) Change in state

(ii) Evolution of gas

(iii) Change in temperature.

Q. 4. Why is it necessary to obtain a balanced chemical equation ?

n CAUTION : This Activity needs the teachers assistance. It would be better if

Burner Watch glass

Fig. 1.1. Burning of a magnesium ribbon in air and collection of

n Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask or a test tube.

Dilute sulphuric acid

Q. 7. Write the skeletal equation for the following reactions :

Q. 8. Describe the method of balancing a chemical equation taking an example.

2HNO3 ⎯⎯→ 2NO2 + H2O + O ...(i)

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Ans. (i) (a) 2KClO3 ⎯⎯→ KCl + 3O2

(ii) C(graphite) + 2H2( g) ⎯⎯→ CH4( g) Δ H = + 74.25 kJ

Q. 12. Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions :

Ans. (a) 2Na + H2SO4 ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4 + H2

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS (Page 6)

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1.2. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Q. 1. Explain the following chemical changes, giving one example in each

n Take a small amount of calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker.

n Do you feel any change in temperature ?

(ii) DECOMPOSITION REACTION

Fig. 1.5. Heating of lead nitrate and emission of nitrogen dioxide

n What do you observe ? Note down the change, if any.

ACTIVITY 1.7 (CBSE 2014)

n Which gas is present in each test tube ?

Graphite rod Water

Fig. 1.6. Electrolysis of water

(a) Name the process depicted in the diagram.

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Syllabus (Issued by CBSE) (viiix)

1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS ...................................... 155

Multiple Choice Questions (with Answers) 216

9. LIGHTREFLECTION AND REFRACTION ................................435521

n CAUTION : This Activity needs the teachers assistance. It would be better if