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CAIE IGCSE
ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
f (x ) = 3x − 1
2
a (x + n) + k
Many-to-one functions: there are some f(x) values
which are generated by more than one x value Where the vertex is (−n, k)
e.g. Find the y -intercept:
Substitute x as 0 to get y intercept
f (x ) = x 2 − 2x + 3
Find the x -intercept:
Domain =x values Range = y values Factorize or use formula
Type of root by calculating discriminant b2 − 4ac
Notation: f (x ) can also be written as f :x↦ If b2 − 4ac = 0 , real and equal roots
To find range: If b2 − 4ac > 0 , real and distinct roots
Complete the square 2
If b − 4ac < 0 , no real roots
Intersections of a line and a curve: if the equations of the
x 2 − 2x + 3 → (x − 1)2 + 2
line and curve leads to a quadratic equation then:
Work out min/max point If b2 − 4ac = 0 , line is tangent to the curve
If b2 − 4ac > 0 , line meets curve in two points
Minimum point = (1, 2) If b2 − 4ac < 0 , line does not meet curve
∴ all y values are greater than or equal to 2 . f(x) ≥2 Quadratic inequality:
One-to-many functions do not exist
(x − d) (x − β ) < 0 ⟹ d < x < β
Domain of g (x ) = Range of g −1 (x)
(x − d ) (x − β ) > 0 ⟹ x < d or x > β
Solving functions:
f(2): substitute x = 2 and solve for f(x) 3. Equations, Inequalities and
fg (x ) : Substitute x = g(x)
f −1 (x ) : let y = f(x) and make x the subject Graphs
Composite Functions:
f (g (x )) or f ⋅ g (x ) Transformation of graphs:
Substitute all instances of x in f(x) with g(x) f(−x): reflection in the y-axis
Simplify −f (x ) : reflection in the x -axis
If it is f 2 (x ) , or f (f (x )) , then for every x in f(x)
f (x ) + a : translation of a units parallel to y-axis
substitute f(x)’s contents
f (x + a) : translation of –a units parallel to x -axis
Inverse Functions
f(ax): stretch, scale factor 1a parallel to x -axis
Only 1 to 1 functions have inverses
To sketchy = ax 2 + bx + c ; a ≠ 0
WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
1
ap = p
a
p
a q = ( q a)
p
7. Logarithmic & Exponential
Rules: Functions
for a > 0 , b > 0 and rational numbers m and n
Definition
am × an = am+n an × bn = (ab)n
for a > 0 and a ≠ 1
m n
a a a n
= am−n =( ) y = ax ⇔ x = log a y
an bn b
n
(am ) = amn For log a y to be defined
log b
log ax = log b and so x =
log a
Factor Theorem:
ln ⇒ log e
6. Simultaneous Equations
WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
9. Circular Measure
Radian measure:
π = 180º 2π = 360º
Arc length:
Equation of a straight line:
s = rθ
y = mx + c
Area of a sector:
y − y1 = m(x − x 1 )
1 2
Gradient: A= r θ
2
y2 − y1
m=
10. Trigonometry
x2 − x1
x 1 + x 2 y1 + y2
( , )
2 2
m+n m+n
Perpendicular lines: m1 m2 = −1
Perpendicular bisector: line passes through midpoint
To work out point of intersection of two lines/curves, solve TANGENT CURVE CAST DIAGRAM
equations simultaneously
Find Tangent: Once the gradient is obtained, substitute
the point into the slope-intercept form to get c and the
equation.
Find normal: Obtain the gradient by taking the negative
reciprocal (see perpendicular gradients ). Once the
gradient is obtained, substitute the point (original point)
into the slope-intercept form to get c and the equation.
Find Area, using two methods
Straight Line graphs: find variables when an equation that
does not involve x and y but rather other forms of x and y
example: ( x 3 ) or ln(y) . This is represented as a straight
line.
WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
3 4
+4 (2x ) (−1 ) + 1 (−1 )
2 2 2 2
cot θ + 1 = cosec θ tan θ + 1 = sec θ
= 16x 4 − 32x 3 + 24x 2 − 8x + 1
Sketching trigonometric graphs:
The powers of x are in descending order
e.g. 5 × 4 × 3 × 2
Factorial: n! = n × (n − 1 ) × (n − 2 ) … × 3 × 2 × Example:
1 Sequence: 1,2,3,4,5,6
NOTE: 0! = 1 Sum: 21
Permutations:
The number of ordered arrangements of r objects
taken from n unlike objects is: Geometric Progression
1 − rn
12. Series Sn = a 1 ×
1−r
The binomial theorem allows expansion of any expression Where the common ratio satisfies the condition:
in the form (a + b)n −1 < r < 1 , it is an infinite geometric progression
(convergent progression)
(x + y)n = n C 0 x n + n C 1 x n−1 y + n C 2 x n−2 y2
1
n n S∞ = a 1 ×
+ … + Cn y 1−r
WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
Chain rule:
Forms of vector:
dy dy du
(a b ) AB p ai − bj = ×
dx du dx
Generally, AB = OB − OA dy dv du
Magnitude = i2 + j 2 =u +v
dx dx dx
AB = 2i + 3j dx
v
∣ ∣ Special Differentials
AB = 13
∣ ∣
dy
1 (sin ax) = a cos ax
∴ U nit vector = (2i + 3j) dx
13
dy
Velocity Vector:
dy
(tan ax) = a sec 2 ax
dx
(a b )
dy
Getting velocity from speed: Find k to get velocity based ( eax+b ) = aeax+b
dx
on speed
dy 1
k × ∣∣(a b )∣∣ = speed
dx
(ln x) =
x
Point of intersection: dy f (x )
′
(ln (f (x )) =
dx f (x )
Object 1 = ( initial
initial y ) +
x
t (a b )
dy dy dx
= ×
14. Differentiation & dt dx dt
Small changes:
Integration If y = f(x) and small change δx in x causes a small
change δy in y , then
14.1. Differentiation dy
δy ≈ ( ) × δx
dx x=k
dy dy
dx >0 dx <0
(ax + b)n+1
Stationary point: equate first derivative to zero ∫ (ax + b)n = +c
a(n + 1)
dy
=0 Definite integral: substitute coordinates/values & find c
dx
WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE IGCSE ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
1 1
∫ ax+b = a ln ∣ax + b∣ + c
To find area under the graph (curve and x-axis): 14.3. Kinematics
Integrate curve
Substitute boundaries of x
Subtract one from another (ignore c)
b
∫ yd̃x
a
Particle at instantaneous rest, v =0
To find area between curve and y -axis:
Make x subject of the formula
Maximum displacement from origin, v =0
Follow above method using y -values instead of x - Maximum velocity, a = 0
values
WWW.ZNOTES.ORG