Matlab Lec 1

MATLAB 2024- 2023 ‫الجامعة التكنولوجية‬
‫المرحلة الثانية‬ ‫قسم هندسة النفط والغاز‬
1. Introduction
MATLAB® is a software program for numeric computation, data analysis, and

graphics. One advantage that MATLAB has for engineers over programming
languages such as C or C++ is that the MATLAB program includes functions that
numerically solve
You can think of MATLAB as a sort of graphing calculator on steroids – it is

designed to help you manipulate very large sets of numbers quickly and with
minimal programming. MATLAB is particularly good at doing matrix operations
(The system name is derived from the phrase Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB)). It is
capable of doing symbolic computations. It also enables the use of excellent
capabilities in the field of graphics, images and documents.
MATLAB code can be integrated with other languages, enabling you to

deploy algorithms and applications within web, enterprise, and production systems.
This lead to made to Millions of engineers and scientists worldwide use MATLAB®
to analyze and design the systems and products transforming our world.
2. Uses of the program MATLAB

➢ This program is used for drawing 2D graphs and in solving difficult
mathematical equations.
➢ It allows to computationally manipulate matrices, graph mathematical
functions, implement various algorithms, create graphical user interfaces,
and communicate with programs written in other languages,including C - C
++, Java, And Fortran.
➢ The program is used with many other applications and utilities such as
(Simulink).
➢ MATLAB allows drawing three-dimensional shapes after writing their
mathematical equations in a specific window.
1
3. Basic MATLAB windows
Install and start MATLAB. You should see the GUI shown below. The various
windows may be positioned differently on your version of MATLAB – they are
‘drag and drop’ windows. You may also see a slightly different looking GUI if you
are using an older version of MATLAB.
To enter MATLAB windows, double-click on the MATLAB shortcut icon

(MATLAB) on your Windows desktop. Waiting a while, then you a special window
called the MATLAB desktop appears. When you start MATLAB, the desktop
appears in its default layout. This window contains other windows. They are:
• The Command Window

• The Command History
• The Workspace Window
• The Current Directory
• The File Editor Window
• The Figure Window
2
4. The Desktop Layout
➢ The MATLAB Command Window is the main window where you type
commands directly and execute.
➢ The Command History Window displays a log of statements that you ran in
the current and previous MATLAB sessions.
➢ The Workspace Window contains variables that you create or import into
MATLAB. The workspace shows the name of each variable, its value, its
array size. Workspace variables do not persist after you exit MATLAB.
➢ The MATLAB Editor Window is a simple text editor where you can load,
edit and save complete MATLAB programs.
➢ The Current Folder Window is a reference location that MATLAB uses to
find files.
3
➢ The Figure Window that floats independently from the main desktop. It is
not already present, it is launched when command execution results in
graphical output
4-1 The Command Window
➢ The Command window is where the command line prompt for interactive
commands is located.
➢ The MATLAB prompt on the command window consists of two adjacent
right angle brackets, i.e., >>.
➢ Command Window: In the Command Window, you can enter commands
and data, make calculations, and print results. You can write a script in the
Command Window and execute the script. However, writing a script directly
into the Command Window is discouraged because it will not be saved, and
if an error is made,the entire script must be retyped. By using the up arrow
(↑) key on your keyboard, the previous command can be retrieved (and
edited) for re-execution.
➢ Results of command operations will also be displayed in this window unless
the command line is terminated by a semi-colon, in which case the display
of results is suppressed.
➢ If a command or script specified on the command line is questionable or
cannot be executed because of invalid syntax, undefined variables, etc., a
diagnostic message will be displayed in the Command window in red font.
➢ The current value of any saved variable is also displayed in this window if its
name is entered at a prompt.
4
Figure: The Matlab Command Window
4-2 The Command History
➢ The Command History Window displays a log of statements that you ran in
the current and previous MATLAB sessions
➢ The commands appear in command history will not deleted unit you delete
them. To delete command history contents, enter the command history
window and select all commands with Ctrl+A and push delete button.
➢ >> clc
The “clc” command removes everything from the Command Window
5
4-3 The Workspace Window
➢ A workspace is the collection of all the variables and arrays that are defined
within the command window.
➢ This window is also called the Workspace Browser.
➢ The Workspace Window contains variables that you create or import into
MATLAB.
➢ The workspace shows the name of each variable, its value, its array size.
➢ Workspace variables do not persist after you exit MATLAB.
➢ To clear workspace window , use clear command to delete a variable
6
Managing the workspace
The contents of the workspace persist between the executions of separate commands.
Therefore, it is possible for the results of one problem to have an effect on the next
one. To avoid this possibility, it is a good idea to issue a clear command at the start
of each new independent calculation.
>>clear
The command clear or clear all removes all variables from the workspace. This frees
up system memory.
In order to display a list of the variables currently in the memory, type

>>who
while, whos will give more details which include size, space allocation, and class
of the variables.
7
4-4 The Current Directory
➢ Also called the current folder.

➢ It shows all the files in the selected folder.
➢ The Current Folder Window is a reference location that MATLAB uses to
find files.
➢ It allows the user to manipulate files interactively.
8
4-5 The Figure Window
➢ The figure window is used to display graphics.

A figure can be a two- or three-dimensional plot of data.
➢ When figures are created a new window automatically opens.
➢ The Figure Window that floats independently from the main desktop.
➢ It is not already present, it is launched when command execution results in
graphical output
4-6 The File Editor Window
• The MATLAB Editor Window is a simple text editor where you can load,
edit and save complete MATLAB programs.
• It is also called Edit/Debug Window.
• An Editor Window is created when you create a new M-file or open an
existing one.
• There are several ways to open an editor window:
Click the New Script icon
9
Click the New icon and then select Script
4-7 M – files
An m-file, or script file, is a simple text file where you can place MATLAB
commands. When the file is run, MATLAB reads the commands and executes
them exactly as it would if you had typed each command sequentially at the
MATLAB prompt. A new m-file can be created by selecting
Home tab -----> New script
or :
click on the New button from the toolbar. This opens up a floating editing window
(Blank m-file ) into which a sequence of commands can be entered.
10
 In summary the former MATLAB desktop (Figure 2) which, by default, is

divided into 4 windows:
1-Command Window: This is the main window, and contains the command
prompt (»). This is where you will type all commands.
2- Command History: Displays a list of previously typed commands. The
command history persists across multiple sessions and commands can be
dragged into the Command Window and edited, or double-clicked to run
them again.
11
3. Workspace: Lists all the variables you have generated in the current
session. It shows the type and size of variables, and can be used to
quickly plot, or inspect the values of variables.
4. Current Directory: Shows the files and folders in the current directory.
The path to the current directory is listed near the top of the MATLAB
desktop. By default, a MATLAB folder is created in your home directory
on your M:drive, and this is where you should save your work
As you work in MATLAB, you issue commands that create variables and call
functions. For example, create a variable named a by typing this statement at the
command line:
a=1
MATLAB adds variable a to the workspace and displays the result in the Command
Window.
a=
Create a few more variables.
b=2
b=
c=a+b
c=
12
d = cos(a)
d=
0.5403
When you do not specify an output variable, MATLAB uses the variable ans, short
for answer, to store the results of your calculation.
sin(a)
ans =
0.8415
Notes:
• A semicolon " ; " at the end of a MATLAB statement suppresses printing of

results.
• If a statement does not fit on one line, use " . . . ", followed by Enter to indicate
that the statement continues on the next line. For example:
>> S= sqrt (225)*30 /...
(20*sqrt (100)
• If we don’t specify an output variable, MATLAB uses the variable ans (short for
answer), to store the last results of a calculation.
• Use Up arrow and Down arrow to edit previous commands you entered in
Command Window.
• Insert " % " before the statement that you want to use it as comment; the
statement will appear in green color.
13
•it is possible to enter multiple statements per line. Use commas (,) or semicolons (;)
to enter more than one statement at once. Commas (,) allow multiple statements per
line without suppressing output.
>> a=7; b=cos(a), c=cosh(a)
b = 0.6570
c = 548.3170
•When the symbol % (percent) is typed at the beginning of a line, the line is
designated as a comment. This means that when the Enter key is pressed the line is
not executed.
Rules About Variable Names
There are a set of rules that must be followed in choosing the names of variables,
which are:
1. Must begin with a letter.

2. Can be up to 63 characters long.
3. Can contain letters, digits, and the underscore character ,the symbol ( _ ) can
be used to connect two words.
4. Cannot contain punctuation characters (e.g., period, comma, semicolon).
5. MATLAB is case sensitive: it distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase
letters. For example, AA, Aa, aA, and aa are the names of four different
variables.
6. No spaces are allowed between characters (use the underscore where a space
is desired).
7. Avoid using the name of a built-in function for a variable (i.e., avoid using
cos, sin, exp, sqrt, etc.). Once a function name is used to define a variable,
the function cannot be used.
8. Constants and variables can be assigned values using the assignment operator,
a single equal character ( = ), e.g., a = 3
14
Keywords
There are 20 words, called keywords, cannot be used as variable names:
 When typed, these words appear in blue.

 An error message is displayed if the user tries to use a keyword as a variable
name.
 The keywords can be displayed by typing the command iskeyword. This
command causes MATLAB to list all reserved names.
>> iskeyword
ans = 'break'
'case'
'catch'
'classdef'
…….
Note: You cannot assign these reserved names as your variable names.
Note: MATLAB allows you to reassign built-in function names as variable
names, but that is not recommended! – so be carefully when you select
the name of your variables
>>sin=4
sin =
4
15
>>sin(3)
??? Index exceeds the number of array elements (1).
'sin' appears to be both a function and a variable. If this is unintentional, use 'clear
sin' to remove the variable 'sin' from the workspace.
In the above example you have defined a variable “sin” – but “sin” is also a
built-in function – and this function will no longer work! If you accidently do so,
use the clear command to reset it back to normal
Example:
Note: All MATLAB commands are written in lowercase letters, such as:
( if,while,for,…)
You can recall previous commands by pressing the up- and down-arrow keys,
↑ and ↓. Press the arrow keys either at an empty command line or after you type the
first few characters of a command. For example, to recall the command b = 2, type
b, and then press the up-arrow key.
Note: Once you have assigned a value to a variable, MATLAB remembers and save
it in workspace windows. To remove a value from a variable you can use the ‘clear’
statement
>>clear a
>>a
If you type ‘clear’ and omit the variable, then everything gets cleared. it is useful
when you want to start a fresh calculation.
16
Predefined Variables
Notice that:
• If you do put a semicolon, the operation will be completed but MATLAB will
not print the result. This can be useful when you want to do a sequence of
calculations.
• Special numbers, like `pi’ can use in MATLAB directly.
• The Command History window keeps track of everything you have typed.
You can double left click on a line in the Command history window to repeat
it, or right click it to see a list of other options.
• If you screw up early on in a sequence of calculations, there is no quick way
to fix your error, other than to type in the sequence of commands again. You
can use the ‘up arrow’ key to scroll back through a sequence of commands.
Again, there is a better way to use MATLAB that gets around this problem.
• You can right click the command window and delete everything (but this will
not reset variables). You can also delete lines from the Command history, by
right clicking the line and selecting Delete Selection. Or you can delete the
entire Command History.
• You can get help on MATLAB functions by highlighting the function, then
right clicking the line and selecting Help on Selection.
17
Rule on File names
• command files should be named with a suffix of ".m",

• An m-file typically contains a sequence of MATLAB
• commands that will be executed in order
• A file may contain a collection of commands, functions
• A file may also be just data (strings, numbers
5. MATLAB help
Help is available through the online manual – Click on the question-mark in the strip
near the top right of the window).
By default the help window opens inside the MATLAB GUI, but you can drag it out
so it occupies a new window on your desktop.
If you already know the name of the MATLAB function you want to use the
help manual is quite good – you can just enter the name of the function in the search,
and a page with a good number of examples usually comes up. It is more challenging
to find out how to do something, but most of the functions you need can be found
by clicking on the MATLAB link on the main page and then following the menus
that come up on subsequent pages.
18
6. MATLAB Operators
Basic MATLAB operators for computation includes symbols that distinguish

between operations on elements within matrices and between matrices as a whole.
The following notations contain a comprehensive listing of all MATLAB operators,
symbols, and special characters. are as follows:
A-Arithmetic Operators
Symbol Role
+ Addition
- Subtraction
.* Element-wise multiplication
* Matrix multiplication
./ Element-wise right division
/ Matrix right division
.\ Element-wise left division
\ Matrix left division
(also known as backslash)
.^ Element-wise power
^ Matrix power
19
Table 1.1. Scalar arithmetic operations
Mathematical expressions are evaluated starting from the left, with the
exponentiation operation having the highest order of precedence, followed by
multiplication and division with equal precedence, followed by addition and
subtraction with equal precedence. Parentheses can be used to alter this order. the
order in which the arithmetic operations are evaluated is given in Table 1.2.
MATLAB arithmetic operators obey the same precedence rules as those in most
computer programs.
Table 1.2 Order of arithmetic operations Precedence
Precedence Mathematical operations
First ( ) ,The contents of all parentheses are evaluated first, starting

from the innermost parentheses and working outward.
Second Exponentiation (power) ^ , evaluated from left to right.
Third Multiplication * and division / with equal precedence,

evaluated from left to right.
Fourth Addition + and subtraction - with equal precedence, evaluated

from left to right
20
In summary:
The MATLAB language performs basic math operations +, -, *, /, ^ in addition to

using parentheses. The system works on the basis of the following priority in the
sequence of calculations:
1-Perform operations inside the brackets.

2- Implementing powers at the beginning >> 2 + 3 ^ 2 ----------- 2 + 9 = 11
3- Multiplication and division: from left to right >> 3 * 4/5 = 12/5 ---------- 2.4
4- Addition and subtraction: from left to right >> 3 + 4-5 = 7-5 ----------- 5
Examples:
>> 10\5 >> 10/5 >> 3^2

ans = ans = ans =
0.5000 2 9
>> 1/0
Warning: Divide by zero.
ans = Inf
Another special value is NaN, which stands for not a number. NaN is used to
express an undefined value. For
example.
>> Inf/Inf
ans = NaN
21
B-Relational, Logical & Boolean Operators

The MATLAB relational & logical operators are the following symbols:
Relational Operators
Symbol Role
== Equal to(for logical equality)
~= Not equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
Logical Operators
Symbol Role More Information

& Find logical AND and
| Find logical OR or
&& Find logical AND (with short-circuiting) Logical Operators:
|| Find logical OR (with short-circuiting) Short-Circuit && ||
~ Find logical NOT not
Note: 1 for true , 0 for false.
22
7. MATLAB as a calculator
Note1:
Using , or ; between statements
x=-13, y=5*x, z=x^2+y
x=-13; y=5*x, z=x^2+y
x=-13; y=5*x; z=x^2+y
Examples for use MATLAB like a calculator without specifying

variables.
>> 2+3
ans= 5
>> 5ˆ3
ans= 125
>>2.5^2
ans = 6.2500
>> 3*(23+14.7-4/6)/3.5
ans= 31.7429
>> 1/0
Warning: Divide by zero.
ans = Inf
23
Another special value is NaN, which stands for not a number. NaN is used to express
an undefined value. For
example.
>> Inf/Inf
ans = NaN
Note: To close MATLAB by selecting Exit MATLAB from the File menu in the
MATLAB desktop window or by typing the Exit command in the Command
window, or in the desktop corner (×) the upper-right MATLAB sign.
Note: Here are few additional useful commands:

▪ To abort a MATLAB computation, type ctrl-c
▪ To continue a line, type . . .
MATLAB Exercises
EX1:
Find the value of y:
Y=x^2+2^x+8 where x = 7/pi

EX2:
Find the value of f :
Where x = 18 y =7 z= 3.5
24

Matlab Lec 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Matlab Lec 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATLAB 2024- 2023 ‫الجامعة التكنولوجية‬

‫المرحلة الثانية‬ ‫قسم هندسة النفط والغاز‬

MATLAB® is a software program for numeric computation, data analysis, and

You can think of MATLAB as a sort of graphing calculator on steroids – it is

MATLAB code can be integrated with other languages, enabling you to

2. Uses of the program MATLAB

3. Basic MATLAB windows

To enter MATLAB windows, double-click on the MATLAB shortcut icon

• The Command Window

4. The Desktop Layout

4-1 The Command Window

Figure: The Matlab Command Window

4-2 The Command History

The “clc” command removes everything from the Command Window

4-3 The Workspace Window

Managing the workspace

In order to display a list of the variables currently in the memory, type

4-4 The Current Directory

➢ Also called the current folder.

4-5 The Figure Window

➢ The figure window is used to display graphics.

4-6 The File Editor Window

Click the New Script icon

Click the New icon and then select Script

Home tab -----> New script

 In summary the former MATLAB desktop (Figure 2) which, by default, is

prompt (»). This is where you will type all commands.

2- Command History: Displays a list of previously typed commands. The

command history persists across multiple sessions and commands can be

dragged into the Command Window and edited, or double-clicked to run

quickly plot, or inspect the values of variables.

desktop. By default, a MATLAB folder is created in your home directory

Create a few more variables.

• A semicolon " ; " at the end of a MATLAB statement suppresses printing of

>> S= sqrt (225)*30 /...

answer), to store the last results of a calculation.

>> a=7; b=cos(a), c=cosh(a)

Rules About Variable Names

1. Must begin with a letter.

There are 20 words, called keywords, cannot be used as variable names:

 When typed, these words appear in blue.

Rule on File names

• command files should be named with a suffix of ".m",

Basic MATLAB operators for computation includes symbols that distinguish

Table 1.1. Scalar arithmetic operations

Table 1.2 Order of arithmetic operations Precedence

Precedence Mathematical operations

First ( ) ,The contents of all parentheses are evaluated first, starting

Third Multiplication * and division / with equal precedence,

Fourth Addition + and subtraction - with equal precedence, evaluated

The MATLAB language performs basic math operations +, -, *, /, ^ in addition to

1-Perform operations inside the brackets.

>> 10\5 >> 10/5 >> 3^2

Warning: Divide by zero.

B-Relational, Logical & Boolean Operators

Symbol Role More Information

Using , or ; between statements

x=-13, y=5*x, z=x^2+y

x=-13; y=5*x, z=x^2+y

x=-13; y=5*x; z=x^2+y

Examples for use MATLAB like a calculator without specifying

Warning: Divide by zero.

Note: Here are few additional useful commands: