34 UNIT 3 Area of Study 1 Review

Unit 3 — Area of Study 1 Review

Because the system is at SLC, n =
AREA OF STUDY 1 What are the current and future V
.
options for supplying energy? Vm

Vm = 24.8 L mol−1 (from the VCE Chemistry Data Book)

V = 500 mL = 0.500 L

n(CO) =
Practice examination 0.500

Section A — Multiple choice questions
1 C. Biogas is produced by decaying plant and animal matter
and is a renewable fuel because it can be produced at the same
rate it is consumed.
Renewable fuels are not defined by their consumption of
carbon dioxide (option A), nor are they defined by whether
they produce pollutants (option B) or damage the environment
= 0.0200 mol
24.8
From the equation, n(CO) = n(C), so n(C) = 0.02 mol.
To calculate the energy released, the number of moles needs
to be multiplied by the enthalpy. However, because the
enthalpy value given is for 2 mol, the calculation needs to
divide the enthalpy value by 2 to use the enthalpy per mole.

(option D).
2 D. The equation shown is for respiration. During this process,
carbon dioxide is reduced and water is oxidised to form
glucose plus oxygen.
Cellular respiration is the reverse of this equation (option A).
Options B and C are incorrect as ethanol is not part of the
equation.
3 A. The downward arrow shows energy was released. Because
the products have a lower energy level than the reactants, heat
was released, and the reaction is therefore exothermic. The
energy absorbed initially (activation energy) was released
again, and therefore the net energy has decreased.
4 A. 20 mL of methane requires 40 mL of oxygen for complete
combustion. 60 mL is more than adequate for complete
0.0200 × 221
The equation can include the division by 2 to rectify this.
Energy released =
= 2.21 kJ
2
9 C. The shape of the graph indicates that the calorimeter was
not well-insulated because there is no horizontal line from
when the current was switched off (at time 50 s). Instead the
temperature can be seen to decrease. The graph must be
extrapolated back to when the current was switched on to find
the final temperature for if no heat loss occurred. This would
be 22 °C, making the temperature change 4.5 °C.
25
24
Temperature of solution (°C)

combustion. This means that equation I is the relevant 23

equation. At the completion of this process, 20 mL of oxygen 22
will be in excess along with 20 mL of carbon dioxide that is 21
produced.
20
Options B and C are based on using the incorrect equation.
∆T = 22 ºC – 17.5 ºC
Option D neglects the excess oxygen. 19
= 4.5 ºC
Note that the water produced does not contribute appreciably 18

5 C. The ΔH value can be found in the VCE Chemistry Data

to the volume as it is a liquid at the temperature specified. 17
16
Book. It has been multiplied by the coefficient applied to the
fuel, 2 × 2880 kJ mol−1 , and is a negative value because 15
combustion reactions are exothermic and release energy. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Therefore, the energy of the products will be lower than that Time (s)
of the reactants.
10 A. At SLC, one mole of any gas occupies the same volume
6 C. If there are 48.0 kJ per gram of petrol, the mass of petrol
(24.8 L). Because there are 6 mol of CO2 : 6 mol O2 , the
can be determined by seeing how many times 48.0 kJ goes
volumes will be the same.
into 1 MJ. However, because the engine is only 35% efficient,
The calculation would proceed by finding the amount in mol,
the actual value for kJ per gram will only be 35% of 48.0.
multiplying this by the mol ratio and then multiplying this by
This can be incorporated into the equation by multiplying
the molar volume once again to find the volume.
× × 24.8 = 0.200 L
48.0 by 0.35.
Since 1 MJ = 1000 kJ, the equation would be: 0.200 6

= 59.5 g
24.8 6
48 × 0.35
1000
11 D. Potassium has an oxidation number of +1, oxygen has an
oxidation number of −2 × 4 = −8, and the charge on the
7 A. By using the VCE Chemistry Data Book, we know the compound is zero, meaning manganese must have an
heat of combustion of ethane is 51.9 kJ g−1 . oxidation number of +7.

2.0 kg = 2.0 × 103 g

To determine the energy in 2.0 kg ethane, first convert kg to g. 12 B. The equation is a reduction reaction involving both

Energy in 2.0 × 103 g ethane = 2.0 × 103 × 51.9 kJ g−1

Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions.
Fe3+ ions are the strongest oxidising agent so are reduced
= 1.038 × 102 to Fe2+ ions. If electrons are on the left side of the reaction
= 1.0 × 102 MJ (to 2 sig. figs.)
arrow, they have been gained. Following the acronym
OIL RIG, reduction is gain of electrons.
8 C. The equation tells us that for 2 mol of carbon, 221 kJ of
P df_Fol i o: 34

energy is released. Mole ratios can be used to work out the

actual number of moles of carbon by using the volume of
carbon monoxide released.

Jacaranda Chemistry 2 VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual

 UNIT 3 Area of Study 1 Review 35

∴ V(C2 H5 OH) =
13 C. First, balance the Cr atoms, so d = 2. 75.5

= 95.7 mL (to 3 sig. figs.) [1 mark]

Then, O atoms must be balanced with water. 7H2 O are 0.789

b C6 H12 O6 (aq) → 2CH3 CH2 OH(l) + 2CO2 (g) [1 mark]

required so e = 7.
Next, H must be balanced with H+ . 14 are required, so b = 14.
Finally, charge must be balanced by e− . The total charge on
q = mcΔT
22 a Recall the formula for the specific heat capacity:

= 150 × 4.18 × 55
the right is 2 × +3 = +6. The left side must match this. There

= 34 485 J
is a 2– charge on Cr2 O7 and 14 × +1 from hydrogen, totalling

= 34.485 kJ [1 mark]
+12. Therefore, six electrons are required and c = 6.
a = 1, b = 14, c = 6, d = 2, e = 7

ΔH =
14 A. Options B and C represent acidic conditions. Option D is q
the anode (oxidation) reaction. Option A represents the n

n=
cathode (reduction) reaction under basic conditions. Therefore:

ΔH
15 A. Electrons always flow in the external circuit, from the q
anode to the cathode. To produce an electrical current, an
=
external circuit for electron flow and an internal circuit for ion 34.485

= 0.0254 mol [1 mark]

flow is required. 1360

Ag+ (aq) + e− ⇌ Ag(s) E 0 = +0.80 ∴ m(ethanol) = n × M

16 B. From the VCE Chemistry Data Book:

Ni (aq) + 2e ⇌ Ni(s) E 0 = −0.25

−
= 0.0254 × 46.0
The voltage is calculated by +0.80 − (−0.25) = +1.05.
2+

= 1.17 g [1 mark]
The cathode is silver because reduction occurs at the cathode.
b The actual value is expected to be higher [1 mark] because
Silver ions are being reduced to silver metal.
there will be significant heat loss to the surroundings.
17 C. In a fuel cell, oxygen is always the oxidising agent, so it is
[1 mark]
always reduced at the positive cathode. Of all the equations
c The reliability is low because the experiment was not
given containing O2 , in option C, O2 is the strongest oxidising
repeated. [1 mark]
agent, so it will be reduced.
23 a The molar enthalpy of glucose is 2816 kJ. One mole of
18 C. Electrodes are porous to maximise their surface area. This
glucose weighs 180.0 g. Therefore, to work out the energy
allows for greater contact with gaseous reactants.
per gram:
n(e− ) = Energy per gram =
19 C.
9.0 2816

= 9.33 × 10−5 = 15.64 kJ [1 mark]

96 500 180

n(e− )
n(Zn) = Energy = 15.64 × 5.0
For 5.0 g of glucose:

= 78 kJ
9.33 × 10−5
2

= = 7.8 × 104 J [1 mark]

= 4.66 × 10−5
2
Alternatively, you could calculate the amount in mole by

∴ m(Zn) = 4.66 × 10−5 × 65.4

dividing the mass by the molar mass and multiplying this

= 3.0 × 10−3 g
by the molar enthalpy.
Energy = × 2816
5.0

= 78 kJ
Common mistakes include confusing coulombs with faradays, 180

so not dividing by 96 500, and not dividing by 2 as per the
equation.
20 D. It is expected that options A, B and C will all be true in the
future. Option D is incorrect because fuel cells produce
electricity — they do not use it.
TIP: Always be careful of questions that are framed in the
negative. In this question you are looking for the incorrect
= 7.8 × 104 J
b In the VCE Chemistry Data Book, the energy content of
fats and oils, carbohydrates and proteins are given in kJ g−1 .
The energy content of a piece of bread can be found by
Energy content = 2.0 g × fat + 17 g × carbohydrate + 3.0 g × protein
using these.

= (2 × 37) + (17 × 16) + (3 × 17) [1 mark]

alternative.

= 397 kJ [1 mark]
= 21.9
Section B — Short answer questions

21 a n(CO2 ) =
8700
81.4 c
397
= 3.282 mol [1 mark]
24.8
22 slices [1 mark] would be needed to provide the

n(C2 H5 OH) = n(CO2 ) Anode: Zn(s) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2e– [1 mark]

recommended daily energy.
1
Cathode: Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– → Cu(s) [1 mark]
24 a
2
=
3.282
b Maximum voltage = 0.34 – (–0.76)
= 1.641 mol [1 mark]
2 = 1.10 V [1 mark]

M(C2 H5 OH) = 1.641 × 46.0

P df_Fol i o: 35

= 75.5 g [1 mark]

Jacaranda Chemistry 2 VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual

36 UNIT 3 Area of Study 1 Review

c Q = It
= 1.0 × 60 × 60 × 0.80
Reduction occurs at the cathode, so cations will migrate
towards the Ni/Ni2+ half-cell. [1 mark]
= 2880 C [1 mark] b Because the nickel half-cell has been identified as the

n(e− ) =
cathode, it is positive. [1 mark]
2880
c Cd has been identified as the strongest reducing agent,
= 0.0298 [1 mark]
96 500
meaning it will be oxidised to Cd2+ ions; therefore, the

n(e− )
mass of Cd will decrease. [1 mark]
n(Cu) = 26 a The oxidation number of Zn has increased from 0 to +2,
2 so it has been oxidised. Because Zn(OH)2 is a solid it
=
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e− . Because the electrolyte is alkaline,
0.0298 will not dissociate, so the equation cannot simply be

= 0.0149 [1 mark]
2
OH− ions are used to balance the equation. The charge is

∴ m(Cu) = 0.0149 × 63.5

The equation is Zn(s) + 2OH− (aq) → Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2e− .
balanced with electrons.

= 0.95 g (increase) [1 mark] [1 mark]

d Any reasonable answer is acceptable. For example:
• The zinc rod will need replacing periodically.
• The copper may need cleaning periodically due to
copper build-up.
• The design is cumbersome (it is easy to spill liquids
when moving).
25 a Cations always travel to the cathode to replace the positive
charge that is lost. The half-equations and standard
b Reduction occurs at the cathode. Oxygen is being reduced,
so a suitable cathode needs to be electrically conductive and
chemically inert. Graphite (carbon, C) or platinum (Pt) are
suitable materials. [1 mark]
c The reduction of oxygen in alkaline conditions has an
electrode potential of +0.40 V.
Because E(cell) = E(oxidising agent) – E(reducing agent) , let the
1.4 = +0.40 − x
unknown be x and substitute in the known values.

Ni2+ (aq) + 2e− → Ni(s) E0 = −0.25

electrode potentials for the reactions are:
x = −1.0 V [1 mark]
Cd2+ (aq) + 2e− → Cd E0 = −0.40
This shows that nickel is the strongest oxidising agent, so is
reduced.

P df_Fol i o: 36

Jacaranda Chemistry 2 VCE Units 3 & 4 Third Edition Solutions Manual