Shaped Couplings

Shaped couplings of shafts with hubs.
The calculation is designed for geometric designs and strength checks of shaped couplings of
shafts with hubs. The application provides solutions for the following tasks:
1. Design of a coupling with parallel side keys.

2. Design of a coupling with Woodruff's keys.
3. Design of a coupling with straight-sided splines.
4. Design of a coupling with involute splines.
5. Strength check of designed couplings.
6. The application includes a table of keys and splines according to ISO, SAE, DIN, BS, JIS
and CSN.
7. Support for 2D CAD systems.
The calculation is based on data, procedures and algorithms from specialized literature and
standards ANSI, ISO, DIN and others.
List of standards: ANSI B17.1, ANSI B17.2, ANSI B92.1, ANSI B92.2M, ISO R773, ISO 14,
ISO 4156, DIN 6885, DIN 6888, DIN 5464, DIN 5471, DIN 5472, DIN 5480, BS 4235, BS 6,
JIS B 1301, CSN 02 2562, CSN 30 1385, CSN 01 4942, CSN 4950
Hint: The comparative document "Choices of type of coupling of a shaft with a hub" can be helpful in selecting the suitable type of coupling.
Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control,
structure and syntax of calculations".
Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be
found in the document "Information on the project".
Process of calculation.
The workbook with calculation of shaped couplings of shafts and hubs can be divided into two
ranges. A range of common input data and results (paragraphs [1, 10, 11]) and a range of
individual calculations (chapters A, B, C, D) relevant for the given type of coupling only. Two
types of tasks can then be solved using the calculation:
 Design, calculation and check of the type of coupling chosen beforehand

 Design of a coupling for several different types of couplings with consequential options
of the best solution
When choosing a suitable type of coupling there must also be taken into account, besides the
dimensional parameters of the coupling, its use value, time demands and financial costs of
production, installation and operation of the coupling. The comparative document "Choices of
type of coupling of a shaft with a hub" can be helpful in selecting a suitable type of coupling.
Typical calculation / design of a coupling consists of the following steps:
1. Enter power parameters of the coupling (transferred power, speed) [1.2, 1.3].
2. Set the mode of loading and operational parameters (type of drive, loading conditions,
etc.). [1.5].
3. Choose material of the shaft [1.21] and material of the hub [1.26].
4. Define the design of the coupling [1.14].
5. Set parameters of the coupling for the chosen type of coupling [2.1 / 4.1 / 6.1 / 8.1].
6. In case of calculations of couplings with keys, choose the material of the key [2.6 / 4.6].
7. Design dimensions of the coupling [2.11 / 4.15 / 6.5 / 8.11]. The automatic design
function [4.13 / 8.9] can be used in case of couplings with Woodruff's keys and involute
splines.
8. Examine results of strength checks of the designed coupling [3 / 4 / 5 / 7].
9. In case of a design for more types of couplings, compare the designed dimensions in
paragraph [10].
10. Save the workbook with the suitable solution under a new name.
Common input data. [1]

In this paragraph, enter basic input parameters, characterizing the manner, conditions and amount of
loading, design of the coupling and materials of the shaft and hub.
1.1 Calculation units.
In the selection list, choose the desired calculation unit system. All values will be recalculated
immediately after switching to other units.
Warning: In case of use of the automatic design function [4.13, 8.9] it is necessary to restart the design after changing the units.
1.2 Transferred power.
Enter the power which will be transferred by the shaft.
1.3 Shaft speed.
Enter the shaft speed.
1.4 Torque.
The transferred power and speed provide a torsional moment, which is the basic input value for
the design of the coupling.
1.6 Power source.
Select the type of drive which best meets the requirements of the entered specifications.
A. Uniform: electric motor, steam turbine, gas turbine

B. Light shocks: hydraulic motors
C. Medium shocks: internal combustion engine
1.7 Loading conditions.
Select the loading conditions which best meet the requirements of the entered specifications.
A. Continuous: generator, conveyor (belt, plate, worm), light lift, gearing of a machine tool
traverse, fan, turbocharger, turbo compressor, mixer for materials with constant density,
etc.
B. Light shocks: generator, gear pump, rotary pump, etc.
C. Intermittent shocks: main drive of a machine tool, heavy forklift, crane swivel, mine
fan, mixer for materials with variable density, piston pump, etc.
D. Heavy shocks: press, shears, rubber calender, rolling mill, vane excavator, heavy
centrifuge, heavy feeding pump, drilling set, briquetting press, kneading machine, etc.
1.8 Character of operation.
Choose whether the coupling will be loaded during operation in one direction of rotation or the
direction of rotation of the shaft will be changed.
1.9 Number of start-ups.
Choose the total number of machine start-ups during the desired service life of the coupling.
Warning: Number of start-ups is given in thousands.
1.10 Desired service life of the coupling.
The parameter specifies the desired service life in hours. Orientation values in hours are given in
the table.
Specification Durability
Household machines, seldom used devices 2000
Electric hand tools, machines for short-term runs 5000
Machines for 8-hour operation 20000
Machines for 16-hour operation 40000
Machines for continuous operation 80000
Machines for continuous operation with long service life 150000
Note: This parameter is relevant for sliding couplings only (see [1.12]).
1.12 Coupling design.
In the selection list, choose the design of the coupling which best meets the requirements of your
specifications.
A. Fixed connection: no axial shift of the hub along the shaft occurs in the coupling; the
mutual positions of the shaft and hub are fixed using a suitable bearing or constructional
design (pressing-on, shaft nuts, circlips, etc.).
B. Sliding coupling without loading: mutual positions of the shaft and hub are not fixed;
axial shifts of the hub along the shaft occur in unloaded couplings only.
C. Sliding coupling during loading: mutual positions of the shaft and hub are not fixed;
axial shifts of the hub along the shaft occur in loaded couplings.
1.13 Inner diameter of the hollow shaft.
In case you use a hollow shaft in the coupling, enter here the inner diameter of the shaft. This
parameter affects the size of loading of the shaft in torsion and considerably affects
determination of the minimum permitted diameter of the shaft [1.20].
1.14 Desired safety.
With regards to accuracy and credibility of input information, importance of the coupling,
quality of production and accuracy of the calculation, it is usually chosen in a range from 1.5 to
3.
Orientation values for choice of safety:
 1.3 to 1.5 - Very accurate input information, perfect knowledge of material

characteristics, high quality and exact following of production technology; insignificant
couplings, damage to which does not cause any serious consequences.
 1.5 to 1.8 - Less accurate calculation without any experimental verification, lower
accuracy in production technology, couplings of lower importance.
 1.8 to 2.5 - Decreased accuracy of calculations, approximate determination of material
characteristics, inaccurate knowledge of actual effects of external loading; large
diameters of shafts, very important couplings, damage to which could jeopardize human
life or bring about high material losses.
Note: Even higher levels of safety are used in case of couplings working in a corrosive environment or at high temperatures.
Hint: General procedures of determination of safety coefficients can be found in the document "Coefficients of safety".
1.15 Minimum diameter of the shaft.
Minimum diameter of the shaft means the diameter of a solid shaft not weakened by grooves (see
the illustration). Use the designed minimum diameter of the shaft as initial information for the
design of the coupling.
Note: In case of shafts loaded by additional bend from external radial forces (e.g. gears) it is recommended to choose a minimum diameter of the
shaft greater by approx. 20 to 30%.
1.16 Shaft material (min. tensile strength) [hardness]
In the selection list, choose the type of material which will be used for production of the shaft.
Minimum tensile strength [MPa/psi] and hardness of material are given in parenthesis. In case
the checkbox to the right of the selection list is enabled, the necessary strength parameters for the
chosen material are determined automatically. Otherwise, fill in the material characteristics
manually. The value of the permitted pressure [1.19] is used for checks of contact surfaces of
couplings for deformation. The permitted tension in shear [1.20] is used for strength checks of
shafts in torsion.
Warning: Strength parameters of material are determined empirically and reflect minimum values applicable for a group of materials. Although
these obtained values are close to the values obtained using measurement of particular materials, it is recommended in cases of final calculations
to use parameters of material according to the material sheet or specifications of the producer.
1.21 Hub material (min. tensile strength) [hardness]
In the selection list, choose the type of material which will be used for production of the hub.
Min. tensile strength [MPa/psi] and hardness of material are given in parenthesis. In case the
checkbox to the right of the selection list is enabled, the necessary strength parameters for the
chosen material are determined automatically. Otherwise, manually fill in the value of the
permitted pressure [1.24] which is used for checks of contacts surfaces of the coupling for
deformation.
1.27 Coupling design factor.

This coefficient reflects the effect of the coupling design on decrease of the coupling's loading
capacity. It is determined according to empirical values given in the following table:
Design of the coupling Kd

Fixed coupling 1
Sliding coupling without loading 3
Sliding coupling with loading 9
1.28 Application factor.
This coefficient reflects the effect of the character and type of loading on decrease of the
coupling's loading capacity. It is determined according to empirical values given in the following
table:
Type of loading
Drive Cyclical Heavy
Continuous Light shocks
shocks shocks
Uniform 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8
Light shocks 1.2 1.3 1.8 2.1
Medium
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.8
shocks
1.29 Fatigue-life factor.
This coefficient reflects effects of the operational character and desired service life of the
coupling (measured in number of start-ups) on increase of the coupling's loading capacity. It is
determined according to empirical values given in the following table:
Operation
Number of start-ups
Unidirectional Fully bi-directional
1000 1.8 1.8
10000 1.0 1.0
100000 0.5 0.4
1000000 0.4 0.3
10000000 0.3 0.2
1.30 Wear life factor.
This coefficient reflects effects of wear of contact surfaces during the desired service life of the
coupling (measured in number of revolutions) on increase of the coupling's loading capacity. It is
determined according to empirical values given in the following table:
Total number of revolutions

Kw
[millions]
0.01 4.0
0.1 2.8
1 2.0
10 1.4
100 1.0
1000 0.7
10000 0.5
Note: This coefficient is relevant for sliding couplings only (see [1.12]).
A. Couplings with parallel side keys.

Couplings with parallel side keys are suitable for transfer of torsional moments, mostly in the
same direction of rotation. These couplings are used usually for immovable couplings of
cylindrical shafts with hubs. This type is less suitable for sliding couplings and tapered shafts.
Typical use is with clutches, sprockets and pulleys. Faces of the keys are usually rounded.
Benefits of the coupling:
 low production costs

 easy assembly and disassembly of the coupling
 centric bearing of the hub
 lower notch index compared with splined couplings
Disadvantages of the coupling:
 higher pressures than with splined couplings, lower loading capacity of the coupling
 higher wear in case of sliding couplings
 more or less unusable for cyclical torsional moments; risk of loosening of the coupling
after deformation of splines
Loading capacity of the coupling can be increased by using 2 keys. However, this causes a
significant weakening of the shaft and thus the possible use of a shaft with a greater diameter
Recommended (orientation) bearing for couplings with parallel side keys
Fixed couplings Sliding couplings

Type of bearing Common Tight Sliding
Guide key
bearing bearing key
Seating of the key in the hub
N9 / h9 P9 / h9 N9 / h9 D10 / h9
groove
Seating of the key in the shaft
Js9 / h9 P9 / h9 D10 / h9 N9 / h9
groove
H8 / h7
H8 / f7
H8 / k7
Seating of the hub on the shaft H8 / h7
H8 / m7
H7 / h6
H8 / p7
Coupling parameters, key material, dimensional design. [2]

This paragraph can be used to choose the parameter of the given type of coupling and to design
dimensions of the coupling.
2.2 Key type.
In the selection list, choose a type (standard) of key. Dimensions of type A keys are defined by
the standard in [in], dimensions of keys of other types are defined in [mm].
2.3 Number of keys.
For transfer of higher torsional moments, it is possible to use two keys in the coupling. The keys
are usually arranged symmetrically on the shaft (in opposite positions). A non-symmetrical
arrangement is also used for transfer of cyclical moments (at 120° spacing).
Note: Although the loading capacity of a coupling with two keys should be theoretically doubled, it is in fact lower due to production inaccuracies.
In practice, the loading capacity is usually considered 1.5-times higher than with one key.
2.4 Load distribution factor.
In couplings with two keys, the loading is not distributed exactly uniformly onto the two keys
due to production and assembly inaccuracies. The actual load bearing surface of the coupling is
lower than the load bearing surface determined theoretically. The ratio between the theoretical
and actual load bearing surface of the coupling is defined by the coefficient of distribution of the
loading. With regards to the accuracy of bearing, the size of the coefficient is given in a range
from 0.6 to 0.8.
Hint: For common accuracy of production and installation, there is usually taken into account a coefficient of 0.75.
Note: In case of couplings with one key, the coefficient is equal to 1.
2.5 Total service factor.
This coefficient gives the total effects of production and operational parameters on decrease of
loading capacity of the coupling. Its size depends on the type of coupling, drive and loading,
operational conditions and service lifespan of the coupling. With regards to the mentioned
parameters, the literature gives values of the coefficient in a range from 1 to 40.
For easier choice of coefficient, the application is provided with automatic design. In case the
checkbox to the right of the input field is enabled, the coefficient is determined automatically and
based on parameters of the coupling defined in paragraph [1]. For a fixed coupling, the
operational coefficient is calculated using the relation:
For a sliding coupling, the following relation is used:

where:
Ka - application factor
Kf - fatigue-life factor
Kd - coupling design factor
Kw - wear life factor
Meaning and size of the coefficients, see [1].
2.6 Key material (min. tensile strength) [hardness]
In the selection list, choose the type of the material which the key will be produced from. The
min. tensile strength [MPa/psi] and hardness of material are given in parenthesis. In case the
permitted pressure [2.9] which is used for checks of deformation of the key.
2.11 Design of coupling dimensions.
This paragraph can be used to design dimensions of the coupling. When designing the coupling,
first choose the desired diameter of the shaft [2.14]. For the entered diameter of the shaft, the
corresponding key will be chosen according to the respective standard automatically. For this
chosen key, the program calculates the minimum length [2.20] which is necessary for safe
transfer of the entered torsional moment. Complete the design of the coupling so that you choose
the actual length of the key in row [2.22].
Warning: In case the length of the key is determined out of the range of lengths specified by the standard [2.21], the design must be repeated with
a greater diameter of shaft; another option is to use two keys in the coupling.
Hint: When enabling the checkbox in row [2.22], the length of the key will be designed automatically.
2.12 Keys for diameters.
This parameter gives standard specified diameters of the shaft for the type of key chosen in [2.2].
2.13 Minimum shaft diameter.
This parameter gives the minimum diameter of a solid shaft, not weakened by a key groove,
which is necessary for safe transfer of the entered torsional moment.
2.14 Shaft diameter.

Choose a diameter of the shaft sufficient so that the diameter of a solid shaft d1, not weakened by
a key groove, is larger that the minimum required diameter d1min.
Warning: The diameter of the shaft should be within the standard specified range [2.12]
Recommendations: In case of shafts exposed to additional loading from external radial forces (e.g. with gears) it is recommended to choose a
diameter of the shaft so that the diameter d1 is approx. 20 to 30% larger than the minimum diameter d1min.
2.20 Minimum key length.
The calculated minimum length of the chosen key, which is necessary for safe transfer of the
entered torsional moment.
Warning: In case the minimum length results in a higher value than the upper limit of the standard specified lengths [2.21], it is necessary to
repeat the design for a larger diameter shaft; another option is to use two keys in the coupling.
2.21 Permitted range of key lengths.
The standard specified minimum and maximum permitted length of the chosen key.
2.22 Chosen key length.
Choose a length of key within the standard specified range [2.21] so that it is larger than the
minimum length [2.20]. When determining the length, keep in mind that the chosen length of the
key influences the length of the hub. Recommended lengths of hubs can be found in the
document "Guiding values for choices of dimensions of hubs".
Hint: When enabling the checkbox in row [2.22] the length of the key will be designed automatically.
Strength checks of the coupling. [3]

In case of couplings with keys, there are usually performed only two types of strength checks. A
check of loading of the shaft for torsion and a check of deformation of contact surfaces of the
coupling. The check for loading of the key for shear is usually not performed. Standardized keys
are dimensioned so that in case the requirements of the check for deformation are met,
requirements of the check for shear stress are also met.
3.1 Check of shaft for torsion.
The check is performed for a diameter of a solid shaft d1 [2.18], not weakened by the key groove.
The resulting safety of the coupling [3.4] is given by the ratio of the permitted shear stress of the
shaft material to the calculated comparative stress. If the coupling is to be sufficient, the
calculated safety must be higher than the required one [1.19].
Note: In case the results of the check are insufficient, a new design of coupling with a larger diameter shaft must be carried out.
3.5, 3.9, 3.13 Check for deformation of contact surfaces.

The check for deformation is performed independently for each part of the coupling. Individual
levels of safety [3.8, 3.12, 3.16] are given by the ratio of the permitted pressure of the respective
material to the calculated comparative pressure acting on the given part of the coupling. In case
the coupling is to be sufficient, the value of the lowest safety must be higher than the value of the
required safety [1.19].
Note: In case the result of the check is insufficient, a new design with more keys or a longer key or a larger diameter shaft must be carried out.
B. Couplings with Woodruff's keys.

Couplings with Woodruff's (disk) keys are suitable for transfers of smaller torsional moments
with shafts of smaller diameters mostly with the same direction of rotation. These couplings are
used for fixed couplings of cylindrical or tapered shafts with short hubs. This type is usually not
used for sliding couplings.
 low production costs

 centrical bearing of the hub
 suitable for tapered ends of shafts
 higher pressures than with splined couplings, lower loading capacity of the coupling
 unsuitable for sliding couplings
 greater weakening of the shaft due to splines than with parallel side keys
 unsuitable for cyclical torsional moments, risk of release of the coupling after
deformation of the groove
The loading capacity of the coupling can be increased using two keys. However, this causes a
more significant weakening of the shaft and thus a possible need to use a shaft with a greater
diameter.
Recommended (orientation) bearing for couplings with Woodruff's keys

Common
Type of bearing Tight bearing
bearing
Bearing of the key in the groove of
N9 / h9 P9 / h9
the hub
Bearing of the key in the groove of
Js9 / h9 Js9 / h9
the shaft
H8 / h7
H8 / k7
Bearing of the hub on the shaft
H8 / m7
H8 / p7
Coupling parameters, key material, dimensional design. [4]

This paragraph can be used for choices of parameters of the given type of coupling and for a
design of dimensions of the coupling.
4.2 Key type.
In the selection list, choose a type (standard) of key. Dimensions of the key are defined in the
standard for types A, B, E, F v [in], in case of other types, the dimensions are defined in [mm].
Keys are produced in two basic designs (see the illustration):
1. Design with full rounding

2. Flat design
Both types can be further designed with chamfered tops.

4.3 Number of keys.
For transfer of higher torsional moments, it is possible to use two keys in the coupling. The keys
are usually arranged symmetrically on the shaft (in opposite positions). A non-symmetrical
arrangement is also used for transfer of cyclical moments (at 120° spacing).
Note: Although the loading capacity of a coupling with two keys should be theoretically doubled, it is in fact lower due to production inaccuracies.
In practice, the loading capacity is usually considered 1.5-times higher than with one key.
In couplings with two keys, the loading is not distributed exactly uniformly onto the two keys
due to production and assembly inaccuracies. The actual load bearing surface of the coupling is
lower than the load bearing surface determined theoretically. The ratio between the theoretical
and actual load bearing surface of the coupling is defined by the coefficient of distribution of the
loading. With regards to the accuracy of bearing, the size of the coefficient is given in a range
from 0.6 to 0.8.
Hint: For common accuracy of production and installation, there is usually taken into account a coefficient of 0.75.
Note: In case of couplings with one key, the coefficient is equal to 1.
where:
4.6 Key material (min. tensile strength) [hardness]
In the selection list, choose the type of the material which the key will be produced from. The
min. tensile strength [MPa/psi] and hardness of material are given in parenthesis. In case the
permitted pressure [4.9] which is used for checks of deformation of the key.
4.11 Automatic design of the coupling.
The automatic design chooses all suitable keys for the chosen type [4.2] and additionally
calculates the minimum sufficient diameter of the shaft for the keys. The design calculation is
started by clicking the button in row [4.13]. After completion of the calculation, the table of
designed solutions [4.14] is filled in and sorted and the values of the chosen solution are
transferred automatically to paragraph [4.15]. The table is sorted according to the criterion set
out in row [4.12] and can be re-sorted whenever using another chosen criterion.
If the design calculation was unsuccessful and no suitable solution was found, this fact is
indicated by a warning message and the table of solutions is deleted. In such cases, repeat the
design for a coupling with more keys or materials of a higher quality.
Note: In case more than 20 various keys are suitable, the resulting design selects the keys with smaller diameter of the shaft.
Warning: The results of the automatic design are relevant only for the actual entered specifications. In case of changes in paragraphs [1, 4.1, 4.6]
it is necessary to recalculate the results by restarting the design.
4.14 Table of designed solutions
Meaning of parameters in the table:
d Diameter of the shaft

d1 Diameter of a solid shaft not weakened by a key groove
L Length of the key
sT Safety of the strength check of a shaft for torsion
sp Safety of the strength check for deformation
Key Marking of the key (see [4.19])
4.15 Coupling dimensions.
This paragraph can be used to determine dimensions of the coupling. The dimensions can be
chosen manually or the values of the designed solution can be transferred using a selection from
table [4.14]. In case of values entered manually, first choose the desired diameter of the shaft
[4.18]. After entering the shaft diameter the list of keys [4.19] assigned to the given diameter
according to the respective standard is automatically filled in. Complete the design of the
coupling by selecting a suitable key.
4.16 Keys for diameters.
This parameter gives standard specified diameters of the shaft for the type of key chosen in [4.2].
This parameter gives the minimum diameter of a solid shaft, not weakened by a key groove,
which is necessary for safe transfer of the entered torsional moment.
4.18 Shaft diameter.

Choose a diameter of the shaft sufficient so that the diameter of a solid shaft d1, not weakened by
a key groove, is larger that the minimum required diameter d1min. After entering the shaft
diameter, a list of keys [4.19] assigned to the given diameter according to the respective standard
is automatically filled in.
Warning: The diameter of the shaft should be within the standard specified range [4.16]
diameter of the shaft so that the diameter d1 is approx. 20 to 30% larger than the minimum diameter d1min.
4.19 Key.
In the selection list, choose a suitable key. The list includes all keys assigned to the chosen
diameter of the shaft [4.18] according to the respective standard. Marking of the keys in the list
is given by the chosen type (standard) of key. The convention of marking for individual types of
keys is given in the following table.
Type of key [4.2] Standard Marking

A, B, E, F ANSI B17.2, BS 6 No. (b x D)
DIN 6888, CSN 30
C, D, I, J bxh
1385
G, H JIS B 1301 bxD
where:
b - width of the key
h - height of the key
D - diameter of the key

In case of couplings with keys, there are usually performed only two types of strength checks. A
check of loading of the shaft for torsion and a check of deformation of contact surfaces of the
coupling. The check for loading of the key for shear is usually not performed. Standardized keys
are dimensioned so that in case the requirements of the check for deformation are met,
requirements of the check for shear stress are also met.
The check is performed for a diameter of a solid shaft d1 [4.22], not weakened by the key groove.
The resulting safety of the coupling [5.4] is given by the ratio of the permitted shear stress of the
Note: In case the results of the check are insufficient, a new design of coupling with a larger diameter shaft must be carried out.
5.5, 5.9, 5.13 Check for deformation of contact surfaces.
The check for deformation is performed independently for each part of the coupling. Individual
levels of safety [5.8, 5.12, 5.16] are given by the ratio of the permitted pressure of the respective
material to the calculated comparative pressure acting on the given part of the coupling. In case
the coupling is to be sufficient, the value of the lowest safety must be higher than the value of the
required safety [1.19].
Note: In case the result of the check is insufficient, a new design with more keys or a longer key or a larger diameter shaft must be carried out.
C. Couplings with straight-sided splines.

Couplings with straight-sided splines are suitable for transfer of great, cyclical and shock
torsional moments. These couplings represent in practice the most common type of splines
(approx. 80%). This type is used both for fixed and for sliding couplings of cylindrical shafts
with hubs. These couplings are used typically in case of sliding gears in manual gearboxes.
 lower pressures than in couplings with keys, higher loading capacity of the coupling
 smaller wear with sliding couplings
 suitable for cyclical torsional moments
 higher production costs than in the case of couplings with keys

 higher notch coefficient than in the case of couplings with keys
The method of centering is chosen according to technological and operational requirements and
demands for accuracy. Centering is possible on the inner diameter (used rarely) or on sides of
teeth. Centering on diameters is used in case of a need for higher accuracy of the bearing.
Couplings centered on the sides show higher loading capacity and are suitable for loading with
variable moments and shocks.
Recommended (orientation) bearing for straight-sided splines
Centering Bearing of the dimension

Note:
dimension d b D
Fixed couplings at high loading with shocks, without frequent
disassembly
b - F8 / js7 -
Fixed couplings at medium loading and with frequent disassembly
D9 / js7
D9 / k7
Medium
d H7 / g6 -
speeds
F10 / js7
F10 / f9
b - F8 / js7 - Low speeds
D - F8 / js7 H7 / js6 High speeds
For movable couplings under loading
D9 / h9
H7 / f7
Hardened
d D9 / js7 -
surfaces
H7 / g6
F10 / f9
For movable couplings without loading
H7 / f7 D9 / h9 Low and
d - medium
H7 / g6 F10 / f9 speeds
F8 / f7
D - H7 / f7 High speeds
F8 / f8
where:
d - spline inner diameter
D - spline outer diameter
b - width of the teeth
Coupling parameters, dimensional design. [6]

This paragraph can be used to choose parameters of the given type of coupling and to design
dimensions of the coupling.
6.2 Splines type.
In the selection list choose a type (standard) of splines. Spline dimensions are defined in the
standard for types A, B, C in [in], in case of other types, the dimensions are defined in [mm].
Recommended use of spline:
Type Standard Series Use

A SAE A Fixed couplings with low or medium loading
Sliding couplings without loading, couplings
B SAE B
for transfer of large and cyclical moments
Sliding couplings under loading for transfers
C SAE C
of large, cyclical and shock moments.
D ISO 14 Low Fixed couplings with low or medium loading
Sliding couplings, couplings for transfers of
E ISO 14 Medium
large and cyclical moments
DIN 5464
Sliding couplings under loading, couplings for
F, I Heavy transfers of large, cyclical and shock
CSN
moments, automotive industry
014942
DIN 5471
G, H Couplings for machine tools
DIN 5472
Due to production and assembly inaccuracies, the loading is not distributed uniformly onto all
teeth of the spline. The actual load bearing surface of the coupling is smaller than the load
bearing surface determined theoretically. The ratio between the theoretical and actual load
bearing surface of the coupling is defined by the coefficient of distribution of the loading. With
regards to accuracy of the bearing, the size of the coefficient is given in a range from 0.6 to 0.8.
Hint: A coefficient of 0.75 is usually considered for general accuracy of production and assembly.
where:
6.5 Design of coupling dimensions.
This paragraph can be used to design dimensions of the coupling. When designing a coupling,
first choose dimensions of the spline [6.8]. For the chosen spline, the program calculates its
minimum functional length [6.14], which is necessary for safe transfer of the entered torsional
moment. Complete the design of the coupling by choosing the actual length of the spline in row
[6.15].
Recommendations: In any case, the length of the hub should not be greater than double the outer diameter of the spline. In case the functional
length of the spline results in a greater length, repeat the design for a spline with more grooves of a greater diameter.
Hint: When enabling the checkbox in row [6.15] the length of the spline will be designed automatically.
6.6 Splines for diameters.
This parameter gives a standard given range of outer diameters of spline for the chosen series of
splines [6.2].

This parameter gives the minimum diameter of a solid shaft, not weakened by splines, which is
necessary for safe transfer of the entered torsional moment.
6.8 Spline.
In the selection list, choose a spline of suitable dimensions. Choose the spline so that the inner
diameter of spline d is greater than the minimum diameter dmin. Dimensions of spline are given in
the list in the following form: "Outer diameter" - "Prescribed marking". The convention of
marking for individual types of splines is given in the following table.
Type of splines [6.2] Marking

A, B, C Dxn
D-I nxdxD
where:
n - number of grooves
d - spline inner diameter
D - spline outer diameter

diameter of the shaft so that the diameter d is approx. 20 to 30% larger than the minimum diameter dmin.
6.10 Spline inner diameter.

Recommendations: It is recommended to use castellation for hollow shafts so that the minimal thickness of the shaft is greater than the height of
each sprocket.
6.14 Minimum functional length of spline.
The parameter gives the minimum functional length of the chosen spline, which is necessary for
safe transfer of the entered torsional moment.
6.15 Chosen spline length.

Choose a length of spline greater than the calculated minimum length [6.14]. When determining
the length, keep in mind that the chosen length of the spline is at the same time the minimum
permissible length of the hub. Recommended lengths of hubs can be found in the document
"Guiding values for choices of dimensions of hubs".

In case of splined couplings, only two types of strength checks are usually carried out. A check
of loading of the shaft for torsion and a check of deformation of contact surfaces of the coupling.
The check is carried out for the diameter of a solid shaft d, not weakened by splinines [6.10]. The
resulting safety of the coupling [7.4] is given by the ratio of the permitted shear stress of the
Note: In case the results of the check are insufficient, a design of a coupling with a larger inner diameter of spline must be carried out.
7.5 Check of deformation of grooving sides.
The check for deformation is carried out by comparison of the permitted pressure of a material of
lower quality with the calculated comparative pressure acting on the sides of the groove. If the
coupling is to be sufficient, the calculated safety must be higher than the required one [1.19].
Note: In case the result of the check is insufficient, a new design with a greater length, more grooves or a larger diameter of spline must be carried
out.
D. Couplings with involute splines.

Couplings with involute splines are suitable for transfers of great, cyclical and shock torsional
moments. This type is used both for fixed and for sliding couplings of cylindrical shafts with
hubs. The use is similar as with straight-sided splines.
General benefits of the coupling:
 lower pressures than couplings with keys, higher loading capacity of the coupling
 lower wear of sliding couplings
 suitable also for cyclical torsional moments
Benefits of the coupling compared with Straight-sided spline:
 higher number of teeth (lower pressures, higher loading capacity of the coupling, more
uniform distribution of forces along the perimeter, option of fine adjustment of the hub
on the shaft)
 lower weakening of the shaft, lower notch coefficient
 economical lot production using a hobbing method
 high accuracy of production similarly as with accurate gears
 higher production costs than couplings with keys

 higher notch coefficient than couplings with keys
 difficult execution of alignment and perpendicularity of the coupling
 non-parallelism of sides of the teeth causes additional radial forces in the coupling; these
forces then try to open the hub
The splined profile is shaped as involute toothing in the cross section, with basic angles of the
profile 30°, 37.5° or 45°. It is centered to the outer diameter or sides of the teeth. Centring to the
diameter is more accurate, centring to sides is more economical and is used much more
frequently in practice The groove bottom can be flat or rounded.
Recommended (orientation) bearings for involute splines
Bearing of the
Centering dimension Note
dimension
t Do
Immovable couplings at high loading with shocks, without
frequent disassembly
7H / 9r
t 7H / 8p H11 / h11
7H / 7n
Immovable couplings at medium loading, disassembled
frequently
7H / 8k
t H11 / h12 Low speeds
7H / 9h
9H / 9h
H7 / n6
Do 9H / 9g High speeds
H7 / js6
9H / 9d
For movable couplings
H7 / h6
Do - H7 / g6 Hardened surfaces
H7 / f7
where:
Do - outer diameter of external spline
t - width of the teeth
Coupling parameters, dimensional design. [8]

This paragraph can be used for options of parameters of the given type of coupling and to design
dimensions of the coupling. As marking of individual dimensions of spline is different in various
standards, the calculation uses marking according to ANSI B92.1 and the differences in marking
are given in the following table:
ANSI B92.1 ANSI B92.2M DIN 5480

ISO 4156 CSN 4950
Diametral pitch P - -
Module - m m
Number of teeth N Z z
Pitch diameter D D d
Base diameter Db DB db
Reference diameter - - D
Shift of basic profile - - xm
Major diameter of external spline Do DEE da
Minor diameter of external spline Dre DIE df
Minor diameter of internal spline Di DII Da
Major diameter of internal spline Dri DEI Df
Tooth thickness tv SV s
Groove width sv EV e
8.2 Splines type.
In the selection list, choose a standard and a type of spline. Dimensions of spline are defined for
types A to E by the standard in v [in], in case of other types the dimensions are defined in [mm].
Individual types of spline are described in the list as follows: "Standard of spline" - "Angle of the
profile", "Design of the spline", "Centering method".
Due to production and assembly inaccuracies, the loading is not distributed uniformly onto all
teeth of the spline. The actual load bearing surface of the coupling is smaller than the load
bearing surface determined theoretically. The ratio between the theoretical and actual load
bearing surface of the coupling is defined by the coefficient of distribution of the loading. With
regards to accuracy of the bearing, the size of the coefficient is given in a range from 0.4 to 0.8.
Recommended values for options of the coefficient of distribution of the loading:
KL Design of spline
0.75 Fixed couplings with short lengths and high accuracy of bearing
0.6 - 0.7 Couplings with normal accuracy of bearing
Sliding couplings with great lengths of contact surfaces and great non-alignment
0.5
of the coupling
where:

8.5 Automatic design of the coupling.
The automatic design selects the 20 best solutions for the chosen type and series of spline in
view of the requirement for the minimum diameter of the shaft. The length of spline is chosen
with regards to the recommended dimensions of the hub. The design eliminates all solutions
where the length of the hub results in more than a doubling of the outer diameter of spline.
The design calculation is started by clicking the button in row [8.9]. After completion of the
calculation, the table of designed solutions [8.10] is filled in and sorted and the values of the
chosen solution are transferred automatically to paragraph [8.11]. The table is sorted according
to the criterion set out in row [8.7] and can be re-sorted whenever using another chosen criterion.
In case the design calculation was unsuccessful and no suitable solution was found for the
entered values, this fact is indicated by a warning message and the table is deleted. In such cases,
repeat the design for a coupling with materials of a higher quality.
Note: In case more than 20 various keys are suitable, the resulting design selects the keys with smaller diameter of the shaft.
Warning: The results of the automatic design are relevant only for the actual entered specifications. In case of changes in paragraphs [1, 8.1] it is
necessary to recalculate the results by restarting the design.
8.6 Filter of the design.
In the list, choose a range of input data (spline dimensions) used by the automatic design for
selection of a suitable solution.
Note: In case of spline of type A to E, the item "Preferred series" has no meaning and the design will be executed for the complete series of
dimensions.
8.8 Maximum length of the hub.
When enabling the checkbox, the design eliminates all solutions where the length of the hub
results in a higher value than the entered value Lmax.
8.10 Table of designed solutions.
Meaning of parameters in the table:
m/P Module or pitch of the spline resp. (according to the splines type)
n Number of teeth
Do Major diameter of external spline
Dre Minor diameter of external spline
The minimum functional length of spline which is necessary for safe
Lmin
transfer of the entered torsional moment.
L The chosen length of spline
sT Safety of the strength check of the shaft for torsion
sp Safety of the strength check for deformation
8.11 Coupling dimensions.
This paragraph can be used to determine dimensions of the coupling. The dimensions can be
chosen manually or the values of the designed solution can be transferred using a selection from
table [8.10]. When entering the values manually, first choose a suitable dimension of spline
[8.13].
For the chosen spline, the program calculates its minimum functional length [8.21], which is
necessary for safe transfer of the entered torsional moment. Complete the design of the coupling
by choosing the actual length of the spline in row [8.22].
This parameter gives the minimum diameter of a solid shaft, not weakened by splines, which is
necessary for safe transfer of the entered torsional moment.
8.13 Spline.
In the selection list, choose a spline of suitable dimensions. Choose the spline so that the inner
diameter of spline Dre is greater than the minimum diameter Dremin. Spline dimensions are given
in the list as follows: "Outer diameter" - "Module / Pitch" x "Number of teeth". Preferred
(recommended) dimensions of spline are marked in the list using the symbol "*".
diameter of the shaft so that the diameter Dre is approx. 20 to 30% larger than the minimum diameter Dremin.
8.17 Diameters of external spline.

Recommendations: It is recommended to use castellation for hollow shafts so that the minimal thickness of the shaft is greater than the height of
each sprocket.
8.21 Minimum functional length of spline.
The parameter gives the minimum functional length of the chosen spline, which is necessary for
safe transfer of the entered torsional moment.
8.22 Chosen spline length.
Choose a length of spline greater than the calculated minimum length [8.21]. When determining
the length, keep in mind that the chosen length of the spline is at the same time the minimum
permissible length of the hub. Recommended lengths of hubs can be found in the document
"Guiding values for choices of dimensions of hubs".

In case of splined couplings, only two types of strength checks are usually carried out. A check
of loading of the shaft for torsion and a check of deformation of contact surfaces of the coupling.
The check is carried out for the diameter of a solid shaft Dre, not weakened by splines [8.17]. The
resulting safety of the coupling [9.4] is given by the ratio of the permitted shear stress of the
Note: In case the results of the check are insufficient, a design of a coupling with a larger inner diameter of spline must be carried out.
9.5 Check of deformation of grooving sides.
The check for deformation is carried out by comparison of the permitted pressure of a material of
lower quality with the calculated comparative pressure acting on the sides of the groove. If the
coupling is to be sufficient, the calculated safety must be higher than the required one [1.19].
Note: In case the result of the check is insufficient, a new design with a greater length, more grooves or a larger diameter of spline must be carried
out.
Comparative table. [10]

This paragraph can be used for a fast comparison of designed solutions of couplings of shafts
with hubs. Only basic dimensions are given here for individual types of couplings. Complete
dimensions of the coupling can be found in the independent chapter (section) of the respective
calculation.
Note: Values of safety, as given here, are minimum values of safety for all strength checks executed with the given type of coupling.
Graphic output, CAD systems.

Information on options of 2D and 3D graphic outputs and information on cooperation with 2D
and 3D CAD systems can be found in the document "Graphic output, CAD systems".
Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the document
"Setting calculations, change the language".
Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the document
"Workbook (calculation) modifications".

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Shaped couplings of shafts with hubs.

1. Design of a coupling with parallel side keys.

Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the project.

 Design, calculation and check of the type of coupling chosen beforehand

Typical calculation / design of a coupling consists of the following steps:

Common input data. [1]

1.1 Calculation units.

1.2 Transferred power.

Enter the power which will be transferred by the shaft.

1.3 Shaft speed.

Enter the shaft speed.

1.6 Power source.

A. Uniform: electric motor, steam turbine, gas turbine

1.7 Loading conditions.

1.8 Character of operation.

1.9 Number of start-ups.

1.10 Desired service life of the coupling.

1.12 Coupling design.

1.13 Inner diameter of the hollow shaft.

1.14 Desired safety.

Orientation values for choice of safety:

 1.3 to 1.5 - Very accurate input information, perfect knowledge of material

1.16 Shaft material (min. tensile strength) [hardness]

1.21 Hub material (min. tensile strength) [hardness]

1.27 Coupling design factor.

Design of the coupling Kd

1.28 Application factor.

1.29 Fatigue-life factor.

Total number of revolutions

A. Couplings with parallel side keys.

Benefits of the coupling:

 low production costs

Recommended (orientation) bearing for couplings with parallel side keys

Fixed couplings Sliding couplings

Coupling parameters, key material, dimensional design. [2]

2.2 Key type.

2.3 Number of keys.

2.4 Load distribution factor.

Note: In case of couplings with one key, the coefficient is equal to 1.

2.5 Total service factor.

For a sliding coupling, the following relation is used:

Kd - coupling design factor

Kw - wear life factor

Meaning and size of the coefficients, see [1].

2.6 Key material (min. tensile strength) [hardness]

2.11 Design of coupling dimensions.

2.12 Keys for diameters.

2.13 Minimum shaft diameter.

2.14 Shaft diameter.

2.20 Minimum key length.

2.21 Permitted range of key lengths.

2.22 Chosen key length.

Strength checks of the coupling. [3]

3.1 Check of shaft for torsion.

3.5, 3.9, 3.13 Check for deformation of contact surfaces.

B. Couplings with Woodruff's keys.

Benefits of the coupling:

 low production costs

Disadvantages of the coupling:

Recommended (orientation) bearing for couplings with Woodruff's keys

Coupling parameters, key material, dimensional design. [4]

4.2 Key type.