DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH PROFESSIONAL(DHP)

FACULTY OF HEALTH AND LIFE SCIENCE(FHLS)

KET20103
EYE, ENT AND SKIN NURSING

ASSIGNMENT: WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTTOPICS:

DIABETIC RETINOPHATY

NAME : ROSALINDA ANGELIKA PUTRI

MATRIC NUMBER : 012023091335

PROGRAMME : BACHELOR IN NURSING (B4)

LECTURER : DR VILMA AJIJUL JANA

DATE SUBMISSION : 13 OCTOBER 2023

 MIND MAPPING OF DIABETIC RETINOPHATY

NON-
DIABETIC PROLIFERATIVE
PROLIFERATIVE
RETINOPHATY DIABETIC
DIABETIC
RETINOPHATY
RETINOPHATY
(PDR)
(NPDR)

ABNORMAL NEW
POOR BLOOD BLOOD VESSELS
SUGAR GROW ON THE
CONTROL SURFACE OF THE
RETINA
HYPERGLICEMIA

MAY BREAK AND

DAMAGE BLOOD BLEED INTO THE
VESSEL IN VITREOUS
RETINA

THE CLEAR
BLURRED WATERY GEL
VISION/ LOSS OF THAT FILLS THE
VISION EYE

SEEING
FLOATERS OR HEMORRHAGE
DARK SPOTS

LOSS OF
DIFFICULTY VISION
SEEING AT
NIGHT

DIFFICULTY
DISTINGUISHING
COLORS
 DIABETIC RETINOPHATY

A. INTRODUCTION
Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage that can occur if you have
diabetes. High blood sugar (glucose) can injure nerves throughout the body.
Diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in the legs and feet.
Depending on the affected nerves, diabetic neuropathy symptoms include
pain and numbness in the legs, feet and hands. It can also cause problems with
the digestive system, urinary tract, blood vessels and heart. Some people have
mild symptoms. But for others, diabetic neuropathy can be quite painful and
disabling.
Diabetic neuropathy is a serious diabetes complication that may affect as
many as 50% of people with diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is a condition that
occurs when diabetes affects the blood vessels and nerve tissue in the retina.
How diabetes can affect the eyes. The retina is the light-sensitive layer of
cells at the back of the eye that converts light into electrical signals. The signals
are sent to the brain which turns them into the images you see.
The retina needs a constant supply of blood, which it receives through a
network of tiny blood vessels.
There are two stages of diabetic retinopathy:
• Non-proliferative retinopathy is the early stage of the disease in which
blood vessels swell and leak. In some cases, this can cause macular
edema (swelling of the retina) which may result in mild vision loss but can
be treated. There can also be early changes to the nerve cells in the retina
that may affect vision, in part due loss of adequate blood supply.
Symptoms of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
The symptoms of diabetic retinopathy often don’t appear until major
damage occurs inside of the eye. They include
1. Blurred vision/ loss of vision
2. Seeing floaters or dark spots
3. Difficulty seeing at night
4. Difficulty distinguishing colors
 • Proliferative retinopathy is the advanced stage where abnormal new
blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. These vessels may break
and bleed into the vitreous, the clear watery gel that fills the eye, and cause
severe vision loss. This stage of diabetic retinopathy typically requires
urgent treatment.
The symptoms of proliferative diabetic retinopathy include
1. Blurred vision/loss of vision
2. Seeing floaters or dark spots
3. Pain, redness

B. INTERVENSION
Treatment for diabetic retinopathy will depend on your symptoms, age and
general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.
People with advanced retinopathy have a good chance of keeping their
vision if they are treated before the retina becomes severely damaged. Treatment
for diabetic retinopathy may include one or a combination of the following:
1. Laser surgery. This is often used to treat proliferative retinopathy and
sometimes macular edema. It involves shrinking the abnormal blood
vessels, or sealing the leaking ones.
2. Vitrectomy. Vitrectomy is a procedure that involves removing the jelly-like
substance (vitreous) that fills the center of the eye. The vitreous is replaced
with a balanced saline solution.
3. Injections. Certain medications can be injected into the eye to slow the
growth of the abnormal vessels of the retina and to treat macular edema.

Diabetes management plan

The following steps should be taken to maximize your treatment:

1. Get regular eye exams and physical checkups.

2. Keep your blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure at healthy levels.
 3. Be mindful of any changes you may notice in your vision, and discuss them
with your doctor.
4. Timely treatment and appropriate follow ups are important
5. Take medicines as directed.
6. Use insulin as directed, if needed.
7. Eat a healthy and balanced diet to manage blood sugar level.
8. Regular exercise to lower and help the body use blood sugar.
9. Test hemoglobin A1c levels regularly.
10. Test urine for ketone levels regularly.
11. Have regular health care follow-ups to evaluate diabetes control and rule
out or treat other risk factors, such as high blood pressure.

C. CONCLUSION
Diabetic retinopathy is a serious condition that can lead to vision loss if not
properly managed. It is important for individuals with diabetes to take steps to
control their blood sugar levels and to seek regular medical care to monitor and
treat any complications that may arise.
 REFERENCES

Diabetic retinopathy. (2022, June 13). Johns Hopkins Medicine.

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-

diseases/diabetes/diabetic-

retinopathy#:~:text=Proliferative%20retinopathy%20is%20the%20advanced,retin

opathy%20typically%20requires%20urgent%20treatment.

Diabetic neuropathy - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022, April 29). Mayo Clinic.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-neuropathy/symptoms-

causes/syc-20371580

What is Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy - Symptoms, Stages, Diagnosis & Prevention.

(2023, June 6). Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital. https://www.dragarwal.com/diseases-

conditions/diabetic-retinopathy/proliferative-diabetic-retinopathy/